Vilcinskas Insect Biotechnology

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9641-8
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 2, 268 Seiten

Reihe: Biologically-Inspired Systems

The book provides a fascinating overview about current and sophisticated developments in applied entomology that are powered by molecular biology and that can be summarized under a novel term: insect biotechnology. By analogy with the application of powerful molecular biological tools in medicine (red biotechnology), plant protection (green biotechnology) and industrial processing (white biotechnology), insect biotechnology (yellow biotechnology) provides novel tools and strategies for human welfare and nutrition. Insect Biotechnology has emerged as a prospering discipline with considerable economic potential, and encompasses the use of insect model organisms and insect-derived molecules in medical research as well as in modern plant protection measures.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Vilcinskas, Andreas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Part I Insect Biotechnology in Medicine;12
4.1;1 The Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella as an Alternative Model Host for Human Pathogens;13
4.1.1;1.1 Introduction;13
4.1.2;1.2 Advantages of the Galleria Model;15
4.1.2.1;1.2.1 The Greater Wax Moth G. mellonella as a Host for Human Pathogens;15
4.1.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 The Galleria Model System for Human Pathogenic Bacteria;15
4.1.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 Use of the Galleria Model System to Study Septic Infection by Listeria – A Case Study;17
4.1.2.1.3;1.2.1.3 Correlation of Mammalian Infection in Galleria;18
4.1.2.1.4;1.2.1.4 Cellular Responses in Galleria Following L. monocytogenes Infection;19
4.1.2.1.5;1.2.1.5 Systemic Induction of Anti-Microbial-Related Immune Genes in L. monocytogenes-Infested Galleria;19
4.1.3;1.3 Galleria as a Model System for Human Pathogenic Fungi;20
4.1.4;1.4 Conclusion;22
4.1.5;References;22
4.2;2 Fruit Flies as Models in Biomedical Research – A Drosophila Asthma Model;25
4.2.1;2.1 What Is Asthma?;26
4.2.2;2.2 Drosophila in Asthma Research;27
4.2.3;2.3 Infection and Ectopic Activation of the Immune System Induce Asthma-Like Phenotypes;30
4.2.4;2.4 What Has the Fly to Offer?;30
4.2.5;2.5 What Is the Greatest Potential of Drosophila in Asthma Research?;32
4.2.6;2.6 Potential Roles of Asthma Susceptibility Genes in Drosophila;33
4.2.7;References;35
4.3;3 Therapeutic Potential of Anti-Microbial Peptides from Insects;38
4.3.1;3.1 The Insect Immune System;39
4.3.2;3.2 Classification of Anti-Microbial Peptides;40
4.3.2.1;3.2.1 Non-ribosomally Synthesized Peptides;40
4.3.2.2;3.2.2 Bacteriocins;40
4.3.2.3;3.2.3 Anti-Microbial Peptides of Multi-Cellular Organisms;41
4.3.3;3.3 Mode of Action;42
4.3.4;3.4 Classes of Insect AMPs;44
4.3.4.1;3.4.1 a-Helical AMPs;44
4.3.4.2;3.4.2 Disulfide-Stabilized AMPs;46
4.3.4.3;3.4.3 Proline-Rich AMPs;49
4.3.4.4;3.4.4 Glycine-Rich Polypeptides;52
4.3.5;3.5 AMPs in Clinical Trials;56
4.3.5.1;3.5.1 Human AMPs;56
4.3.5.2;3.5.2 UBI 29-41 Derived from Human Ubiquicidin;58
4.3.5.3;3.5.3 rBPI21 Derived from Human Bactericidal/Permeability Increasing Protein (BPI);59
