Varma Mycorrhiza

State of the Art, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Eco-Function, Biotechnology, Eco-Physiology, Structure and Systematics
3. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-78826-3
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 797 Seiten

Autoren/Hrsg.

Varma, Ajit

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
1.1;References;8
2;Preface;9
3;Preface;11
4;Preface to the First Edition;13
5;Contents;15
6;Contributors;19
7;Part I of the Art;33
7.1;Mycorrhizal Fungi: What We Know and What Should We Know?;34
7.1.1;1 Introduction;34
7.1.2;2 Origin and Evolution of Mycorrhizal Studies;36
7.1.3;3 Development of AM Fungi;38
7.1.4;4 Beneficial Effects of AM Fungi;39
7.1.5;5 Mycorrhiza as Biological Agents;43
7.1.6;6 Factors Affecting the Symbiosis;45
7.1.7;7 Mycorrhizal Host Specificity and Seasonality;48
7.1.8;8 Ecological Significance of AMF Diversity: Inter- and Intraspecies Variations;49
7.1.9;References;49
7.2;Diversity, Function and Potential Applications of the Root- Associated Endophytes;60
7.2.1;1 Diversity of Fungal Root Endophytes;60
7.2.2;2 The Shortgrass Steppe: A Case Study of Fungal Root Endophyte Diversity and Function;61
7.2.3;3 Functions of Root Endophytes;66
7.2.4;4 Potential Applications of Root-Associated Endophytes;80
7.2.5;5 Conclusions;84
7.2.6;References;85
7.3;Structure, Extent and Functional Significance of Belowground Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Networks;90
7.3.1;1 Introduction;90
7.3.2;2 Spore Germination and Structure of Pre-symbiotic Mycelium;91
7.3.3;3 Evidence for Nonself-incompatibility in Pre-symbiotic Mycelial Networks;94
7.3.4;4 Visualization of Intact Mycorrhizal Networks Spreading from Roots Colonized by AM Fungi;97
7.3.5;5 Visualization of Belowground Interconnections Between Plants of Different Species, Genera and Families;98
7.3.6;References;100
7.4;Foraging for Resources in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: What is an Obligate Symbiont Searching for and How is it Done?;104
7.4.1;1 Introduction;104
7.4.2;2 Resources for an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus;106
7.4.3;3 Foraging Activity;108
7.4.4;4 Testing Foraging Models in AMF;110
7.4.5;5 Main Challenges and New Approaches in Foraging Studies;115
7.4.6;6 Conclusions;116
7.4.7;References;116
7.5;Global Diversity Patterns of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi – Community Composition and Links with Functionality;120
7.5.1;1 Introduction;120
7.5.2;2 Taxon Diversity of AM Fungal Communities;121
7.5.3;3 Methodological Issues, Obstacles;126
7.5.4;4 Factors Shaping Communities of AM Fungi;130
7.5.5;5 Linking Taxonomic Diversity with Functionality;132
7.5.6;6 Conclusions;136
7.5.7;References;137
7.6;Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria;144
7.6.1;1 Introduction;144
7.6.2;2 Helper Strains: Origin and Taxonomy;145
7.6.3;3 The Helper Mechanisms;146
7.6.4;4 Potential for Use of Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria in Agri- and Silviculture;155
7.6.5;5 Perspectives;158
7.6.6;References;158
8;Part II Genetics and Molecular Biology;164
8.1;Genomic Organization and Mechanisms of Inheritance in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Contrasting the Evidence and Implications of Current Theories;166
8.1.1;1 Introduction;166
8.1.2;2 Mendelian versus Non-Mendelian Inheritance;167
8.1.3;3 AM Fungal Cells Harbor Many Nuclei and Many Genetic Variants;168
8.1.4;4 Alternative Hypotheses on Genomic Organization: The Evidence;168
8.1.5;5 Alternative Hypotheses on Genomic Organization: The Implications;173
8.1.6;6 A Model of Inheritance under Heterokaryosis;176
8.1.7;7 Conclusions;177
8.1.8;References;178
8.2;Ectomycorrhiza and Water Transport;180
8.2.1;1 Introduction;180
