Tomes / Lakshmanan / Songstad Biofuels

Global Impact on Renewable Energy, Production Agriculture, and Technological Advancements
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7145-6
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 357 Seiten

This comprehensive volume developed under the guidance of guest editors Prakash Lakshmanan and David Songstad features broad coverage of the topic of biofuels and its significance to the economy and to agriculture. These chapters were first published by In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology In Vitro Plant in 2009 and consists of 15 chapters from experts who are recognized both for their scientific accomplishments and global perspective in their assigned topics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tomes, Dwight

Lakshmanan, Prakash

Songstad, David

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;In Vitro Cellular and DevelopmentalBiology - Plant;6
2;Contents;8
3;Chapter 1: Historical Perspective of Biofuels: Learning from the Past to Rediscover the Future;10
3.1;History of Bioethanol;10
3.2;History of Biodiesel;14
3.3;Conclusion;15
3.4;References;16
4;Chapter 2: The DOE BioEnergy Science Center-A U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergys Research Center;17
4.1;Background and History;18
4.2;BESC Partners;19
4.3;The BESC Research Strategy;20
4.4;Translation of BESC Science into Commercial Applications;24
4.5;Education and Outreach;25
4.6;References;26
5;Chapter 3: Drivers Leading to Higher Food Prices: Biofuels are not the Main Factor;27
5.1;Introduction;28
5.2;References;42
6;Chapter 4: The Economics of Current and Future Biofuels;45
6.1;Introduction;45
6.2;Development of Concept Design Methodologies and Models for Process Economics;47
6.3;Process Economics and Comparative Analysis;48
6.3.1;Corn ethanol;48
6.3.1.1;Process description;48
6.3.1.2;Process economics;49
6.3.2;Sugarcane ethanol;51
6.3.2.1;Process description;51
6.3.2.2;Process economics;53
6.3.3;Soybean biodiesel;54
6.3.3.1;Process description;55
6.3.3.2;Process economics;55
6.3.4;Cellulosic ethanol via biochemical conversion route;59
6.3.4.1;Process description;59
6.3.4.2;Process economics;61
6.3.5;Cellulosic ethanol via thermochemical conversion route (Phillips et al. 2007);61
6.3.5.1;Process description;61
6.3.5.2;Process economics;64
6.3.6;Corn butanol;66
6.3.6.1;Process description;67
6.3.6.2;Process economics;69
6.4;Conclusions;74
6.5;References;75
7;Chapter 5: A multiple species approach to biomass production from native herbaceous perennial feedstocks;78
7.1;Introduction;78
7.2;The Tallgrass Prairie of North America: A Model Biomass Production System;81
7.3;Breeding North America Prairies Native Species: Little Bluestem and Prairie Cordgrass;84
7.4;Genetics of North America’s Prairies Perennial Grasses: A Work in Need of Progress;88
7.5;Potential Pathogens and Pests of Perennial Feedstocks;92
7.6;Summary;96
7.7;References;97
8;Chapter 6: Development and status of dedicated energy crops in the United States;104
8.1;Introduction;104
8.2;Policy and Economic Drivers;105
8.3;Industry Development and Projections;107
8.4;Biofuel Feedstocks;110
8.5;Leading Candidate Dedicated Energy Crops;111
8.6;Conclusions;114
8.7;References;114
9;Chapter 7: Genetic Improvement of C4 Grasses as Cellulosic Biofuel Feedstocks;120
9.1;Why Do We Need to Develop Cellulosic Biofuels?;120
9.2;Characteristics of Sustainable Cellulosic Biofuel Crops;121
9.3;Genetic Manipulation to Improve Biofuel Crops;123
9.4;Germplasm Collection;124
9.5;Germplasm Characterization;125
9.6;Identif.ication of Trait-Linked Markers;126
9.7;Marker-Assisted Selection;129
9.8;Transgenic Cellulosic Biofuel Crops;131
9.9;Conclusion;135
9.10;References;135
10;Chapter 8: Short-Rotation Woody Crops for Bioenergy and Biofuels Applications;146
10.1;Introduction;147
