Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

with a companion simulation tool for teaching and research
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9585-6
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 209 Seiten

The eld of wireless sensor networks continues to evolve and grow in both practical and research domains. More and more wireless sensor networks are being used to gather information in real life applications. It is common to see how this technology is being applied in irrigation systems, intelligent buildings, bridges, security mec- nisms,militaryoperations,transportation-relatedapplications,etc.Atthesametime, new developments in hardware, software, and communication technologies are - panding these possibilities. As in any other technology, research brings new dev- opments and re nements and continuous improvements of current approaches that push the technology even further. Looking toward the future, the technology seems even more promising in two directions. First, a few years from now more powerful wireless sensor devices will be available, and wireless sensor networks will have applicability in an endless number of scenarios, as they will be able to handle traf c loads not possible today, make more computations, store more data, and live longer because of better energy sources. Second,a few years from now, the opposite scenario might also be possible. The availability of very constrained, nanotechnology-made wireless sensor devices will bring a whole new world of applications, as they will be able to operate in - vironments and places unimaginable today. These two scenarios, at the same time, will both bring new research challenges that are always welcome to researchers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
1.1;Book Origin and Overview;6
1.2;Intended Audience;8
1.3;Resources;8
1.4;Acknowledgments;8
1.5;About the Authors;8
2;Contents;10
3;Part I Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks and Topology Control;14
3.1;Wireless Sensor Networks;15
3.1.1;Introduction;15
3.1.2;Node and Network Architectures;16
3.1.2.1;Wireless Sensor Device Architecture;16
3.1.2.2;Network Architectures;18
3.1.3;Application Domains and Examples;19
3.1.4;Challenges and the Need for Energy Saving Mechanisms;19
3.2;The Physical Layer;22
3.2.1;Introduction;22
3.2.2;Wireless Propagation Models;22
3.2.2.1;The Free Space Propagation Model;23
3.2.2.2;The Two-Ray Ground Model;23
3.2.2.3;The Log-Distance Path Model;23
3.2.3;Energy Dissipation Model;25
3.2.4;Error Models;26
3.2.4.1;The Independent Error Model;26
3.2.4.2;The Two-State Markov Error Model;27
3.2.5;Sensing Models;29
3.2.5.1;The Binary Sensing Model;30
3.2.5.2;The Probabilistic Sensing Model;30
3.3;The Data Link Layer;31
3.3.1;Introduction;31
3.3.2;The Medium Access Control Sub-layer;31
3.3.2.1;Common MAC Protocols;33
3.3.2.2;MAC Protocols for WSNs;36
3.3.3;The Logical Link Control Sub-layer;40
3.3.3.1;Error Control;41
3.3.3.2;Performance Analysis of LLC Protocols;43
3.3.3.3;Energy Analysis of LLC Protocols;46
3.4;The Network Layer;50
3.4.1;Introduction;50
3.4.2;Routing Protocols for WSNs;51
3.4.2.1;Topology Aware Routing Protocols;51
3.4.2.2;Topology Unaware Routing Protocols;53
3.5;The Transport Layer;60
3.5.1;Introduction;60
3.5.2;Transport Layer Functions;61
3.5.3;Wireless Sensor Network Applications;61
3.5.3.1;Single Packet-Low Reliability Applications;62
3.5.3.2;Single Packet-High Reliability Applications;64
3.5.3.3;Multiple Packet-Low Reliability Applications;64
3.5.3.4;Multiple Packet-High Reliability Applications;65
3.5.4;Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks;66
3.5.5;The Use of TCP and UDP in Wireless Sensor Networks;67
3.6;Topology Control;69
3.6.1;Introduction;69
3.6.2;Motivations for Topology Control;70
3.6.2.1;Energy Conservation;70
3.6.2.2;Collision Avoidance;71
3.6.2.3;Increased Network Capacity;72
3.6.3;Challenges in Topology Control;73
3.6.4;Design Guidelines;73
