E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 8, 771 Seiten, Web PDF
Reihe: Progress in Biotechnology
Vermuë / Beeftink / Stockar Biocatalysis in Non-Conventional Media
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9801-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Proceedings of an International Symposium, Noordwijkerhout, 26-29 April 1992
E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 8, 771 Seiten, Web PDF
Reihe: Progress in Biotechnology
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9801-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
The international symposium 'Fundamentals of Biocatalysis in Non-Conventional Media' was organized under auspices of the working party Applied Biocatalysis of the European Federation of Biotechnology. Among the topics discussed at the symposium were physical-chemical aspects such as pH, water-activity, viscosity, dielectric constants, polarity etc. in relation to biocatalysis in non-conventional media. New measuring techniques were introduced.For people working in the field of biocatalysis in non-conventional media this book will give an excellent overview of the gain in understanding over the last five years of the fundamental aspects of biocatalysis in non-conventional media.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Biocatalysis in Non–Conventional Media;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface;6
6;Acknowledgements;9
7;OPENING OF THE SYMPOSIUM;18
8;Chapter 1.Medium and biocatalyst engineering;20
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;20
8.2;2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS;21
8.3;3. THE ROLE OF WATER;21
8.4;4. CHOICE OF ORGANIC SOLVENT;22
8.5;5. IMPORTANCE OF THE SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN ORGANIC MEDIA;23
8.6;6. MOLECULAR IMPRINTING;23
8.7;7. EFFECTS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON THE ENANTIOSELECTIVITY OF ENZYMES;24
8.8;8. ONE AND TWO LIQUID-PHASE SYSTEMS;24
8.9;9. ENZYME DESIGN FOR NON-AQUEOUS MEDIA;25
8.10;10. CONCLUDING REMARKS;25
8.11;REFERENCES;26
9;SESSION I: PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL ASPECTS;28
9.1;Chapter 1.Physical-chemical nature of low water systems for biocatalysis: especially
phase behaviour, water activity and pH;30
9.1.1;1. SOME GENERAL THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES;30
9.1.2;2. EFFECTS OF WATER: GENERAL;31
9.1.3;3. WATER EFFECTS ON ACTIVITY;31
9.1.4;4. WATER ACTIVITY CONTROL;34
9.1.5;5. MEASUREMENT AND EFFECTS OF pH;36
9.1.6;6. REFERENCES;38
9.2;Chapter 2.Usefulness of NMR methods for assaying cutinase catalysed synthesis of ester in organic media;40
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;40
9.2.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;41
9.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;41
9.2.4;CONCLUSION;46
9.2.5;AKNOWLEDGMENTS;46
9.2.6;REFERENCES;46
9.3;Chapter 3.Membrane concentrations of primary alcohols which inhibit progesterone 11a-hydroxylase in Rhizopus nigricans;48
9.3.1;1. IITTRODOCTION;48
9.3.2;2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Poct and P....e....;49
9.3.3;3. CORRELATION WITH ANAESTHESIA AND OTHER MEMBRANE CHEMISTRY;52
9.3.4;REFERENCES;53
9.4;Chapter 4.A comparison of enzymatic reactions in aqueous, organic and multiphase systems;54
9.4.1;Multiphase systems;54
9.4.2;Comparison of the enantioselective production of ...ß...-hydroxycarbonic acids in organic and aqueous reaction phases;56
9.4.3;A biosensor for the determiantion of enantiomeric excesses;56
9.4.4;Conclusions;58
9.4.5;Acknowledgement;61
9.4.6;References;61
9.5;Chapter 5.Biocatalysis in non-conventional media: Effect of enzyme microenvironment;62
9.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;62
9.5.2;2. EFFECT OF SPECIFIC LIGANDS;63
9.5.3;3. EFFECT OF NON SPECIFIC LIGANDS;64
9.5.4;4. CONCLUSION;69
9.5.5;5· REFERENCES;69
10;SESSION II: BIOCATALYST ENGINEERING;70
10.1;Chapter 1.On the importance of the support material for enzymatic synthesis in
organic media. Support effects at controlled water activity;72
10.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;72
10.1.2;2. INDIRECT SUPPORT EFFECTS;73
10.1.3;3. DIRECT SUPPORT EFFECTS;76
10.1.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;78
10.1.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;78
10.1.6;6. REFERENCES;78
10.2;Chapter 2.Enzyme design for nonaqueous media;80
10.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;80
10.2.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;80
