Tullis Blood Cells and Plasma Proteins

Their State in Nature
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6140-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 458 Seiten, Web PDF

Blood Cells and Plasma Proteins: Their State in Nature focuses on the properties, characteristics, reactions, and transformations of blood cells and plasma proteins. The selection first takes a look at the historical prologue on the discovery of the formed and fluid parts of human blood and chemical prologue on the characterization and separation of proteins by virtue of their interactions with neutral salts. The text then takes a look at interactions of proteins with each other and with heavy metals and interactions of proteins with alkaline earths, steroids, blood cells, and polysaccharides. The book then ponders on the components of human plasma concerned with coagulation and the biochemical, physiological, and pathological aspects of the coagulation mechanism. Discussions focus on evolution of the clotting mechanism, modern concepts of clotting, state of accelerator substances, and state of calcium. The text also tackles the nature of immune processes, antibodies in human gamma globulin, and physical characteristics of the gamma globulins. The selection is a valuable reference for readers interested in blood cells and plasma protein.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tullis, James L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Blood Cells and Plasma Proteins: Their State in Nature;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents ;16
5;Contributors;6
6;Preface;10
7;Introductory Remarks;14
8;SECTION I: THE FORMED AND THE FLUID PARTS OF HUMAN BLOODS;24
8.1;CHAPTER 1. AN HISTORICAL PROLOGUE ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE FORMED AND FLUID PARTS OF HUMAN BLOOD;26
8.1.1;Discovery in the Seventeenth Century of the Capillaries, of Erythrocytes, and of Bodily Interactions with the Atmosphere (1656–1667);26
8.1.2;Discovery in the Eighteenth Century of the Elementary Composition of the Atmosphere (1756–1774);32
8.1.3;Discovery in the Early Nineteenth Century of the Elementary Composition of Living Matter (1806–1842);35
8.1.4;References;40
8.2;CHAPTER 2. A CHEMICAL PROLOGUE ON THE CHARACTERIZATION AND SEPARATION OF PROTEINS BY VIRTUE OF THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH NEUTRAL SALTS;41
8.2.1;Precipitations of Proteins from Concentrated Salt Solutions (1860–1930);41
8.2.2;Precipitation of Proteins and Amino Acids with Neutral Salts;43
8.2.3;Precipitation of Proteins from Ethanol-Water Mixtures at Low Temperatures ( 1940–1950);44
8.2.4;References;50
8.3;CHAPTER 3. INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH HEAVY METALS;52
8.3.1;Interactions of Proteins with Other Proteins;52
8.3.2;Interactions of Proteins with Strong Electrolytes;55
8.3.3;Interactions of Proteins with Zinc;56
8.3.4;Interactions of Proteins with Zinc and Mercury;62
8.3.5;References;64
8.4;CHAPTER 4. INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALINE EARTHS, WITH STEROIDS, WITH BLOOD CELLS, AND WITH SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES;66
8.4.1;Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Calcium and Barium Ions;66
8.4.2;Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Magnesium and Manganese;70
8.4.3;Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Copper and Iron;71
8.4.4;Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Lead Ions;72
8.4.5;Interactions of Plasma Proteins with the Leucocytes of the Blood;73
