Ukil / Yeap / Satpathi Fault Analysis and Protection System Design for DC Grids

1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-981-15-2977-1
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 402 Seiten

Reihe: Power Systems

This book offers a comprehensive reference guide to the important topics of fault analysis and protection system design for DC grids, at various voltage levels and for a range of applications. It bridges a much-needed research gap to enable wide-scale implementation of energy-efficient DC grids. Following an introduction, DC grid architecture is presented, covering the devices, operation and control methods. In turn, analytical methods for DC fault analysis are presented for different types of faults, followed by separate chapters on various DC fault identification methods, using time, frequency and time-frequency domain analyses of the DC current and voltage signals. The unit and non-unit protection strategies are discussed in detail, while a dedicated chapter addresses DC fault isolation devices. Step-by-step guidelines are provided for building hardware-based experimental test setups, as well as methods for validating the various algorithms. The book also features several application-driven case studies.

Abhisek Ukil received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, in 2000, and his M.S. degree from the University of Bolton, UK, in 2004. He completed his Ph.D. degree at Pretoria (Tshwane) University of Technology, South Africa, where he worked on automated disturbance analysis in power systems, in 2006. Currently, he is an Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand. From 2013-2017, he was an Assistant Professor at the School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. From 2006-2013, he was Principal Scientist at the ABB Corporate Research Center, Baden-Daettwil, Switzerland. He holds 11 patents and is the author of more than 180 peer-reviewed papers, a monograph, and two book chapters. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE (USA) and a Registered Chartered Engineer (C.Eng.), UK. He is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics and Electrical Engineering, published by Springer. His research interests include smart grids, DC grids, energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy storage, and condition monitoring. Yeap Yew Ming received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2013. He received his Ph.D. degree from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, where he worked on fault detection in High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems, in 2018. Currently, he is a Scientist at the Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore, and is leading an industry project on EV as Co-Principal Investigator. He is the author of more than 20 peer-reviewed papers, and a reviewer for the journals IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Industrial Informatics. His research interests include smart grids, DC grids, power electronics & control, and energy storage for EV. Kuntal Satpathi received his B.Tech. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Haldia Institute of Technology, India, in 2011. He received his Ph.D. degree from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, where he worked on the operation and fault management of DC marine power systems, in 2019. From 2011-2014, he was with Jindal Power Limited, Raigarh, India, specializing in thermal power plant operations. Currently, he is a Research Fellow at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is the author of nearly 20 peer-reviewed papers. His research interests include the modeling, control and protection of AC/DC grids.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ukil, Abhisek