10.2.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;81
10.2.4;4. REFERENCES;83
10.3;Chapter 3. Application of Q.S.A.R. methodology to the biocatalysis. I. Hydrolysis of esters;84
10.3.1;1.INTRODUCTION;84
10.3.2;2.EXPEREMENTAL;85
10.3.3;3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;85
10.3.4;4.PREFERENCES;90
10.4;Chapter 4. Application of Q.S.A.R. methodology to the biocatalysis. II. Synthesis of peptides;92
10.4.1;1.INTRODUCTION;92
10.4.2;2.EXPERIMENTAL;93
10.4.3;3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;93
10.4.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;98
10.4.5;REFERENCES;98
11;SESSION III: GASEOUS AND (NEAR)-SUPERCRITICAL MEDIA;100
11.1;Chapter 1.The role of water in gaseous biocatalysis;102
11.1.1;REFERENCES;108
11.2;Chapter 2.Pressure control of reactions in supercritical fluids: thermodynamics and kinetics.;110
11.2.1;1 Introduction;110
11.2.2;2 Examples of Enzymatic Catalysis in Supercritical Fluids;111
11.2.3;3 Pressure Effects on Reactions in Supercritical Fluids;112
11.2.4;4 Conclusions;116
11.2.5;References;116
12;SESSION IV: ONE-LIQUID-PHASE SYSTEMS;120
12.1;Chapter 1. Enzyme mechanisms in homogeneous hydro-organic solutions. Solvents,temperature and pressure effects;120
12.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;120
12.1.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES;121
12.1.3;3. SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGIES;121
12.1.4;4. INTERPRETATION OF DATA;122
12.1.5;5. COSOLVENTS AND TEMPERATURE AS TOOLS TO KINETIC STUDIES;123
12.1.6;6. IMPROVEMENT OF DATA USING THE PRESSURE PARAMETER;125
12.1.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;126
12.1.8;8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;128
12.1.9;9. REFERENCES;128
12.2;Chapter 2. Effect of reaction conditions on the activity and enantioselectivity of lipases in organic solvents;129
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;129
12.2.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;130
12.2.3;REFERENCES;137
12.3;Chapter 3.Correlations between enzyme activity, water activity, and Log in one-liquid-phase systems;139
12.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;139
12.3.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;140
12.3.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;141
12.3.4;4. CONCLUSION;145
12.3.5;5. RFERENCES;145
12.4;Chapter 4.Microenvironmental effects on steroid ....1-dehydrogenation in organic media using immobilized whole cells;147
12.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;147
12.4.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;148
12.4.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;149
12.4.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;153
12.4.5;5. REFERENCES;154
12.5;Chapter 5.Enzyme kinetics in monophasic and biphasic aqueous-organic systems;155
12.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;155
12.5.2;2. CHOICE OF THE THERMODYNAMIC STANDARD STATE;155
12.5.3;3. ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS;156
12.5.4;4. CALCULATION OF EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS-ORGANIC MONOPHASIC AND BIPHASIC SYSTEMS;157
12.5.5;5. RATE EQUATIONS IN MONOPHASIC ORGANIC SOLVENTS;158
12.5.6;6. RATES IN AQUEOUS-ORGANIC BIPHASIC SYSTEMS;160
12.5.7;7. KINETIC RESOLUTION;161
12.5.8;8. REFERENCES;162
13;SESSION V: TWO-LIQUID-PHASE SYSTEMS I;163
13.1;Chapter 1.Process engineering of two-liquid phase biocatalysis;165
13.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;165
13.1.2;2. ESTABLISHED PRINCIPLES;166
13.1.3;3. RULES;166
13.1.4;4. EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS;167
13.1.5;5. PROCESS APPLICATION;171
13.1.6;6. FORWARD LOOK;171
13.1.7;7. REFERENCES;171
13.2;Chapter 2.The effect of organic solvents on enzymatic esterification of polyols;173
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;173
13.2.2;THEORY;174
13.2.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;174
13.2.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;175
13.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;179
13.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;179
13.2.7;REFERENCES;179
13.3;Chapter 3.Process development for the optical resolution of phenylalanine by means of
chymotrypsin in a liquid-liquid-solid three-phase reaction system;181
13.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;181
13.3.2;2. PROPERTIES OF THE REACTION SYSTEM;182
13.3.3;3. MATERIALS AND METHODS;186
13.3.4;4. MASS-TRANSFER STUDIES IN THE TWO-PHASE SYSTEM;186