8.4.6;Interactions of Plasma Proteins with the Erythrocytes of the Blood;75
8.4.7;Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Carbohydrates;77
8.4.8;Interactions of Observation and Experimentation;78
8.4.9;References;80
9;SECTION II: THE FACTORS CONCERNED WITH BLOOD COAGULATION;82
9.1;CHAPTER 1. THE COMPONENTS OF HUMAN PLASMA CONCERNED WITH COAGULATION;84
9.1.1;The State of Calcium;86
9.1.2;The Nature of Prothrombin;89
9.1.3;The State of the Accelerator Substances;93
9.1.4;The State of Other Components;94
9.1.5;References;96
9.2;CHAPTER 2. SOME BIOCHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE COAGULATION MECHANISM;98
9.2.1;Evolution of the Clotting Mechanism;98
9.2.2;Modern Concepts of Clotting;99
9.2.3;References;115
9.3;CHAPTER 3. SOME EXPERIENCES WITH BLOOD-CLOTTING MECHANISMS;116
9.3.1;Surface Factors;116
9.3.2;Clotting Mechanisms as Studied in Isolated Systems of Purified Reagents;118
9.3.3;References;144
9.4;CHAPTER 4. FIBRINOGEN AND THROMBIN: THEIR INTERACTION IN FORMATION OF THE FIBRIN CLOT;146
9.4.1;Fibrinogen;146
9.4.2;Thrombin;150
9.4.3;Formation of the Fibrin Clot;153
9.4.4;References;166
9.5;CHAPTER 5. THE PLATELETS OF HUMAN BLOOD: THEIR MORPHOLOGY, INTERACTIONS, AND PRESERVATION;168
9.5.1;General Consideration;168
9.5.2;Structure and Physical Properties;169
9.5.3;Interactions;174
9.5.4;Preservation;176
9.5.5;References;180
10;SECTION III: THE COMPONENTS OF HUMAN BLOOD CONCERNED WITH IMMUNITY;182
10.1;CHAPTER 1. THE NATURE OF IMMUNE PROCESSES;184
10.1.1;Introduction;184
10.1.2;Responses to Infection;184
10.1.3;Plasma Proteins Concerned with Immunity;191
10.1.4;References;197
10.2;CHAPTER 2. ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN GAMMA GLOBULIN;199
10.2.1;Brief Review of Earlier Work;199
10.2.2;Evidence for Chemical Similarity or Identity of Natural Antibody and Immune Antibody in Man;200
10.2.3;Relation of Chemical Nature of Antigen to Chemical Nature of Antibody;201
10.2.4;Significance of Variations in Antibody Content of Gamma Globulin Fractions in Bloods Collected from Various Geographical Areas;202
10.2.5;Possible Use of Gamma Globulin in the Prophylaxis of Poliomyelitis;203
10.2.6;References;204
10.3;CHAPTER 3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GAMMA GLOBULINS;205
10.3.1;References;211
10.4;CHAPTER 4. CELLULAR SOURCES OF ANTIBODIES;212
10.4.1;The Reticuloendothelial Theory;212
10.4.2;The Lymphoid Cellular Theory;214
10.4.3;The Plasma Cellular Theory;215
10.4.4;References;218
11;SECTION IV: ERYTHROCYTES;220
11.1;CHAPTER 1. THE ORIGIN, PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN RED CELL;222
11.1.1;General Properties of Whole Blood and Erythrocytes;222
11.1.2;Origin and Survival in Vivo;223
11.1.3;Specific Characteristics of Red Cells;226
11.1.4;Erythrocyte Function: The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide;229
11.1.5;The Behavior of the Erythrocyte outside the Body;231
11.1.6;Measurement of Viability;232
11.1.7;Preservation of Red Cells: The Effect of Citrate, Dextrose, and pH;233
11.1.8;References;235
11.2;CHAPTER 2. THE PRESERVATION OF RED CELLS;236
11.2.1;General Considerations of Optimal Conditions of Preservation;237
11.2.2;Reference;239
11.3;CHAPTER 3. THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN CATIONS ON THE STORAGE OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES;240
11.3.1;Addendum: May 1952;245
11.3.2;References;247
11.4;CHAPTER 4. THE ENZYMOLOGY OF THE ERYTHROCYTE;248
11.4.1;Respiratory Activity of the Mammalian Erythrocyte;249
11.4.2;Hexosemonophosphate Shunt;254
11.4.3;The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle;255