8.2.2;2 Impact of Soil Growing Hyphae on Plant Water Support;181
8.2.3;3 Ectomycorrhiza Formation Results in Modification of Plant Roots and Affects Their Water Transport Properties;181
8.2.4;4 Aquaporins: Gates for Symplastic Water Transport;182
8.2.5;5 Modulation of Plasma Membrane Water Transport Capacity in Poplar Fine Roots by Ectomycorrhiza Formation;183
8.2.6;6 Impacts of Ectomycorrhizas on Trees under Drought Conditions;185
8.2.7;7 Conclusions;186
8.2.8;References;187
8.3;Hypogeous Pezizaceae: Physiology and Molecular Genetics;192
8.3.1;1 Introduction;192
8.3.2;2 Unresolved Problems in the Life Cycle of Underground Pezizaceae;193
8.3.3;3 Factors Determining the Type of Mycorrhiza Formed;198
8.3.4;4 Genes Expressed in Fungus and Plant Prior to and under Mycorrhizal Conditions;204
8.3.5;5 Conclusions;209
8.3.6;References;209
8.4;Evaluation of the Possible Participation of Drought- induced Genes in the Enhanced Tolerance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants to Water Deficit;216
8.4.1;1 Introduction;216
8.4.2;2 Late Embryogenesis Abundant Proteins;217
8.4.3;3 D1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase (P5CS);219
8.4.4;4 Genes Encoding 14-3-3 Proteins and Binding Proteins;222
8.4.5;5 Modulation of Aquaporins;226
8.4.6;6 Conclusions;230
8.4.7;References;231
9;Part III Eco-Function;238
9.1;The Beneficial Effect of Mycorrhizae on N Utilization by the Host- Plant: Myth or Reality?;240
9.1.1;1 Introduction;240
9.1.2;2 Dynamics of N in Terrestrial Environment and Availability of N in Soils;241
9.1.3;3 Absorption and Assimilation of Nitrogen by the Partners of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis;245
9.1.4;4 Transfer of Nitrogen to the Host Plant;250
9.1.5;5 Conclusions;264
9.1.6;References;265
9.2;Ion Dynamics During the Polarized Growth of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: From Presymbiosis to Symbiosis;272
9.2.1;1 Introduction;272
9.2.2;2 The Structural Organization Definition and Polarized Growth in the Germ Tubes of AM Fungi;274
9.2.3;3 Proton Fluxes and the Regulation of Ion Uptake;277
9.2.4;4 Electrophysiological Responses as a Component of Signaling Plant – fungus: A Possible pH- sensing Mechanism;281
9.2.5;5 Ions Play in the AM Signaling? Going to Symbiosis!;284
9.2.6;6 Conclusions;286
9.2.7;References;287
9.3;Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Metal Hyperaccumulating Plants;292
9.3.1;1 Introduction;292
9.3.2;2 Metal Hyperaccumulations: State of the Art;293
9.3.3;3 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Metal-Contaminated Environments;296
9.3.4;4 AM in Metal Hyperaccumulating Plants;300
9.3.5;References;306
9.4;Mycorrhizal Fungi and Other Root Endophytes as Biocontrol Agents Against Root Pathogens;312
9.4.1;1 Introduction;312
9.4.2;2 Endophytes;312
9.4.3;3 Mycorrhizal Fungi;314
9.4.4;4 Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs);318
9.4.5;5 Biological Control;319
9.4.6;6 Microbial Diversity and Disease Suppression;320
9.4.7;7 Interactions for the Biological Control of Root Pathogens;323
9.4.8;8 Biocontrol Research, Development and Adoption;330
9.4.9;9 Conclusions;330
9.4.10;References;331
9.5;The Biocontrol Effect of Mycorrhization on Soilborne Fungal Pathogens and the Autoregulation of the AM Symbiosis: One Mechanism, Two Effects?;338
9.5.1;1 Introduction;338
9.5.2;2 The Biocontrol Effect of Mycorrhization on Soilborne Fungal Pathogens;339
9.5.3;3 The Mycorrhizal Autoregulation;344
9.5.4;4 The Mycorrhizal Biocontrol Effect and the Mycorrhizal Autoregulation: One Mechanism, Two Effects?;345
9.5.5;5 Conclusions;347
9.5.6;References;348
9.6;Resource Partitioning Between Extraradical and Intraradical AM Fungal Mycelium;352
9.6.1;1 Introduction;352
9.6.2;2 Mechanisms of Nutrient Transport;353