13.3.5;5. MASS-TRANSFER STUDIES IN THE THREE-PHASE SYSTEM;187
13.3.6;6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;188
13.3.7;7. NOMENCLATURE;188
13.3.8;8. REFERENCES;188
14;SESSION VI: TWO-LIQUID-PHASE SYSTEMS II;189
14.1;Chapter 1.Understanding protein performance in reversed micelles: the contribution of transport rate, local concentration and water content to enzyme kinetics;191
14.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;191
14.1.2;2 . THEORY;192
14.1.3;3. ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS OF THE MODEL;194
14.1.4;4. w0 DEPENDENCE;194
14.1.5;5. STRUCTURAL STUDIES;195
14.1.6;6. CONCLUSION;196
14.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;197
14.1.8;REFERENCES;197
14.2;Chapter 2.Protein-interface interactions in reverse micelles;199
14.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;199
14.2.2;2. REVERSE MICELLES;199
14.2.3;3. CONCLUSIONS;205
14.2.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;205
14.2.5;5. REFERENCES;206
14.3;Chapter 3.Kinetics of enzyme-catalysed reactions in water-in-oil microemulsions;207
14.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;207
14.3.2;2. THEORY;208
14.3.3;3. INTERPRETATION OF THE RATE EQUATION;212
14.3.4;4. EXAMPLES O F SYSTEMS OBEYING TYPE (ii) KINETICS;213
14.3.5;5. CONCLUDING REMARKS;214
14.3.6;Acknowledgements;214
14.3.7;6. REFERENCES;216
14.4;Chapter 4.CONCLUDING REMARKS;219
14.4.1;1.Phase and reaction equilibrium "engineering";219
14.4.2;2. Biocatalyst stability and activity in non-conventional media;221
14.4.3;3. Biocatalyst engineering;223
14.4.4;4. Experimental tools;224
14.4.5;5 . Fundamentals vs. Applications;224
14.5;Chapter 5.POSTER PAPERS;225
15;A: PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL ASPECTS;227
15.1;Chapter 1.Enzyme kinetics in a self evolving microstructured medium;229
15.1.1;INTRODUCTION;229
15.1.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;229
15.1.3;CONCLUSION;230
15.1.4;REFERENCES;230
15.2;Chapter 2.Enzyme deactivation phenomena in solid-state and organic solvents;231
15.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;231
15.2.2;2. METHODS;231
15.2.3;3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;232
15.2.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;237
15.2.5;5. REFERENCES;238
15.3;Chapter 3.Insolubilized enzyme derivatives in organic solvents: Mechanisms of
inactivation and strategies for reactivation;239
15.3.1;1.- INTRODUCTION.;239
15.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL;240
15.3.3;2.- CYCLES OF INACTIVATION-REACTIVATION.;243
15.3.4;3 . - UREA-INDUCED REACTIVATION.;243
15.3.5;DISCUSSION;244
15.3.6;REFERENCES.;246
15.4;Chapter 4.Relation of enzymatic reaction rate and hydrophobicity of the solvent;247
15.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;247
15.4.2;2. THEORY;248
15.4.3;3 . RESULTS;249
15.4.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;253
15.4.5;LITERATURE;253
15.5;Chapter 5.Kinetic resolution of racemic glycidyl esters with porcine pancreatic lipase: A major effect of ping-pong kinetics;255
15.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;255
15.5.2;2. PPL-CATALYZED RESOLUTION OF RACEMIC GLYCIDYL BUTYRATE;256
15.5.3;3. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM;257
15.5.4;4. HETEROGENEITY OF PPL;257
15.5.5;5. ESTEROLYTIC AND LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF PPL;257
15.5.6;6. PARTITIONING OF REACTION COMPONENTS;258
15.5.7;7. PING-PONG KINETICS OF PPL-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS;259
15.5.8;8. CONCLUDING REMARKS;261
15.5.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;261
15.5.10;REFERENCES;261
15.6;Chapter 6.Biocatalysts operating at high substrate concentrations;262
15.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;262
15.6.2;2. PHENOMENOLOGY OF SI AND SA;262
15.6.3;3. AETIOLOGY OF SI AND SA;263
15.6.4;4. CONCLUDING REMARKS;268
15.6.5;5. REFERENCES;268
15.7;Chapter 7.Regulation of allosteric enzymes in water-restricted media;270
15.7.1;1.INTRODUCTION;270
15.7.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;271
15.7.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;271
15.7.4;4. CONCLUSION;276
15.7.5;5. REFERENCES:;277
15.8;Chapter 8.Quantitative deuterium NMR of protein hydration in air and organic solvents;278
15.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;278
15.8.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;279
15.8.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;279
15.8.4;Acknowledgements;283
15.8.5;4. REFERENCES;283
