Tuljapurkar Allocating Public and Private Resources across Generations

Riding the Age Waves - Volume 2
1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-1-4020-4481-6
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 3, 308 Seiten

Reihe: International Studies in Population

In the 21st century, the populations of the world's nations will display large and long-lived changes in age structure. Demography will matter in this century not by force of numbers, but by the pressures of waves of age structural change. In rapidly industrializing countries, demographic changes continue to have significant effects on the well-being of individuals and families, and as aggregate human and financial capital. These effects may be analyzed in terms of inter-generational transfers of time, money, goods, and services. The chapters in this volume greatly develop our understanding of the nature and measurement of transfers, their motives and mechanisms, and their macro-level dimensions, especially in the context of demographic transitions. The chapters include original empirical analyses of datasets from some twenty countries taking the reader beyond the American context in order to test the applicability of some of the theories developed on the basis of American data. They extend the traditional analysis of inter-generational transfers by examining different types of transfers, namely goods, money, assets, time, co-residence and visits. Furthermore, the chapters go beyond the study of traditional parent - child transfers to examine transfers to kins and the bi-directionality of transfers.

Zielgruppe

Demographers, public policy researchers and analysts, economists, sociologists, strategic planners Demography, Social Sciences, general, Aging, Methodology of the Social Sciences, Sociology