3.6.5;Definition of Topology Control;74
3.6.6;Topology Control and the Communications Protocol Stack;76
3.6.7;Topology Control Taxonomy and Road Map;76
4;Part II Topology Construction;79
4.1;Controlling the Transmission Power;80
4.1.1;Introduction;80
4.1.2;Centralized Topology Construction: The Critical Transmission Range (CTR) Problem;80
4.1.3;Centralized Topology Construction: The Range Assignment (RA) Problem;87
4.1.4;Algorithms from Computational Geometry;89
4.1.5;Distributed Topology Construction for Homogeneous Networks;91
4.1.5.1;Location-Based Techniques;91
4.1.5.2;Direction-Based Techniques;95
4.1.5.3;Neighbor-Based Techniques;100
4.1.5.4;Routing-Based Techniques;105
4.1.6;Heterogeneous Topology Construction;106
4.2;Building Hierarchical Topologies;112
4.2.1;Introduction;112
4.2.2;Backbone-Based Techniques;113
4.2.2.1;Growing a Tree;114
4.2.2.2;Connecting Independent Sets;116
4.2.2.3;Pruning-Based Techniques;119
4.2.3;Cluster-Based Techniques;120
4.2.4;Adaptive Techniques;123
4.3;Hybrid Approaches;126
4.3.1;Introduction;126
4.3.2;Hybrid Techniques;126
5;Part III Topology Maintenance;130
5.1;Introduction;131
5.1.1;Introduction;131
5.1.2;Definition of Topology Maintenance;131
5.1.2.1;When Are the Reduced Topologies Built?;132
5.1.2.2;Scope of Topology Maintenance;132
5.1.2.3;Triggering Criteria;133
5.1.3;Design Issues;134
5.1.4;Synchronizing Radios;135
5.1.5;Performance Evaluation;137
5.2;Topology Maintenance Static Techniques;139
5.2.1;Introduction;139
5.2.2;Performance Evaluation of Static Global Topology Maintenance Techniques;140
5.2.2.1;Sparse Networks;141
5.2.2.2;Dense Networks;143
5.2.3;Other Static Techniques;144
5.3;Topology Maintenance Dynamic Techniques;146
5.3.1;Introduction;146
5.3.2;Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Global Topology Maintenance Techniques;147
5.3.2.1;Sparse Networks;147
5.3.2.2;Dense Networks;148
5.3.2.3;Other Dynamic Global Techniques;150
5.3.3;Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Local Topology Maintenance Techniques;150
5.3.3.1;Sparse Networks;152
5.3.3.2;Dense Networks;153
5.3.3.3;Other Dynamic Local Technique;154
5.4;Topology Maintenance Hybrid Techniques;157
5.4.1;Introduction;157
5.4.2;Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Global Topology Maintenance Technique;157
5.4.2.1;Sparse Networks;158
5.4.2.2;Dense Networks;159
5.4.3;Comparison of Topology Maintenance Techniques;159
5.4.4;Sensitivity Analysis;162
5.4.4.1;Time-Based Analysis;162
5.4.4.2;Energy-Based Analysis;164
5.4.4.3;Density-Based Analysis;165
6;The Atarraya Simulator;168
6.1;Introduction;168
6.2;Description of Atarraya's Internal Structure;169
6.2.1;Abstract Design and Functional Components;169
6.2.1.1;The Main Simulator Thread - The the_sim Class;169
6.2.1.2;The Protocol Manager - The NodeHandler Class;170
6.2.1.3;The Multiple Operation Thread - The BatchExecutor Class;171
6.2.1.4;The Display Manager - The newpanel Class;171
6.2.2;Atarraya's Class Tree;172
6.2.2.1;The Atarraya Package;172
6.2.2.2;The Atarraya.element Package;172
6.2.2.3;The Atarraya.event Package;173
6.3;Protocol Structure and Design - The EventHandler Class;174
6.3.1;Simulation Events;174
6.3.1.1;Sending Messages;174
6.3.1.2;Receiving Messages;175
6.3.1.3;Programming a Timeout;175
6.3.1.4;Invalidating a Programmed Event;176
6.3.2;State Labels;176
6.3.3;Communication with the atarraya_frame Class;177
6.3.4;Interaction with Other Protocols;177
6.3.5;Initialization of Nodes and the Initial Events - The init_nodes and the initial_event Methods;177
6.3.6;The HandleEvent Method;178
6.3.7;SimpleTree: An Example of a Topology Construction Protocol;184
6.4;How to Use Atarraya;186
6.4.1;Selection of the Protocols;186
6.4.1.1;Other Protocols;188
6.4.1.2;Energy and Communications Model;189
6.4.2;Type of Experiments;190
6.4.3;Structure of a Topology;191
6.4.4;Structure of the Nodes;192
6.4.5;Simulation Results;195
6.5;Future of Atarraya;200
7;References;201
8;Index;208