15.9;Chapter 9.Effects of temperature on stereochemistry of alcohol dehydrogenases
from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus;284
15.9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;284
15.9.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;285
15.9.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;285
15.9.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;289
15.9.5;5. REFERENCES;290
15.10;Chapter 10.Comparative influence of microenvironment on the activity of two enzymes: lipoxygenase and thermolysin;292
15.10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;292
15.10.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;292
15.10.3;3. RESULTS;293
15.10.4;4. DISCUSSION;298
15.10.5;5.REFERENCES;299
15.11;Chapter 11.On the crucial role of water in the lipase catalysed isomerisation of l,2-(2,3)-diglyceride into 1,3-diglyceride;300
15.11.1;Summary;300
15.11.2;Introduction;300
15.11.3;Results and discussion;301
15.11.4;Experimental;306
15.11.5;Conclusion;306
15.11.6;Aknowledgements;307
15.11.7;References;307
15.12;Chapter 12.Rapid determination, using dielectric spectroscopy, of the toxicity of organic solvents to intact cells;308
15.12.1;1. INTRODUCTION;308
15.12.2;2. MATERIALS AND iMETHODS;309
15.12.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;310
15.12.4;Acknowledgments;313
15.12.5;References;314
15.13;Chapter 13.Factors affecting protein transfer from an aqueous phase into a reversed micellar phase;316
15.13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;316
15.13.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;318
15.13.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;319
15.13.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;322
15.13.5;4. REFERENCES;322
15.14;Chapter 14.Cryo-bioorganic synthesis - Enzyme catalysis at low and in low water content environmments;324
15.14.1;INTRODUCTION;324
15.14.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;325
15.14.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;326
15.14.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;328
15.14.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;329
15.14.6;REFERENCES;329
15.15;Chapter 15.Photoinduced charge separation in microemulsions;330
15.15.1;1. INTRODUCTION;330
15.15.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;331
15.15.3;3 .RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;333
15.15.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;336
15.15.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;337
15.15.6;6. REFERENCES;337
15.16;Chapter 16.Induced stereo- and substrate selectivity of bio-imprinted a-chymotrypsin in anhydrous organic media;338
15.16.1;1. INTRODUCTION;338
15.16.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;338
15.16.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;339
15.16.4;Acknowledgement;344
15.16.5;4. REFERENCES;344
16;B: BIOCATALYST ENGINEERING;346
16.1;Chapter 1.The effect of attachment of hydrophobic modifiers on the catalytic activities of lipase and trypsin;348
16.1.1;INTRODUCTION;348
16.1.2;MATERIAL AND METHODS;349
16.1.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;349
16.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;354
16.1.5;REFERENCES;354
16.2;Chapter 2.Influence of the solvent and the solid support on the microenvironment of immobilized ...a-chymotrypsin;356
16.2.1;SUMMARY;356
16.2.2;INTRODUCTION;356
16.2.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;358
16.2.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;358
16.2.5;SYNTHETIC ACTIVITY;361
16.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;363
16.2.7;REFERENCES;363
16.3;Chapter 3.Hydrophilic gels as immobilization materials and stabilizers for
enzyme-catalysed esterifications in organic media;364
16.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;364
16.3.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;365
16.3.3;3 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS;367
16.3.4;4. REFERENCES;371
16.4;Chapter 4.Effect of polyhydroxy compounds on the activity of lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus in organic solvent;372
16.4.1;INTRODUCTION;372
16.4.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;373
16.4.3;RESULTS;373
16.4.4;DISCUSSION;376
16.4.5;REFERENCES;378
16.5;Chapter 5.Complex formation between chymotrypsin and polymers as a means
to improve exposure of the enzyme to organic solvents;380
16.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;380
16.5.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;380