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tuljapurkar, Shripad

Fachgebiete

• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Volkswirtschaftslehre Wirtschaftspolitik, politische Ökonomie
• Interdisziplinäres Wissenschaften Wissenschaften Interdisziplinär Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften
• Sozialwissenschaften Soziologie | Soziale Arbeit Soziologie Allgemein Demographie, Demoskopie
• Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Regierungspolitik Sozialpolitik
• Sozialwissenschaften Soziologie | Soziale Arbeit Altersgruppen Alterssoziologie
• Geowissenschaften Geographie | Raumplanung Humangeographie Politische Geographie
• Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Regierungspolitik Innen-, Bildungs- und Bevölkerungspolitik
• Sozialwissenschaften Soziologie | Soziale Arbeit Soziologie Allgemein Empirische Sozialforschung, Statistik
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Allgemeine Psychologie Entwicklungspsychologie Gerontopsychologie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;The International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP);2
2;International Studies in Population (ISIP);2
3;CONTENTS;5
4;PREFACE;7
5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;9
6;THE AUTHORS;10
6.1;Juha M. Alho;10
6.2;Sumon Kumar Bhaumik;10
6.3;C.Y. Cyrus Chu;10
6.4;Philip N. Cohen;10
6.5;Eileen M. Crimmins;10
6.6;Marcus W. Feldman;10
6.7;Anne H. Gauthier;10
6.8;Noreen Goldman;10
6.9;Janet C. Gornick;11
6.10;Mark D. Hayward;11
6.11;Xiaoyi Jin Stefan;11
6.12;Hrafn Jonsson;11
6.13;Nan Li;11
6.14;Shuzhuo Li;11
6.15;I-Fen Lin;11
6.16;Yu-Hsuan Lin;11
6.17;Diane Macunovich;11
6.18;Cem Mete;12
6.19;Robert Schoen;12
6.20;T. Paul Schultz;12
6.21;Judith Treas;12
6.22;Shripad Tuljapurkar;12
6.23;Reijo Vanne;12
6.24;Alexander A. Weinreb;12
6.25;Maxine Weinstein;12
6.26;Ruoh-Rong Yu;12
6.27;Zhenmei Zhang;12
7;INTRODUCTION;13
7.1;1. The Dimensions and Dynamics of Intergenerational Transfers;14
7.2;2. Motives, Mechanisms, and Micro-Level Patterns;15
7.3;3. Macro-Level Transfers and Dynamics;19
7.4;4. The Structure of this Volume;21
8;CHAPTER 1. SUBSTITUTION AND SUBSTITUTABILITY: THE EFFECTS OF KIN AVAILABILITY ON INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS IN MALAWI;24
8.1;1. Introduction;24
8.2;2. Theoretical Background;25
8.3;4. Results;40
8.4;5. Conclusion;42
8.5;Acknowledgement;43
9;CHAPTER 2. KINSHIP NETWORKS AND INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS;50
9.1;1. Introduction;50
9.2;2. Theories of Child-To-Parent Transfers;52
9.3;3. Empirical Analysis;55
9.4;4. Results;60
9.5;5. Conclusion;66
9.6;Acknowledgement;71
9.7;References;71
10;CHAPTER 3. STABILITY AND CHANGE IN PATTERNS OF INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS IN TAIWAN;73
10.1;1. Introduction;73
10.2;2. Theoretical Background;75
10.3;3. Data and Methods;77
10.4;4. Results;84
10.5;5. Conclusion;91
10.6;Acknowledgement;92
10.7;References;95
11;CHAPTER 4. DEMOGRAPHIC EVENTS AND THE TIMING OF MONETARY TRANSFERS: SOME EVIDENCE FROM GERMANY;98
11.1;1. Background;98
11.2;2. The Lacunae in the Empirical Literature;100
11.3;3. Data and Structure of Empirical Analysis;103
11.4;4. Results and Inference;105
11.4.1;Table 1. Description of variables explaining incidence and amount of transfers received ( for probit and Tobit analyses).;106
11.4.2;Table 2. Descriptive statistics (older generation).;108
11.4.3;Table 3. Descriptive statistics (younger generation). Transdum = 0 Transdum = 1 Variable Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev.;110
11.4.4;Table 4. Determinants of probability and magnitude of transfers given to children and children- in- law. Tobit ( corrected Variables Probit Tobit for selectivity bias);112
11.4.5;Table 6. Determinants of magnitude of transfer received ( Tobit analysis). Specification 1 Specification 2 Variable Coefficient p- value Coefficient p-value;115
11.4.6;Table 7. Determinants of magnitude of transfer ( Tobit analysis with correction for selection bias). Specification 1 Specification 2 Variable Coefficient p- value Coefficient p- value;116
11.4.7;Table 8. Simultaneous determination of magnitude of transfer and income. NETINC96 PVTTRN96 Variable Coefficient p- value Coefficient p-value;119
11.5;5. Concluding Remarks;120
11.6;Acknowledgement;121
11.7;Appendix List of Variables;122
11.8;References;123
12;CHAPTER 5. MATERNAL CORESIDENCE AND CONTACT: EVIDENCE FROM CROSS- NATIONAL SURVEYS;125
12.1;1. Introduction;125
12.2;2. Theoretical Background;126
12.3;3. Data and Method;130
12.4;4. Empirical Results;133
12.5;5. Discussion and Conclusion;138
12.6;Acknowledgements;140
12.7;Appendix A. Response rates by country. Response rate Country (%);140
12.8;Appendix B. Table B. 1. Descriptive;141
12.9;References;143
13;CHAPTER 6. SON PREFERENCE, MARRIAGE, AND INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFER IN RURAL CHINA;146