4.3.5.4;3.5.4 P-113 Derived from Human Histatins;60
4.3.5.5;3.5.5 hLF1-11 Derived from Human Lactoferrin;61
4.3.5.6;3.5.6 Pexiganan Derived from Frog Magainins;62
4.3.5.7;3.5.7 Iseganan Derived from Porcine Protegrins;62
4.3.5.8;3.5.8 Omiganan Derived from Bovine Indolicidin;63
4.3.6;3.6 Insect AMPs as New Leads for Human Treatments;64
4.3.7;References;66
4.4;4 From Traditional Maggot Therapy to Modern Biosurgery;75
4.4.1;4.1 Renewed Attention to an Old-Fashioned Therapy;75
4.4.2;4.2 Biology of Medicinal Maggots;76
4.4.3;4.3 Beneficial Effects of Maggot Therapy;77
4.4.3.1;4.3.1 Debridement;77
4.4.4;4.4 Promotion of Wound Healing;78
4.4.5;4.5 Disinfection;78
4.4.6;4.6 Application of Medicinal Maggots;79
4.4.7;4.7 Maggot-Derived Compounds with Therapeutic Potential in Biosurgery;79
4.4.7.1;4.7.1 Anti-Microbial Molecules from L. sericata;79
4.4.8;4.8 Inducible Digestive Enzymes;82
4.4.9;4.9 Future Directions;82
4.4.10;References;82
4.5;5 Insect-Associated Microorganisms as a Source for Novel Secondary Metabolites with Therapeutic Potential;84
4.5.1;5.1 Introduction;84
4.5.2;5.2 Entomopathogenic Fungi;86
4.5.3;5.3 Entomopathogenic Bacteria;88
4.5.4;5.4 Bacteria as Insect Symbionts;93
4.5.5;5.5 Conclusions;96
4.5.6;References;96
4.6;6 Potential Pharmaceuticals from Insects and Their Co-Occurring Microorganisms;101
4.6.1;6.1 Introduction;101
4.6.2;6.2 Interesting Low Molecular Natural Compounds from Insects and Their Biologically Active Synthetic Derivatives;104
4.6.2.1;6.2.1 Cantharidin from Coleoptera and Canthariphilous Insects and Its Natural and Synthetic Analogues;104
4.6.2.2;6.2.2 Other Insect-Derived Compounds;108
4.6.3;6.3 Low Molecular Weight Compounds from Insect-Derived Microorganisms;109
4.6.3.1;6.3.1 Odonata (Dragonflies);110
4.6.3.2;6.3.2 Orthoptera;110
4.6.3.3;6.3.3 Hemiptera;111
4.6.3.4;6.3.4 Hymenoptera;112
4.6.3.5;6.3.5 Neuroptera;113
4.6.3.6;6.3.6 Coleoptera (Beetles);113
4.6.3.7;6.3.7 Siphonaptera;117
4.6.3.8;6.3.8 Unknown Insects;118
4.6.4;6.4 Conclusions;119
4.6.5;References;119
5;Part II Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection;126
5.1;7 Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as New Weapons Against Plant Pathogens;127
5.1.1;7.1 Controlling Microbial Plant Pathogens;127
5.1.2;7.2 Insect Antimicrobial Peptides;128
5.1.3;7.3 Cecropins;130
5.1.4;7.4 Sarcotoxins;132
5.1.5;7.5 Attacins;133
5.1.6;7.6 Defensins;134
5.1.7;7.7 Metchnikowin;136
5.1.8;7.8 Future Prospects;139
5.1.8.1;7.8.1 Rational Design of AMPs;139
5.1.8.2;7.8.2 Directed Discovery of Specific Insect AMPs;140
5.1.8.3;7.8.3 Inducible and Tissue-Specific Expression of Insect AMPs;141
5.1.8.4;7.8.4 Fusion of AMPs and Pathogen-Specific Antibodies;143
5.1.9;References;145
5.2;8 Protection of Crops Against Insect Pests Using RNA Interference;149
5.2.1;8.1 Introduction;150
5.2.2;8.2 Regulation of Gene Expression by Small Cytoplasmic RNAs;150
5.2.3;8.3 RNA Interference and Cellular Transport Mechanisms for RNA Import and Export Systemic Effects;153
5.2.4;8.4 Oral Delivery of dsRNA to Insects to Produce RNA Interference Effects;158
5.2.5;8.5 Production of dsRNA in Plants for Delivery to Invertebrate Pests: Nematodes as a Case Study;161
5.2.6;8.6 Insect Resistance in Plants Through RNAi Effects: Current Progress;164