Yeap, Yew Ming

Satpathi, Kuntal

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Contents;9
3;1 Introduction to DC Grid;15
3.1;1.1 Introduction;15
3.2;1.2 DC Grid Applications;16
3.2.1;1.2.1 Transmission Systems;16
3.2.2;1.2.2 Utilities and Microgrid;26
3.2.3;1.2.3 Datacenters;27
3.2.4;1.2.4 Transportation Systems;27
3.3;1.3 Relevant Standards and Voltage Levels;35
3.3.1;1.3.1 Standards;35
3.3.2;1.3.2 Voltage Levels;37
3.4;1.4 Power Quality Issues;38
3.5;1.5 Challenges in DC Grids: Design of Protection System;43
3.5.1;1.5.1 Repercussions of Faults in Existing Power Systems;43
3.5.2;1.5.2 Challenges with Fault Detection in DC Grids;45
3.5.3;1.5.3 Challenges with Fault Isolation in Grids;47
3.5.4;1.5.4 Some Practical Challenges;48
3.6;References;49
4;2 Components and Architectures of DC Grid for Various Applications;52
4.1;2.1 Introduction;52
4.2;2.2 Components in DC Grids;52
4.2.1;2.2.1 Diode Bridge Converters;53
4.2.2;2.2.2 Thyristor Based Current Source Converters;55
4.2.3;2.2.3 IGBT Based Voltage Source Converters;63
4.2.4;2.2.4 Emerging Converter Topologies;66
4.2.5;2.2.5 DC/DC Converters;70
4.2.6;2.2.6 Energy Storage Technologies;71
4.3;2.3 DC Grid Architectures and Applications;73
4.3.1;2.3.1 Transmission Applications: HVDC Systems;73
4.3.2;2.3.2 Utilities Applications: Microgrids;80
4.3.3;2.3.3 Datacenter Applications;84
4.3.4;2.3.4 Transportation Applications;85
4.4;References;93
5;3 Modeling and Control of Generation System for DC Grid Applications;95
5.1;3.1 Introduction;95
5.2;3.2 Generation Systems for HVDC and Microgrid Applications;96
5.2.1;3.2.1 CSC-Based Generation System;96
5.2.2;3.2.2 VSC-Based Generation System;103
5.3;3.3 Generation Systems for Marine and Aerospace Applications;119
5.3.1;3.3.1 AVR Based Generation System;121
5.3.2;3.3.2 AFR Based Generation System;123
5.3.3;3.3.3 Comparison;128
5.4;References;133
6;4 Faults in DC Networks;135
6.1;4.1 Introduction;135
6.1.1;4.1.1 Types of Faults in DC Networks;135
6.1.2;4.1.2 Statistics of Faults in DC Networks;136
6.1.3;4.1.3 Effect of Topology on Faults in DC Networks;138
6.2;4.2 Fault Current Calculations: CSC-Based DC System;140
6.3;4.3 Fault Current Calculations: VSC-Based DC System;141
6.3.1;4.3.1 Pole-to-Pole Fault;142
6.3.2;4.3.2 Pole-to-Ground Fault;161
6.4;4.4 Fault Current Calculations: MMC-Based DC System;166
6.4.1;4.4.1 Pole-to-Pole Fault;167
6.4.2;4.4.2 Pole-to-Ground Fault;171
6.5;4.5 Fault Current Calculation: Travelling Wave Approach;174
6.6;4.6 Example;176
6.7;References;179
7;5 Time-Domain Based Fault Detection in DC Grids;181
7.1;5.1 Introduction;181
7.2;5.2 Overcurrent Based Protection;182
7.3;5.3 Rate of Change-Based Protection;184
7.3.1;5.3.1 Current;184
7.3.2;5.3.2 Voltage;186
7.3.3;5.3.3 Practical Application;189
7.4;5.4 Capacitive Discharge Method;191
7.4.1;5.4.1 Background;191
7.4.2;5.4.2 Principle of Operation;192
7.4.3;5.4.3 Example;199
7.5;5.5 Conclusion;203
7.6;References;204
8;6 Frequency-Domain Based Fault Detection: Application of Short-Time Fourier Transform;206
8.1;6.1 Introduction;206
8.2;6.2 Operation of STFT;207
8.3;6.3 Application of STFT to Constant and Step Change in DC Current;209
8.3.1;6.3.1 STFT Application on Constant DC Current;209
8.3.2;6.3.2 STFT Application on Step Change in DC Current;210
8.4;6.4 Fault Detection by STFT;213
8.4.1;6.4.1 Fault Detection Criteria;215
8.4.2;6.4.2 Selection of Window Length;216
8.4.3;6.4.3 Effect of Window Function;218
8.4.4;6.4.4 Determining Tripping Threshold;219
8.4.5;6.4.5 Implementing STFT Based Fault Detection;221
8.5;6.5 Test System to Evaluate STFT Based Fault Detection Algorithm;222
8.5.1;6.5.1 Point-to-Point DC System;222
8.5.2;6.5.2 Multi-terminal DC System;225