16.5.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;382
16.5.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;386
16.5.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;386
16.5.6;6. REFERENCES;386
16.6;Chapter 6.Synthesis of enkephalins using modified proteases in organic media;388
16.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;388
16.6.2;2.MATERIALS AND METHODS;388
16.6.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;390
16.6.4;4.REFERENCES;393
16.7;Chapter 7.Stabilization of adsorbed enzymes used as biocatalysts in organic solvents;394
16.7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;394
16.7.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;394
16.7.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;395
16.7.4;4. CONCLUSION;399
16.7.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;399
16.7.6;6. REFERENCES;399
17;C: GASEOUS AND (NEAR-)SUPERCRITICAL MEDIA;400
17.1;Chapter 1.The use of amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes in art restoration;402
17.1.1;A new tool in art restoration;402
17.1.2;Pastes;402
17.1.3;Papers;403
17.1.4;Paste hydrolysis in low water environment;403
17.1.5;Enzyme activity on pasted paper;404
17.1.6;Diffusion of enzymes through papers;404
17.1.7;RESULTS;404
17.1.8;Alcohols and á-amylase activity ;407
17.1.9;The effect of Brij 35 on removal;407
17.1.10;Removal with alcoholic solutions and surfactant;408
17.1.11;Conclusion;409
17.1.12;References;409
17.2;Chapter 2.Methyl isobutyl and methyl ethyl ketone biodégradation in biofilters;410
17.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;410
17.2.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;412
17.2.3;3. RESULTS;413
17.2.4;4. CONCLUDING REMARKS;416
17.2.5;5. REFERENCES;416
17.3;Chapter 3.Lipase catalysed esterification in supercritical carbon dioxide;418
17.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;418
17.3.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;419
17.3.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSION;420
17.3.4;4. PROCES OUTLINE;422
17.3.5;5. CONCLUSION;423
17.3.6;6. REFERENCES;423
17.4;Chapter 4.Effect of a near- critical and supercritical fluid on the viability ratio of microbial cells;424
17.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;424
17.4.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;426
17.4.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;427
17.4.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;432
17.4.5;5. REFERENCES;432
17.5;Chapter 5.Enzymatic reaction in organic solvents and supercritical gases;434
17.5.1;1. Introduction.;434
17.5.2;2. Experimental;435
17.5.3;3. Results of preliminary experiments and calculations;435
17.5.4;4. Conclusions.;439
17.5.5;Acknowledgments;439
17.5.6;Nomenclature;439
17.5.7;Greek Letters;440
17.5.8;Superscripts and Subscripts;440
17.5.9;References;440
17.6;Chapter 6.Fatty acid esterification in supercritical carbon dioxide;442
17.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;442
17.6.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;444
17.6.3;3. RESULTS OF THE BATCH STUDY IN AGITATED VESSEL;444
17.6.4;4. STUDY OF THE CONTINUOUS REACTION;445
17.6.5;5. POST REACTIONAL SEPARATION;448
17.6.6;References;449
18;D: ONE-LIQUID-PHASE SYSTEMS;450
18.1;Chapter 1.Influence of organic solvents on the specificity of ...a-chymotrypsin and subtilisin
from B. subtilis strain 72 in acyl transfer reactions;452
18.1.1;1· INTRODUCTION;452
18.1.2;2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;453
18.1.3;3· CONCLUSIONS;457
18.1.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;459
18.1.5;5· REFERENCES;459
18.2;Chapter 2.Peptide synthesis in organic-aqueous media catalysed by ...a-chymotrypsin immobilised over different supports;460
18.2.1;l.INTRODUCTION;460
18.2.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;461
18.2.3;3· RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;463
18.2.4;REFERENCES;467
18.3;Chapter 3.Control of water activity by using salt hydrates in enzyme catalysed esterifications in organic media;468
18.3.1;INTRODUCTION;468
18.3.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;469
18.3.3;CONCLUSION;473
18.3.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;473
18.3.5;EXPERIMENTAL;473
18.3.6;REFERENCES;474
18.4;Chapter 4.Enzymatic peptide synthesis using new water-soluble amino acid derivatives;476
18.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;476
18.4.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;477
18.4.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;477