5.2.6.1;8.6.1 Preselection of Target Gene;165
5.2.6.2;8.6.2 Selection of Target Genes by Screening;166
5.2.7;8.7 Prospects for RNAi-Mediated Crop Protection;167
5.2.8;References;169
5.3;9 Insect Transgenesis and the Sterile Insect Technique;173
5.3.1;9.1 Introduction;173
5.3.2;9.2 Features of Insect Transformation Systems;174
5.3.3;9.3 Basic Science: Tools for Functional Gene Identification and Characterization;178
5.3.4;9.4 Insect Pest Management: Transgene-Improved Sterile Insect Technique;183
5.3.5;9.5 Ecological and Ethical Considerations;188
5.3.6;References;190
6;Part III Industrial Applications of Insect Biotechnology;199
6.1;10 Insect Cells for Heterologous Production of Recombinant Proteins;200
6.1.1;10.1 Heterologous Protein Expression in Insect Cells -- History;200
6.1.2;10.2 Insect Cells -- Introduction;201
6.1.2.1;10.2.1 Types and Sources;201
6.1.2.2;10.2.2 Post-Translational Modifications;201
6.1.3;10.3 Baculoviruses;203
6.1.3.1;10.3.1 Classification;203
6.1.3.2;10.3.2 Structure and Replication;203
6.1.4;10.4 Commercially Available Expression Systems;204
6.1.4.1;10.4.1 Bac-to-Bac ® System (Invitrogen);205
6.1.5;10.5 Lab Facilities;206
6.1.5.1;10.5.1 Cell Growth;207
6.1.6;10.6 Insect Cells for Continuous Protein Expression;207
6.1.7;10.7 Protein Production in Larvae;208
6.1.8;10.8 Conclusions;209
6.1.9;References;209
6.2;11 Biotechnologies Based on Silk;213
6.2.1;11.1 Silk Use in Textiles and Related Products;213
6.2.1.1;11.1.1 Silk as a Natural Fiber;213
6.2.1.2;11.1.2 The Ancient Technology of Silk Reeling;216
6.2.2;11.2 Use of Natural Silk in Medicine;217
6.2.2.1;11.2.1 Silk Fibers;217
6.2.2.2;11.2.2 Use of Sericin Products;218
6.2.3;11.3 Recombinant Silk Products;221
6.2.3.1;11.3.1 Filaments from Recombinant Silk-Type Proteins;221
6.2.3.2;11.3.2 Recombinant Sericin-Like Proteins;222
6.2.4;References;223
6.3;12 Biosensors on the Basis of Insect Olfaction;227
6.3.1;12.1 Definition and Basic Principles;227
6.3.2;12.2 Types of Biosensors;228
6.3.2.1;12.2.1 Bio-Components;228
6.3.2.2;12.2.2 Generations of Biosensors;229
6.3.2.3;12.2.3 Transducers;229
6.3.3;12.3 Applications of Biosensors;230
6.3.4;12.4 Insect Olfaction as a Basis for Biosensors;231
6.3.4.1;12.4.1 The Biochemical Transduction Pathway in Insect Olfaction;231
6.3.5;12.5 Application Layout: Biosensors on the Basis of Insect Antennae;233
6.3.5.1;12.5.1 Fire Detection with Insect Antennae;234
6.3.5.2;12.5.2 Detection of Phytophagous Infestation in Agricultural Crops;235
6.3.5.3;12.5.3 Assessment of Increased Infestation Disposition for Insect Forest Pests;236
6.3.5.4;12.5.4 Post Mortem Interval (PMI) Estimation in Legal Medicine;237
6.3.6;12.6 Biomimetic Approaches to Sensors on the Basis of Insect Olfaction;238
6.3.6.1;12.6.1 Detection of Meat Spoilage;239
6.3.6.2;12.6.2 Early Fire Warning System in Wood Flake Driers;240
6.3.7;References;241
6.4;13 Insect-Inspired Technologies: Insects as a Source for Biomimetics;243
6.4.1;13.1 Introduction;243
6.4.2;13.2 Materials;244
6.4.3;13.3 Surfaces;247
6.4.4;13.4 Adhesives;253
6.4.5;13.5 Optics;256
6.4.6;13.6 Photonics;257
6.4.7;13.7 Sensorics;258
6.4.8;13.8 Robotics;259
6.4.9;13.9 Future Perspectives;261
6.4.10;References;262
7;Index;267