Vollmann / Rajcan Oil Crops

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-77594-4
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 548 Seiten

When one is privileged to participate long enough in a professional capacity, certain trends may be observed in the dynamics of how challenges are met or how problems are solved. Agricultural research is no exception in view of how the plant sciences have moved forward in the past 30 years. For example, the once grand but now nearly forgotten art of whole plant physiology has given way almost completely to the more sophisticated realm of molecular biology. What once was the American Society of Plant Physiologists’ is now the American Society of Plant Molecular Biology; a democratic decision to indemnify efforts to go beyond the limits of the classical science and actually begin to understand the underlying biological basis for genetic regulation of metabolic mechanisms in plants. Yet, as new technologies open windows of light on the inner workings of biological processes, one might reminisce with faint nostalgia on days long past when the artisans of plant physiology, biochemistry, analytical chemistry and other scientific disciplines ebbed and waned in prominence. No intentional reference is made here regarding Darwinism; the plant sciences always have been extremely competitive. Technology is pivotal. Those who develop and/or implement innovative concepts typically are regarded as leaders in their respective fields. Each positive incremental step helps bring recognition and the impetus to push a scientific discipline forward with timely approaches to address relevant opportunities.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Vollmann, Johann

Rajcan, Istvan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;10
3;Contents;12
4;Contributors;14
5;Oil Crop Breeding and Genetics;18
5.1;1.1 Introduction;18
5.2;1.2 Domestication and Genetic Diversity;21
5.2.1;1.2.1 Domestication of Oil Crops;22
5.2.2;1.2.2 Oil Crop Germplasm;23
5.2.3;1.2.3 Genetic Diversity in Oil Crops - Selected Examples;25
5.3;1.3 Recent Milestones in Oil Crop Breeding;27
5.4;1.4 Specific Breeding Objectives;29
5.4.1;1.4.1 Oil Content;29
5.4.1.1;1.4.1.1 Oil Bodies and the Cytology of Oil Content;29
5.4.1.2;1.4.1.2 Botanical Features of Oil Content;30
5.4.1.3;1.4.1.3 Genetics of Oil Content;33
5.4.1.4;1.4.1.4 Breeding for Oil Content;35
5.4.2;1.4.2 Altered Seed Composition for Health and Industrial Applications;36
5.5;1.5 Perspectives in Oil Crop Breeding;37
5.5.1;1.5.1 Technology;37
5.5.2;1.5.2 Biology;38
5.5.3;1.5.3 Utilization;39
5.6;References;39
6;Modifying Vegetable Oils for Food and Non-food Purposes;48
6.1;2.1 Introduction;48
6.2;2.2 Modulating the Fatty Acid Content of Plant Oils for Food Uses;48
6.2.1;2.2.1 Fatty Acid Profile and Oil Functionality;48
6.2.2;2.2.2 Conventional Approaches to Fatty Acid Modification;49
6.2.3;2.2.3 Novel Fatty Acid Profiles in Soybean Derived from the Tools of Biotechnology;50
6.3;2.3 Next Generation Edible Oils: Producing Long Chain omega-3 Fatty Acids in Seed Oils;52
6.3.1;2.3.1 Engineering Complex Pathways into Plant Seeds;52
6.3.2;2.3.2 LCPUFA Production in Plants;55
6.3.3;2.3.3 EPA Production in Plants via the Delta6 Desaturase Pathway;56
6.3.4;2.3.4 EPA Production in Plants via the Delta9 Elongase Pathway;59
6.3.5;2.3.5 DHA Production in Plants via the Aerobic Elongation/Desaturation Pathways;60
6.3.6;2.3.6 DHA Production in Plants via the Anaerobic Polyketide Synthase Pathway;61
6.4;2.4 Modifying Vegetable Oils for Non-food Purposes;61
6.4.1;2.4.1 Non-food Uses of Plant Oils;61
6.4.2;2.4.2 High Oleic Acid Soybean Oil;62
6.4.3;2.4.3 Metabolic Engineering of Soybean for the Production of Oils with High-Value Industrial Fatty Acids;63
6.5;References;66
7;Soybean;74
7.1;3.1 Introduction;74
7.2;3.2 Origin and Domestication;75