18.4.4;4. CONCLUSION;483
18.4.5;REFERENCES;483
18.5;Chapter 5.Lipase-catalyzed resolution of 1,2-diols;484
18.5.1;INTRODUCTION;484
18.5.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;485
18.5.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;486
18.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;490
18.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;491
18.5.6;REFERENCES;491
18.6;Chapter 6.Partitioning of water during the production of terpene esters using immobilized lipase;492
18.6.1;INTRODUCTION;492
18.6.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;493
18.6.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;494
18.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;499
18.6.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;499
18.6.6;REFERENCES;499
18.7;Chapter 07.Thermoinactivation of polyphenol oxidase in organic solvents with low water content;500
18.7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;500
18.7.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;501
18.7.3;3 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;502
18.7.4;4. REFERENCES;506
18.8;Chapter 8.Continuous enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed oil and lauric acid in a solvent-free system;508
18.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;508
18.8.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;509
18.8.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;510
18.8.4;4. REFERENCES;513
18.9;Chapter 9.Effect of the solvent on enzyme enantioselectivity;514
18.9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;514
18.9.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;515
18.9.3;3. RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION;516
18.9.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;519
18.9.5;5. REFERENCES;520
18.10;Chapter 10.Modification of waste fats by lipase-catalyzed reaction in solvent-free substrate;522
18.10.1;1· INTRODUCTION;522
18.10.2;1· INTRODUCTION;522
18.10.3;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;523
18.10.4;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSION;525
18.10.5;4. CONCLUSIONS;529
18.10.6;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;529
18.10.7;6. REFERENCES;529
18.11;Chapter 11.Thermolysin- and chymotrypsin-catalyzed peptide synthesis in the presence of salt hydrates;530
18.11.1;Introduction;530
18.11.2;Results and Discussions;531
18.11.3;References;535
18.12;Chapter 12.Lipase catalyzed triglyceride synthesis. The role of isomerisation;536
18.12.1;1. INTRODUCTION;536
18.12.2;2. MATERIAL AND METHODS;536
18.12.3;3. MODELLING;537
18.12.4;4. RESULTS;539
18.12.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;540
18.12.6;6. REFERENCES;541
18.13;Chapter 13.Resolution of l-benzamido-4-carboxymethyl-cyclopent-2-ene using pig-liver esterase;542
18.13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;543
18.13.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;543
18.13.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;544
18.13.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;548
18.13.5;Acknowledgements;548
18.13.6;References;548
18.14;Chapter 14....a-Substituted primary alcohols as substrates for enantioselective
lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic solvents;550
18.14.1;Introduction;550
18.14.2;Materials and Methods;551
18.14.3;PFL-Catalyzed Transesterification: General Procedure.;551
18.14.4;Results and Discussion;551
18.14.5;Conclusions;556
18.14.6;Acknowledgements;556
18.14.7;REFERENCES;556
18.15;Chapter 15.Soluble and immobilized saccharidases in water-miscible organic solvents;558
18.15.1;SUMMARY;558
18.15.2;INTRODUCTION;558
18.15.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;559
18.15.4;REFERENCES;564
18.16;Chapter 16.Effect of water activity on rate of lipase-catalysed esterification;566
18.16.1;1. INTRODUCTION;566
18.16.2;2. METHODS;567
18.16.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;568
18.16.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;571
18.16.5;5. REFERENCES;572
18.17;Chapter 17.Synthesis of triacylglycerols. The crucial role of water activity control;574
18.17.1;INTRODUCTION;574
18.17.2;EXPERIMENTAL;576
18.17.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;577
18.17.4;CONCLUSIONS;578
18.17.5;LITERATURE;579
18.18;Chapter 18.Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of monosaccharide fatty acid esters and their preliminary characterization;580
18.18.1;Introduction;580
18.18.2;Materials and Methods;581