8.6;6.6 Conclusion;231
8.7;References;232
9;7 Time-Frequency Domain Analysis: Wavelet-Transform Based Fault Detection;233
9.1;7.1 Introduction;233
9.2;7.2 Selection of Mother Wavelet;237
9.3;7.3 Detection Algorithm;241
9.4;7.4 Example;242
9.4.1;7.4.1 Two-Terminal HVDC System;242
9.4.2;7.4.2 Multi-terminal HVDC System;243
9.5;7.5 Conclusion;250
9.6;References;251
10;8 Non-unit Protection Strategies for DC Power Systems;253
10.1;8.1 Introduction;253
10.2;8.2 Non-unit Protection Strategies in AC System and Implementation Challenges in DC System;255
10.3;8.3 Fault Current Computation: Current Derivatives and Associated Parameters;258
10.3.1;8.3.1 Computing Peak Fault Current and Time to Reach Peak Fault Current;258
10.3.2;8.3.2 Computing Derivative Using Difference Equations;264
10.3.3;8.3.3 Comparison of Approximation of Derivative;268
10.4;8.4 System Description for Non-unit Protection Studies;270
10.5;8.5 Definite Time Based Protection Coordination;271
10.5.1;8.5.1 Using Current Magnitude;271
10.5.2;8.5.2 Using Current Derivatives;274
10.6;8.6 Definite Time Based Protection Coordination Using Estimated Inductance;276
10.7;8.7 Conclusion;278
10.8;References;279
11;9 Introduction to Directional Protection and Communication Assisted Protection Systems;281
11.1;9.1 Introduction;281
11.2;9.2 Need for Directional Protection;282
11.3;9.3 Analysis of Directional Fault Currents;283
11.3.1;9.3.1 System Description;283
11.3.2;9.3.2 Fault Analysis Using Superimposed Quantities;284
11.4;9.4 Directional Protection Design;291
11.4.1;9.4.1 Directional Element Design;291
11.4.2;9.4.2 Fault Detection;296
11.5;9.5 Performance Comparison of Various Directional Protection Strategies;296
11.6;9.6 Communication Assisted Protection Strategies;303
11.7;9.7 Conclusion;310
11.8;References;311
12;10 Fault Isolation in DC Grids;313
12.1;10.1 Introduction;313
12.2;10.2 Time Line of Fault Isolation;314
12.3;10.3 DC Grid Protection Devices;315
12.4;10.4 DC Circuit Breakers;316
12.4.1;10.4.1 Resonant Type DC Breaker;317
12.4.2;10.4.2 Non-resonant Type DC Breaker;323
12.5;10.5 Converter Based Isolation;325
12.5.1;10.5.1 SSCB Based on VSC with Freewheeling Diode;326
12.5.2;10.5.2 SSCB Based on H-Bridge Converter;328
12.6;10.6 Commercial DC Breakers;329
12.6.1;10.6.1 HVDC;329
12.6.2;10.6.2 MVDC;329
12.6.3;10.6.3 LVDC;330
12.7;References;332
13;11 Design of Experiment and Fault Studies;335
13.1;11.1 Introduction;335
13.2;11.2 Experimental Setup Description;336
13.2.1;11.2.1 Converter;336
13.2.2;11.2.2 DC Line;338
13.2.3;11.2.3 Measurement and Control;339
13.2.4;11.2.4 Controller Tuning;341
13.2.5;11.2.5 Fault and Protection Measure;344
13.3;11.3 Experimental Results;349
13.3.1;11.3.1 Steady State;349
13.3.2;11.3.2 Fault on DC Line;350
13.3.3;11.3.3 Load Change;351
13.4;11.4 Validation of Fault Detection Methods on Real Fault Signal;352
13.4.1;11.4.1 Wavelet Transform;352
13.4.2;11.4.2 Capacitive Discharge;354
13.4.3;11.4.3 Short-Time Fourier Transform;354
13.4.4;11.4.4 Comparison;358
13.5;11.5 Conclusion;363
13.6;References;364
14;12 Case Studies;365
14.1;12.1 Introduction;365
14.2;12.2 Protection System Design for Long-Distance HVDC Systems;366
14.2.1;12.2.1 Fault Clearance and Recovery Strategy;366
14.2.2;12.2.2 Fault Clearance Method;368
14.2.3;12.2.3 Recovery Strategy;373
14.2.4;12.2.4 Results and Discussion;376
14.3;12.3 Protection System Design for Compact DC Distribution Systems;381
14.3.1;12.3.1 Transient Analysis and Protection Requirements;382
14.3.2;12.3.2 Fault Detection and Selectivity Methods;386
14.3.3;12.3.3 Protection Design;389
14.4;12.4 Conclusion;394
14.5;References;396
15;Appendix Index;398
16;Index;398