E-Book, Englisch, 444 Seiten
Reihe: De Gruyter Textbook
Torge / Müller Geodesy
4th Auflage
ISBN: 978-3-11-025000-8
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 444 Seiten
Reihe: De Gruyter Textbook
ISBN: 978-3-11-025000-8
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
The fourth edition of this textbook has been thoroughly revised in order to reflect the central role which geodesy has achieved in the past ten years.
The Global Geodetic Observing System established by the IAG utilizes a variety of techniques to determine the geometric shape of the earth and its kinematics, the variations of earth rotation, and the earth’s gravity field. Space techniques play a fundamental role, with recent space missions also including gravity field recovery. Terrestrial techniques are important for regional and local applications, and for validating the results of the space missions. Global and regional reference systems are now well established and widely used. They also serve as a basis for geo-information systems. The analysis of the time variation of the geodetic products provides the link to other geosciences and contributes to proper modelling of geodynamic processes.
The book follows the principal directions of geodesy, providing the theoretical background as well as the principles of measurement and evaluation methods. Selected examples of instruments illustrate the geodetic work. An extensive reference list supports further studies.
The book is intended to serve as an introductory textbook for graduate students as well as a reference for scientists and engineers in the fields of geodesy, geophysics, surveying engineering and geomatics.
Zielgruppe
Researchers, Lecturers, Graduate Students in the fields of Geodesy, Geophysics, Surveying Engineering and Geomatics; Engineers; Academic Libraries
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface to the Fourth Edition;5
2;1 Introduction;11
2.1;1.1 Definition of geodesy;11
2.2;1.2 The objective of geodesy;12
2.3;1.3 Historical development of geodesy;14
2.3.1;1.3.1 The spherical Earth model;14
2.3.2;1.3.2 The ellipsoidal Earth model;17
2.3.3;1.3.3 The geoid, arc measurements and national geodetic surveys;19
2.3.4;1.3.4 Three-dimensional geodesy;21
2.3.5;1.3.5 Four-dimensional geodesy;22
2.4;1.4 Organization of geodesy, literature;22
2.4.1;1.4.1 National organizations;22
2.4.2;1.4.2 International collaboration;23
2.4.3;1.4.3 Literature;25
3;2 Reference Systems and Reference Frames;27
3.1;2.1 Basic units and constants;27
3.2;2.2 Time systems;29
3.2.1;2.2.1 Atomic time, dynamical time systems;30
3.2.2;2.2.2 Sidereal and Universal Time;31
3.3;2.3 Reference coordinate systems: fundamentals;34
3.3.1;2.3.1 Celestial Reference System;35
3.3.2;2.3.2 Precession, nutation;37
3.3.3;2.3.3 Terrestrial Reference System;38
3.3.4;2.3.4 Polar motion, Earth rotation;40
3.4;2.4 International reference systems and reference frames;44
3.4.1;2.4.1 International Celestial Reference System and Frame;44
3.4.2;2.4.2 International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame;49
3.4.3;2.4.3 Transformation between celestial and terrestrial reference systems, Earth orientation parameters;52
3.4.4;2.4.4 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service;55
3.5;2.5 Local level systems;56
4;3 The Gravity Field of the Earth;63
4.1;3.1 Fundamentals of gravity field theory;63
4.1.1;3.1.1 Gravitation, gravitational potential;63
4.1.2;3.1.2 Gravitation of a spherically symmetric Earth;65
4.1.3;3.1.3 Properties of the gravitational potential;67
4.1.4;3.1.4 Centrifugal acceleration, centrifugal potential;70
4.1.5;3.1.5 Gravity acceleration, gravity potential;71
4.2;3.2 Geometry of the gravity field;72
4.2.1;3.2.1 Level surfaces and plumb lines;73
4.2.2;3.2.2 Local gravity field representation;74
4.2.3;3.2.3 Natural coordinates;77
4.3;3.3 Spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational potential;79
4.3.1;3.3.1 Expansion of the reciprocal distance;79
4.3.2;3.3.2 Expansion of the gravitational potential;81
4.3.3;3.3.3 Geometrical interpretation of the surface spherical harmonics;83
4.3.4;3.3.4 Physical interpretation of the spherical harmonic coefficients;84
4.4;3.4 The geoid;86
4.4.1;3.4.1 Definition;86
4.4.2;3.4.2 Mean sea level;88
4.4.3;3.4.3 The geoid as height reference surface;91
4.5;3.5 Temporal gravity variations;94
4.5.1;3.5.1 Gravitational constant, Earth rotation;95
4.5.2;3.5.2 Tidal acceleration, tidal potential;95