18.18.3;Results;581
18.18.4;Discussion;583
18.18.5;Acknowledgements;585
18.18.6;References;585
18.19;Chapter 19.Reversing an ...a-chymotrypsin catalyzed reaction, by substituting a water /
1,4-butanediol solvent mixture for the usual aqueous reaction medium;586
18.19.1;1. INTRODUCTION;586
18.19.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;587
18.19.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;588
18.19.4;4. CONCLUSION;593
18.19.5;REFERENCES;593
18.20;Chapter 20.Engineering aspects of the lipase-catalyzed production of
(R)-1-ferrocenylethylacetate in organic media;594
18.20.1;1. Introduction;594
18.20.2;2. Influence of the water content on enzyme activity;595
18.20.3;3. Kinetics;597
18.20.4;4. Enzyme Immobilization;597
18.20.5;5. Continuous reaction system;599
18.20.6;6. Conclusions;601
18.20.7;7. References;601
18.21;Chapter 21.Variation of tyrosinase activity with solvent at a constant water activity;602
18.21.1;INTRODUCTION;602
18.21.2;EXPERIMENTAL;603
18.21.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;604
18.21.4;REFERENCES;608
18.22;Chapter 22.Hydrolase activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase in organic media;610
18.22.1;1. INTRODUCTION;610
18.22.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;611
18.22.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;613
18.22.4;4. CONCLUSION;617
18.22.5;5. REFRENCES;617
18.23;Chapter 23.Factors affecting lipase catalyzed n-butyl oleate synthesis;618
18.23.1;1. INTRODUCTION;618
18.23.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;619
18.23.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;620
18.23.4;4. REFERENCES;625
18.24;Chapter 24.Behaviour of soluble aminoacylase in water-organic solvent mixtures;626
18.24.1;INTRODUCTION;626
18.24.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;627
18.24.3;RESULTS;627
18.24.4;DISCUSSION;628
18.24.5;REFERENCES;629
19;E: TWO-LIQUID-PHASE SYSTEMS I;632
19.1;Chapter 1.Effect of organic solvents on growth and anthraquinone production in Morinda citrifolia cell cultures;634
19.1.1;Introduction;634
19.1.2;Materials and methods;634
19.1.3;Results and discussion;636
19.1.4;Conclusions;639
19.1.5;References;639
19.2;Chapter 2.Functional stability of cytoplasmic enzymes in aqueous and mixed-phase solvents;640
19.2.1;INTRODUCTION;640
19.2.2;METHODS;640
19.2.3;RESULTS;641
19.2.4;DISCUSSION and CONCLUSIONS;644
19.2.5;REFERENCES;644
19.3;Chapter 3.Studies on papain catalyzed synthesis of Gly-Phe in a two-liquid-phase system;646
19.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;646
19.3.2;2. MATERIALS & METHODS;647
19.3.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;648
19.3.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;652
19.3.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;653
19.3.6;6. BIBLIOGRAPHY;653
19.4;Chapter 4.The effect of alkanes on viability, enzyme induction and
enzyme activity in Flavobacterium dehydrogenans;654
19.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;654
19.4.2;2, MATERIALS AND METHODS;655
19.4.3;3. RESULTS;656
19.4.4;4. DISCUSSION;659
19.4.5;5. REFERENCES;660
19.5;Chapter 5.Kinetics and engineering studies of lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic solvent;662
19.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;662
19.5.2;2. THEORY;664
19.5.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;666
19.5.4;4. REFERENCES;669
19.6;Chapter 6.Kinetic study of enzymatic reaction in aqueous-organic two-phase systems -
An example of enhanced production of aldehydes by alcohol oxidase;670
19.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;670
19.6.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;670
19.6.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;671
19.6.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;675
19.6.5;REFERENCES;675
19.7;Chapter 7.The influence of organic cosolvents on the lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of decylchloroacetate;676
19.7.1;INTRODUCTION;676
19.7.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;677
19.7.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;678
19.7.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;682
19.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;682
19.7.6;REFERENCES;682
19.8;Chapter 8.Biotransformation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol by whole cells and
cell extracts of baker's yeast in two-phase systems;684
19.8.1;INTRODUCTION;684
19.8.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;685
19.8.3;RESULTS;686