9.6.3;3 Carbon Transport and Partitioning;354
9.6.4;4 Phosphate Transport and Partitioning;358
9.6.5;5 Conclusions;364
9.6.6;References;364
9.7;Ozone Stress and Ectomycorrhizal Root – Shoot Signaling;368
9.7.1;1 Ozone Stress and Belowground Processes;368
9.7.2;2 Cytokinins and the Natural Environment;369
9.7.3;3 Cytokinin Relations in Mycorrhiza;371
9.7.4;4 Ozone Effects on Roots and Ectomycorrhiza of Young and Adult Beech Trees;374
9.7.5;5 Root–Shoot Signaling in Ozone Fumigated Beech Trees;382
9.7.6;References;385
10;Part IV Biotechnology;390
10.1;From Production to Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Agricultural Systems: Requirements and Needs;392
10.1.1;1 Introduction;392
10.1.2;2 Basic Requirements for Sustainable Agricultural Systems;393
10.1.3;3 Plants as Part of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis;395
10.1.4;4 Conclusions;401
10.1.5;References;402
10.2;Agronomic Management of Indigenous Mycorrhizas;406
10.2.1;1 Introduction;406
10.2.2;2 Use of AM Fungal Inoculum;407
10.2.3;3 Crop Rotation;408
10.2.4;4 Soil Aggregation and Tillage Regime;410
10.2.5;5 Weeds and AM Fungi;414
10.2.6;6 Nutrient Management;416
10.2.7;7 Fungicides and AM Fungi;422
10.2.8;8 Evaluation of AM Fungal Diversity;423
10.2.9;9 Conclusion;424
10.2.10;References;425
10.3;AM Inoculation in Tropical Agriculture: Field Results;434
10.3.1;1 Introduction;434
10.3.2;2 Production Modes;436
10.3.3;3 Research and Priorities for the Future;445
10.3.4;References;446
10.4;The International Market Development for Mycorrhizal Technology;450
10.4.1;1 Introduction;450
10.4.2;2 Commercialization;451
10.4.3;3 Cultural and Social Aspects;455
10.4.4;4 Technologies;456
10.4.5;5 Selling Points and Marketing Strategies for Mycorrhizal Technology;457
10.4.6;6 Inoculum Productions and Quality Assurance;462
10.4.7;7 Intellectual Properties and their Effect on Market Development;464
10.4.8;8 Research that will Affect the Development of the Global Market for Mycorrhizal Fungi;464
10.4.9;9 Conclusions;466
10.4.10;References;467
10.5;Why and How Using Micropropagated Trees rather than Germinations for Controlled Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizal Associations?;470
10.5.1;1 Introduction;470
10.5.2;2 Variations in Morphology, Physiology and Architecture during Tree Development, Consequences on EM Symbiosis and Culture Models for Their Study;471
10.5.3;3 Tree Cuttings and Microcuttings for Controlled Synthesis of EM Symbiosis;473
10.5.4;4 Micropropagation of an Episodic Growing Tree: The Oak Model (Quercus robur L.);476
10.5.5;5 Conclusions;489
10.5.6;6 Outlook;489
10.5.7;References;490
10.6;Biotechnology and Cultivation of Desert Truffles;498
10.6.1;1 Introduction;498
10.6.2;2 Chemical Composition;499
10.6.3;3 Biotechnological Aspects;501
10.6.4;4 Cultivation of the Desert Truffle;509
10.6.5;Plantation;509
10.6.6;Establishment and Management;509
10.6.7;References;512
10.7;The Fungal Transmitted Viruses;516
10.7.1;1 Introduction;516
10.7.2;2 Fungi Transmitting Plant Viruses;517
10.7.3;3 Viruses Transmitted by Plasmodiophorids;524
10.7.4;4 Mycorrhiza and Viruses;530
10.7.5;References;531
11;Part V Eco-Physiology;536
11.1;Intertwined Existence: The Life of Plant Symbiotic Fungi in Agricultural Soils;538
11.1.1;1 Introduction;538
11.1.2;2 Fertilizer Impact on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi;539
11.1.3;3 Soil Tillage;542
11.1.4;4 Pest Control;544
11.1.5;5 The Selection of Rotation Crops;546
11.1.6;6 Spatial and Seasonal Variations Influencing Symbiotic Fungi in Pastures;547
11.1.7;7 Symbiotic Fungi Biotechnology;550
11.1.8;8 Conclusion;551
11.1.9;References;552
11.2;Macroecology of Microbes – Biogeography of the Glomeromycota;560
11.2.1;1 Introduction;560
11.2.2;2 Challenges and Benefits of Elucidating Glomeromycotan Biogeography;564