11.4.4;Glycolysis;256
11.4.5;Glycolytic Behavior of Preserved Erythrocytes at 5°C;258
11.4.6;Glycolytic Behavior of Preserved Erythrocytes When Returned to 37°C;264
11.4.7;Behavior of Inorganic Ions in Relation to Glycolysis;266
11.4.8;General Comments;272
11.4.9;References;275
12;SECTION V: LEUCOCYTES;280
12.1;CHAPTER 1. THE ORIGIN, PROPERTIES, FUNCTION, AND PRESERVATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS;282
12.1.1;The Development of Knowledge about Leucocytes;282
12.1.2;Origin and Life Cycle;283
12.1.3;Factors Controlling Production and Release;286
12.1.4;Cellular Properties;290
12.1.5;The Role of Leucocytes in Defense;295
12.1.6;Leucotoxin and Type Specificity;298
12.1.7;The Separation and Preservation of Leucoyctes;301
12.1.8;Conclusion;304
12.1.9;References;304
12.2;CHAPTER 2. A DISCUSSION OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE CELLULAR AND HUMORAL DEFENSE MECHANISM;306
12.2.1;The Origin and Maturation of the Formed Elements;306
12.2.2;Functional Efficiency of Granulocytes;310
12.2.3;The Reticuloendothelial System in Cellular and Humoral Defense;311
12.2.4;References;315
12.3;CHAPTER 3. THE HISTAMINE CONTENT OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS;317
12.3.1;Estimation of Histamine in Blood;317
12.3.2;Histamine Content of Whole Blood;321
12.3.3;The Partition of Histamine in Blood;321
12.3.4;References;329
12.4;CHAPTER 4. THE CYTOCHROMES OF RESPIRING CELLS;331
12.4.1;Experimental Technique;332
12.4.2;Experimental Results;332
12.4.3;Summary;337
12.4.4;References;337
13;SECTION VI: THE ENZYMES OF PLASMA;338
13.1;CHAPTER 1. THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYMES OF NORMAL HUMAN PLASMA;340
13.1.1;Introduction;340
13.1.2;The Proteolytic Enzymes;341
13.1.3;Esterases;347
13.1.4;General Properties;355
13.1.5;References;356
13.2;CHAPTER 2. PLASMA ENZYMES: A DISCUSSION OF PRECEDING CHAPTER;358
13.2.1;Sources of Plasma Enzymes;358
13.2.2;Measurement of Plasma Enzyme Activity;358
13.2.3;Proteolytic Enzymes of Plasma;358
13.2.4;A Comment on the Nature of "Hydrolases";359
14;SECTION VII: THE LIPOPROTEINS OF BLOOD AND OTHER TISSUES;360
14.1;CHAPTER 1. THE LIPOPROTEINS OF HUMAN PLASMA;362
14.1.1;Isolation of Purified Plasma Lipoproteins;362
14.1.2;The a- and ß-Lipoproteins of Human Plasma;365
14.1.3;Ultracentrifugai Studies of Lipoproteins;370
14.1.4;Stability of ß-Lipoprotein;374
14.1.5;Immunochemical Studies of ß-Lipoprotein;375
14.1.6;Lipoprotein and Lipid Metabolism;376
14.1.7;Structure of Lipoproteins;379
14.1.8;References;381
14.2;CHAPTER 2. LIPOPROTEINS OF HORSE PLASMA AND SERUM;383
14.2.1;The Nature of Bonds between Lipids and Proteins;383
14.2.2;Effect of Hydrosoluble Substances Containing Nonpolar Groups on Lipid-Protein Bonds;386
14.2.3;Action of Hydrosoluble Substances Containing Polar Groups;397
14.2.4;The Aqueous Layer Around Lipoproteins;401
14.2.5;References;402
14.3;CHAPTER 3. LINKAGES BETWEEN PROTEINS AND LIPIDS;403
14.3.1;Water-Soluble Liponucleoproteins;403
14.3.2;The Proteolipids;403
14.3.3;Other Types of Lipid-Protein Linkage;404
14.3.4;References;406
14.4;CHAPTER 4. PROTEIN-LIPID RELATIONSHIPS IN PLASMA;407
14.4.1;Lipid Composition of Fractions IV + V + VI and I + III;408
14.4.2;Factors Which Influence the Distribution of Cholesterol;412
14.4.3;Summary;415
14.4.4;References;416
14.5;CHAPTER 5. THE PLASMA GLYCOPROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEINS;417
14.5.1;Inflammatory Diseases;417
14.5.2;Diseases with Disturbed Lipid Metabolism;418
14.5.3;Discussion;425
14.5.4;References;428
15;Author Index;430
16;Subject Index;445