13.1;1. Introduction;146
13.2;2. Models and Estimates of Son Preference;149
13.3;3. Marriage;154
13.4;4. Intergenerational Transfer;161
13.5;5. Conclusion;165
13.6;References;166
14;CHAPTER 7. HEALTH AND LABOUR-FORCE PARTICIPATION OF THE ELDERLY IN TAIWAN;170
14.1;1. Introduction;170
14.2;2. Literature Review;171
14.3;3. Health System in Taiwan and its Reform;173
14.4;4. Labour-Force Participation, Health Status and Health Expenditures over Time;173
14.5;5. A Heuristic Framework for Studying Labour Supply and Health of the Elderly;177
14.6;6. The Available Data;180
14.7;7. Empirical Analysis;182
14.8;8. Conclusions;196
14.9;References;204
15;CHAPTER 8. SOCIAL EXPENDITURES ON CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY IN OECD COUNTRIES, 1980Ò 1995: SHIFTING ALLOCATIONS, CHANGING NEEDS;208
15.1;1. Introduction;208
15.2;2. Background and Literature;209
15.3;3. Analytic Approach and Research Questions;212
15.4;4. Data and Methods;214
15.5;5. Empirical Results;217
15.5.1;Figure 1. Social spending as shares: total social spending, old-age cash spending, family cash spending ( 14- country averages, 1980Ò 1995).;218
15.5.2;Figure 2. Major categories of spending as a share of total social spending ( 14- country averages, 1980 and 1995).;219
15.5.3;Figure 3. Population shares: under age 15 and over age 64 (14-country averages, 1980Ò 1995).;220
15.5.4;Figure 4. Social spending per person: total social spending, old-age cash spending, family cash spending ( 14- country averages, 1980Ò 1995).;221
15.5.5;Figure 5. Old-age cash spending relative to mean market income (14-country averages, 1985 and 1995).;222
15.5.6;Figure 6. Family cash spending relative to mean market income (14-country averages, 1985 and 1995).;223
15.5.7;Figure 7. Post-tax-and-transfer poverty rates: elderly versus children (14-country averages, 1985 and 1995).;225
15.5.8;Figure 8. Change in ratio of elderly population to child population and change in ratio of old- age cash spending per elderly person to family cash spending per child ( 1980Ò 1995).;226
15.5.9;Figure 9. Change in total social spending (as a share of GDP) and change in ratio of old- age cash spending per elderly person to family cash spending per child ( 1980Ò 1995).;226
15.5.10;Table 1. Effects of change in population ratio and in total spending on change in ratio of elderly- to- child expenditures.;227
15.6;6. Conclusion;227
15.7;Appendix 1. Notes on Figures.;229
15.8;Appendix 1. ( Continued );230
15.9;Appendix 2. Percent Change, 1980Ò1995, Four Outcome Variables Old- age Social spending spending Family as a share of Social spending per elderly spending GDP (%) per capita (%) person (%) per child (%);231
15.10;References;231
16;CHAPTER 9. CONSEQUENCES OF EDUCATIONAL CHANGE FOR THE BURDEN OF CHRONIC HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE POPULATION;234
16.1;1. Implications of Educational Attainment for Population Health;235
16.2;2. Historical and International Differences in Educational Attainment;237
16.3;3. Approach, Data and Measures;238
16.4;4. Conclusions;246
16.5;5. Acknowledgements;247
16.6;References;247
17;CHAPTER 10. EFFECTS OF CHANGING AGE STRUCTURE AND INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS ON PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTION AND SAVING;250
17.1;1. Introduction;250
17.2;2. Micro versus Macro;253
17.3;3. Inter-Household Transfers and Their Role;255
17.4;4. An Additional Wrinkle: Relative Cohort Size Effects;256
17.5;5. Data and Methods;257
17.6;6. Reproducing Earlier Results, Using U.S. State-Level Data;261
17.7;7. Resolving the Paradox: Are Different Models Needed for DCs and LDCs?;264
17.8;8. Might These Effects Be Significant in Terms of Macroeconomic Fluctuations?;273
17.9;9. Conclusions;275
17.10;Acknowledgements;282
17.11;References;282
18;CHAPTER 11. SOME INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFER IMPLICATIONS OF BIRTH FLUCTUATIONS;285
18.1;1. The Basic Model;287
18.2;2. Changes in Aggregate Dependency;288
18.3;3. Individual Outcomes under Two Systems of Transfer Payments;289
18.4;4. Summary and Conclusions;295
18.5;References;295
19;CHAPTER 12. ON STOCHASTIC GENERATIONAL ACCOUNTING;297
19.1;1. Introduction;297
19.2;2. An Example of the High Volatility of the Deterministic Calculations;298
19.3;3. Sources of Uncertainty;298
19.4;4. Generational Accounting and Debt;299
19.5;5. Taxes and Public Expenditures;300
19.6;6. A Stochastic Forecast of Finland;303
19.7;7. Analysis of Interest Rates, Stock Returns, and Productivity;304
19.8;8. Predictive Distribution of the IPL;305
19.9;9. Discussion;307
19.10;Acknowledgement;308
19.11;References;308
20;INDEX;310

Über Autor(innen)

Anne H. Gauthier, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada / C.Y. Cyrus Chu, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan / Shripad Tuljapurkar, Stanford University, California, USA