11.2.3;3 Conclusions;587
11.2.4;References;588
11.3;Arbuscular Mycorrhiza of Endangered Plant Species: Potential Impacts on Restoration Strategies;596
11.3.1;1 Introduction;596
11.3.2;2 Diversity of AMF;596
11.3.3;3 Factors Causing a Change in the AMF Community;598
11.3.4;4 Identification and Assessment of AMF Colonization;599
11.3.5;5 Inoculum: Indigenous Versus Exotic Fungi;600
11.3.6;6 Restoration;601
11.3.7;7 Interactions with Other Soil Microorganisms;602
11.3.8;8 Mycorrhization of Endangered Medicinal Plants: A Special Case;603
11.3.9;9 Outlook;604
11.3.10;References;606
11.4;Community Developmental Patterns and Ecological Functions of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Implications from Primary Succession;612
11.4.1;1 Introduction;612
11.4.2;2 Volcanoes: Unique Field Sites for EMF Studies;613
11.4.3;3 Developmental Patterns of EMF Communities;615
11.4.4;4 Ecological Role of EMF;623
11.4.5;References;627
11.5;Colonization of Plant Roots by Pseudomonads and AM Fungi: A Dynamic Phenomenon, Affecting Plant Growth and Health;632
11.5.1;1 Introduction;632
11.5.2;2 Plant Root Colonization by Bacterial Cells;633
11.5.3;3 Dynamic of the Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Root Colonization by Fluorescent Pseudomonads;635
11.5.4;4 AM Fungi;640
11.5.5;5 Conclusions;648
11.5.6;References;649
11.6;In vitro Cultures Open New Prospects for Basic Research in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas;658
11.6.1;1 Introduction;658
11.6.2;2 The Use of Monoxenic Cultures in Basic AM Research: Advantages, Drawbacks and Future Challenges;666
11.6.3;3 Three New in vitro Techniques That Will Make AM Research Easier;675
11.6.4;4 Conclusions;681
11.6.5;References;681
11.7;Interactions of Piriformospora indica with Medicinal Plants;686
11.7.1;1 Introduction;686
11.7.2;2 The Medicinal Plants;687
11.7.3;3 Piriformospora indica – Model Symbiotic Fungus;694
11.7.4;4 Interaction Between Novel Symbiotic Fungus and Medicinal Plants;700
11.7.5;Conclusion;705
11.7.6;References;706
11.8;In vivo Assessment of Stress Impact on Plant’s Vitality: Applications in Detecting and Evaluating the Beneficial Role of Mycorrhization on Host Plants;710
11.8.1;1 Introduction;710
11.8.2;2 Assessing Plant’s Vitality in Terms of Activity and Adaptability: Theoretical Frame and Experimental Procedure;711
11.8.3;3 Case studies: Mycorrhization Effectiveness Probed by the JIP- test;719
11.8.4;4 Conclusions;731
11.8.5;References;732
12;Part VI Structure and Systematics;736
12.1;Edible Mycorrhizal Fungi: Identification, Life Cycle and Morphogenesis;738
12.1.1;1 Introduction;738
12.1.2;2 From Morphological to Molecular Identification; Tuber and Boletus – A Two Case Study;742
12.1.3;3 The Life Cycle of Edible Mycorrhizal Fungi;748
12.1.4;4 Conclusion;755
12.1.5;References;755
12.2;Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Physiological and Morphological Adaptations of Mediterranean Plants;764
12.2.1;1 Introduction;764
12.2.2;2 Physiological and Morphological Changes in Shoots due to AM Symbiosis;766
12.2.3;3 Physiologial and Morphological Changes in Roots due to AM Symbiosis;772
12.2.4;4 Root Morphology;775
12.2.5;Conclusions;778
12.2.6;References;780
12.3;Novel Symbiotrophic Endophytes;784
12.3.1;1 Introduction;784
12.3.2;2 Strategy for Endophyte Discovery;785
12.3.3;3 Case Study: Priformospora indica – A New Champion of Symbiosis;789
12.3.4;4 Conclusions;794
12.3.5;References;794
12.4;Frankia Nodulation, Mycorrhization and Interactions Between Frankia and Mycorrhizal Fungi in Casuarina Plants;798
12.4.1;1 Introduction;798
12.4.2;2 Frankia Nodulation;801
12.4.3;3 Mycorrhization;803
12.4.4;4 Interactions of Frankia and Mycorrhizal Fungi;805
12.4.5;5 Conclusion;807
12.4.6;References;808
13;Index;814