19.8.4;DISCUSSION;689
19.8.5;Acknowledgement;690
19.8.6;REFERENCES;690
19.9;Chapter 9.Production of phenylacetyl carbinol by biotransformation using baker's yeast two-phase systems;692
19.9.1;INTRODUCTION;692
19.9.2;MATERIALS AND METHODS;693
19.9.3;RESULTS;693
19.9.4;DISCUSSION;697
19.9.5;Acknowledgement;697
19.9.6;REFERENCES;697
20;F: TWO-LIQUID-PHASE SYSTEMS II;698
20.1;Chapter 1.Stability and activity of cholesterol oxidase in supramolecular systems;700
20.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;700
20.1.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;701
20.1.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;702
20.1.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;706
20.1.5;5. REFERENCES;706
20.2;Chapter 2.Crown ethers can enhance enzyme activity in organic solvents;708
20.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;708
20.2.2;2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;709
20.2.3;3 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;712
20.2.4;4. REFERENCES;712
20.3;Chapter 3.Dynamics, structure and stability of ...a-chymotrypsin in aqueous solution and in reverse micelles as studied by fluorescence spectroscopy;714
20.3.1;1.INTRODUCTION;715
20.3.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;716
20.3.3;3. RESULTS;716
20.3.4;4. DISCUSSION;720
20.3.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;721
20.3.6;6. REFERENCES;721
20.4;Chapter 4.Comparison of activity and stability of enzymes suspended in
organic solvents and dissolved in water-in-oil microemulsions;722
20.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;722
20.4.2;2. ACTIVITY STUDIES ON ENZYME SUSPENSIONS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS;723
20.4.3;3. INACTIVATION IN W/O MICROEMULSIONS;725
20.4.4;4. INACTIVATION IN LIQUID-SOLID TWO PHASE SUSPENSIONS;728
20.4.5;Acknowledgements;729
20.4.6;Abbreviations;729
20.4.7;REFERENCES;729
20.5;Chapter 5.Batch and continuous lipolysis/product separation in a reversed micellar membrane bioreactor;730
20.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;730
20.5.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;731
20.5.3;3. RESULTS;733
20.5.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;735
20.5.5;5. REFERENCES;735
20.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;735
20.6;Chapter 6.Synthesis of fatty acid esters by a recombinant cutinase in reversed micelles;736
20.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;736
20.6.2;2.MATERIALS AND METHODS;737
20.6.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;737
20.6.4;Acknowledgements;741
20.6.5;4. REFERENCES;741
20.7;Chapter 7.Application of fractional factorial design to the study of enzymatic dipeptide synthesis in reverse micelles;742
20.7.1;INTRODUCTION;742
20.7.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;743
20.7.3;3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;744
20.7.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;749
20.7.5;5. REFERENCES;749
20.8;Chapter 8.Studies on the specificity of Pénicillium simplicissimum lipase catalyzed
esterification reactions in microemulsions;750
20.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;750
20.8.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;751
20.8.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;752
20.8.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;754
20.8.5;REFERENCES;755
20.9;Chapter 9.Enzymes entrapped in liquid crystals - a novel approach for biocatalysis in non-aqueous media;756
20.9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;756
20.9.2;2. T H E MODEL REACTIONS;757
20.9.3;3. MATERIALS AND METHODS;759
20.9.4;4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;759
20.9.5;5. REFERENCES;762
20.10;Chapter 10.Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine with polyunsaturated fatty acids by phospholipase A2 in an organic solvent;764
20.10.1;INTRODUCTION;764
20.10.2;MATERIAL AND METHODS;765
20.10.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;767
20.10.4;CONCLUSIONS;769
20.10.5;REFERENCES;770
20.10.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;770
20.11;Chapter 11.Catalysis of polyphenol oxidase in a ternary system of reverse vesicles in organic solvents;772
20.11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;772
20.11.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;773
20.11.3;3 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;774
20.11.4;4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;777
20.11.5;5. REFERENCES;777
21;AUTHOR INDEX;778