10.2;Current Limitations to the Use of Woody Feedstock for Biofuel Production;148
10.3;Genetics, Silviculture, and Biotechnology Enable Short-Rotation Trees;149
10.4;Increased Biomass Productivity through Genetic Improvement of Native Species;149
10.5;Increased Biomass Productivity through Genetic Improvement of Introduced Species;151
10.6;Altering Wood Quality to Improve Feedstock Conversion Eff.iciency;154
10.7;Regulatory Requirements and Associated Risk Assessment for Biotech Trees;156
10.8;Conclusion;159
10.9;References;160
11;Chapter 9: The Brazilian Experience of Sugarcane Ethanol Industry;164
11.1;Introduction;164
11.2;Ethanol as Car Fuel, a More Than 100-yr-Long History;165
11.3;ProAlcohol, the Program that Boosted Sugarcane Ethanol in Brazil;166
11.4;Contribution of Sugarcane for the Energy and the Environment in Brazil;169
11.5;Sugarcane Breeding in Brazil in the Last 40 yr;171
11.6;Sugarcane Biotechnology;174
11.7;Conclusions;176
11.8;References;177
12;Chapter 10: Biofuels: Opportunities and Challenges in India;180
12.1;Global Energy Overview;180
12.2;Indian Energy Challenges;182
12.3;Policy Initiatives;186
12.4;Fuel Ethanol Overview;188
12.5;Biodiesel Overview;188
12.6;Ethanol in India: Conflicting Interests;190
12.7;Sugar Policy;191
12.8;Cyclical Sugarcane and Sugar Production;192
12.9;Molasses and Alcohol Interdependence;194
12.10;Fuel Ethanol: A Turbulent Journey;195
12.11;New Biofuel Policy on the Way;199
12.12;Biodiesel India: Differing Policy Options;200
12.13;Biodiesel: A Journey Without Direction;202
12.14;Potential Availability of Land;203
12.15;Federal Initiative Progress;204
12.16;State Initiatives;205
12.17;Commercial Initiatives;205
12.18;Constraints;211
12.19;The Way Forward;213
12.20;References;214
13;Chapter 11: Biofuels in China: Opportunities and Challenges;217
13.1;Introduction;217
13.2;Energy Crops for Biofuels Production in China;219
13.3;Biofuels Industry in China;223
13.4;Perspectives for Biofuel Development in China;225
13.5;Conclusion;226
13.6;References;226
14;Chapter 12: Genetic Modification of Lignin Biosynthesis for Improved Biofuel Production;229
14.1;Introduction;229
14.2;Lignin Biosynthesis;231
14.3;Plant Transformation and Gene Regulation Methods for Lignin Modification;233
14.4;Lignin Modification in Monocots;234
14.5;Transgenic Alfalfa with Modified Lignin;236
14.6;Lignin Modification and Cellulosic Ethanol Production;236
14.7;Conclusions;237
14.8;References;238
15;Chapter 13: Commercial Cellulosic Ethanol: The Role of Plant-Expressed Enzymes;242
15.1;The Rise of Biofuels;242
15.2;Cellulosic Ethanol: Economic Aspects;244
15.3;Cellulosic Ethanol: Challenges;245
15.4;Expression of Enzymes in Crops;255
15.5;Conclusions;262
15.6;References;263
16;Chapter 14: Integrated Biorefineries with Engineered Microbes and High-value Co-products for Prof.itable Biofuels Production;270
16.1;Introduction;271
16.2;First-Generation Biofuel Production from Corn;272
16.3;Technologies and Limitations of Second-Generation Biofuels;274
16.4;Synergies of First- and Second-Generation Processes;277
16.5;Technology Improvements to Enhance Biofuel Production Economics;279
16.6;Conclusion;283
16.7;References;286
17;Chapter 15: Biodiesel Production, Properties, and Feedstocks;289
17.1;Introduction;290
17.2;Advantages and Disadvantages of Biodiesel;294
17.3;Influence of Free Fatty Acids on Biodiesel Production;295
17.4;Catalysts for Biodiesel Production;298
17.5;Alcohols Used in the Production of Biodiesel;299
17.6;Influence of Biodiesel Composition on Fuel Properties;304
17.7;Alternative Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production;316
17.8;Effects of Blending Biodiesel with Other Fuels;332
17.9;Other Uses of Biodiesel;334
17.10;Glycerol;335
17.11;Future Outlook for Biodiesel;336
17.12;Further Reading;337
17.13;References;338
18;Index;352