4.5.3;3.5.3 Non-tidal temporal gravity variations;99
5;4 The Geodetic Earth Model;101
5.1;4.1 The rotational ellipsoid;101
5.1.1;4.1.1 Parameters and coordinate systems;101
5.1.2;4.1.2 Curvature;104
5.1.3;4.1.3 Spatial geodetic coordinates;106
5.2;4.2 The normal gravity field;109
5.2.1;4.2.1 The level ellipsoid, level spheroids;109
5.2.2;4.2.2 The normal gravity field of the level ellipsoid;111
5.2.3;4.2.3 Geometry of the normal gravity field;115
5.3;4.3 Geodetic reference systems, optimum Earth model;118
6;5 Methods of Measurement;123
6.1;5.1 Atmospheric refraction;123
6.1.1;5.1.1 Fundamentals;124
6.1.2;5.1.2 Tropospheric refraction;127
6.1.3;5.1.3 Ionospheric refraction;131
6.2;5.2 Satellite observations;133
6.2.1;5.2.1 Undisturbed satellite motion;134
6.2.2;5.2.2 Perturbed satellite motion;136
6.2.3;5.2.3 Artificial Earth satellites;138
6.2.4;5.2.4 Direction, range and range rate (Doppler, DORIS) measurements;141
6.2.5;5.2.5 Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and others);145
6.2.6;5.2.6 Laser distance measurements;160
6.2.7;5.2.7 Satellite altimetry;164
6.2.8;5.2.8 Satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite gravity gradiometry;168
6.3;5.3 Geodetic astronomy;172
6.3.1;5.3.1 Optical observation instruments;173
6.3.2;5.3.2 Astronomic positioning and azimuth determination;176
6.3.3;5.3.3 Reductions;178
6.3.4;5.3.4 Very Long Baseline Interferometry;180
6.4;5.4 Gravimetry;185
6.4.1;5.4.1 Absolute gravity measurements;185
6.4.2;5.4.2 Relative gravity measurements;193
6.4.3;5.4.3 Gravity reference systems and gravity standard;199
6.4.4;5.4.4 Gravity measurements on moving platforms;200
6.4.5;5.4.5 Gravity gradiometry;207
6.4.6;5.4.6 Continuous gravity measurements;209
6.5;5.5 Terrestrial geodetic measurements;213
6.5.1;5.5.1 Horizontal and vertical angle measurements;214
6.5.2;5.5.2 Distance measurements, total stations;216
6.5.3;5.5.3 Inertial surveying, underwater acoustic positioning;222
6.5.4;5.5.4 Leveling;225
6.5.5;5.5.5 Tilt and strain measurements;229
7;6 Methods of Positioning and Gravity Field Modeling;233
7.1;6.1 Residual gravity field;234
7.1.1;6.1.1 Disturbing potential, height anomaly, geoid height;234
7.1.2;6.1.2 Gravity disturbance, gravity anomaly, deflection of the vertical;236
7.1.3;6.1.3 Statistical description of the gravity field, interpolation;239
7.2;6.2 Three-dimensional positioning;243
7.2.1;6.2.1 Observation equations;244
7.2.2;6.2.2 Geodetic datum;250
7.3;6.3 Horizontal positioning;255
7.3.1;6.3.1 Ellipsoidal trigonometry;255
7.3.2;6.3.2 Reductions to the ellipsoid;257
7.3.3;6.3.3 Computations on the ellipsoid;259
7.4;6.4 Height determination;262
7.4.1;6.4.1 Heights from geometric leveling;263
7.4.2;6.4.2 Trigonometrical heights;265
7.4.3;6.4.3 Heights from GNSS (GPS);266
7.5;6.5 Fundamentals of gravity field modeling;268
7.5.1;6.5.1 The geodetic boundary-value problem;268
7.5.2;6.5.2 Gravitation of topography, digital elevation models;272
7.5.3;6.5.3 Gravity reductions to the geoid;274
7.5.4;6.5.4 Orientation and scale of gravity field models;279
7.6;6.6 Global gravity field modeling;281
7.6.1;6.6.1 Spherical harmonic expansion;281
7.6.2;6.6.2 “Satellite-only” gravity field models;285
7.6.3;6.6.3 Combined (high resolution) gravity field models;288
7.7;6.7 Local gravity field modeling;293
7.7.1;6.7.1 Gravimetric geoid heights and deflections of the vertical: integral formulas;293
7.7.2;6.7.2 Gravimetric height anomalies and surface deflections of the vertical;300
7.7.3;6.7.3 The external gravity field;303
7.7.4;6.7.4 Astrogeodetic geoid and quasigeoid determination;306
7.8;6.8 Least-squares collocation;311
8;7 Geodetic and Gravimetric Networks;315
8.1;7.1 Horizontal control networks;315
8.2;7.2 Vertical control networks;326
8.3;7.3 Three-dimensional networks;331
8.4;7.4 Gravity networks;340
9;8 Structure and Dynamics of the Earth;343
9.1;8.1 The geophysical Earth model;343
9.2;8.2 The upper layers of the Earth;347
9.2.1;8.2.1 Structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle;347
9.2.2;8.2.2 Isostasy;348
9.2.3;8.2.3 Plate tectonics;352
9.2.4;8.2.4 Interpretation of the gravity field;354
9.3;8.3 Geodesy and recent geodynamics;359
9.3.1;8.3.1 Geophysical processes and effects on geodetic products;360
9.3.2;8.3.2 Changes in Earth rotation;363
9.3.3;8.3.3 Sea level variations;365
9.3.4;8.3.4 Crustal deformations;369
9.3.5;8.3.5 Gravity field variations with time;377
9.3.6;8.3.6 Earth tides and tidal loading;385
10;References;393
11;Index;431