7.3;3.3 Varietal Groups;78
7.4;3.4 Genetic Resources;79
7.5;3.5 Major Breeding Accomplishments;83
7.6;3.6 Current Goals of Breeding;88
7.6.1;3.6.1 Seed Oil Concentration;88
7.6.2;3.6.2 Fatty Acid Modification;88
7.6.3;3.6.3 Reduced Saturates;89
7.6.4;3.6.4 Increased Saturates;89
7.6.5;3.6.5 Increased Monounsaturates;89
7.6.6;3.6.6 Trans-fat Reduction;89
7.6.7;3.6.7 Increased Polyunsaturates;90
7.6.8;3.6.8 Increasing Nutraceuticals in Seed;90
7.7;3.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;91
7.7.1;3.7.1 Gain from Selection;91
7.7.2;3.7.2 Sources of Gains from Selection;92
7.7.3;3.7.3 Parent and Population Structure;92
7.7.4;3.7.4 Advancing Toward Homozygosity;94
7.7.5;3.7.5 Participatory Plant Breeding;95
7.7.6;3.7.6 Selection Among Pure Lines;95
7.7.7;3.7.7 Intra-cultivar Variation;96
7.7.8;3.7.8 New Technology in Plant Breeding Operations;96
7.8;3.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs;97
7.8.1;3.8.1 Reduced Saturates - Germplasm and Biotechnologies;98
7.8.2;3.8.2 Increased Saturates - Germplasm and Biotechnologies;98
7.8.3;3.8.3 Increased Monounsaturates - Germplasm and Biotechnologies;99
7.8.4;3.8.4 Reduced 18:3 - Germplasm and Biotechnologies;100
7.8.5;3.8.5 Increased Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids - Germplasm and Biotechnologies;100
7.8.6;3.8.6 Oil Constituents with High Value;101
7.8.6.1;3.8.6.1 Sterols;101
7.8.6.2;3.8.6.2 Tocopherols;101
7.9;References;101
8;Oilseed Rape;108
8.1;4.1 Introduction;108
8.2;4.2 Origin and Domestication;108
8.3;4.3 Varietal Groups;110
8.4;4.4 Genetic Resources;110
8.4.1;4.4.1 Genetic Diversity in the Primary Gene Pool;110
8.4.2;4.4.2 Expanding Genetic Variability by Interspecific Hybridisation;112
8.5;4.5 Major Breeding Achievements;115
8.6;4.6 Current Goals of Breeding;118
8.6.1;4.6.1 Seed and Oil Yield Potential and Stability;118
8.6.2;4.6.2 Improvement of Seed Components;120
8.7;4.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;122
8.7.1;4.7.1 Traditional Line Breeding;123
8.7.2;4.7.2 Hybrid Breeding and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Systems;123
8.8;4.8 Introduction of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs;126
8.8.1;4.8.1 Tissue Culture and Haploid Techniques;126
8.8.2;4.8.2 Genetic Modification;127
8.8.3;4.8.3 Genetic Mapping, Genome Analysis and Marker-Assisted Selection;128
8.8.3.1;4.8.3.1 Genetic Maps and QTL Analysis;128
8.8.3.2;4.8.3.2 Male Sterility;130
8.8.3.3;4.8.3.3 Oil Content and Quality;130
8.8.3.4;4.8.3.4 Yellow Seed Character;131
8.8.3.5;4.8.3.5 Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress;131
8.8.3.6;4.8.3.6 Novel Genomic Tools;133
8.8.3.7;4.8.3.7 Utilization of Synteny to Arabidopsis;133
8.9;4.9 Seed Production;134
8.10;References;136
9;Other Brassicas;144
9.1;5.1 Introduction;144
9.2;5.2 Origin and Domestication;145
9.2.1;5.2.1 Brassica rapa;145
9.2.2;5.2.2 Brassica juncea;145
9.2.3;5.2.3 Brassica carinata;146
9.3;5.3 Varietal Groups;146
9.3.1;5.3.1 Open Pollinated, Synthetic, and Hybrid Cultivars;146
9.3.2;5.3.2 Winter and Spring Cultivars;147
9.3.3;5.3.3 Wild-Type, Single-Zero, and Double-Zero Cultivars;147
9.4;5.4 Genetic Resources;147
9.5;5.5 Major Breeding Achievements;148
9.5.1;5.5.1 Oil Quality;148
9.5.2;5.5.2 Meal Quality;149
9.6;5.6 Current Goals of Breeding;149
9.6.1;5.6.1 Seed Yield and Adaptation;149
9.6.2;5.6.2 Vernalization Requirements and Flowering Time;150
9.6.3;5.6.3 Male Sterility;150
9.6.4;5.6.4 Self-Compatibility;150
9.6.5;5.6.5 Seed Colour, Oil, Protein and Fibre Content;151
9.6.6;5.6.6 Oil Quality;151
9.6.7;5.6.7 Seed Meal Quality;151
9.6.8;5.6.8 Disease Resistance;152
9.6.9;5.6.9 Insect Resistance;152
9.7;5.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;153
9.7.1;5.7.1 Developing New Sources of Variation;153
9.7.2;5.7.2 Breeding of Line and Population Cultivars;154
9.7.3;5.7.3 Breeding of Hybrid Cultivars;155
9.7.4;5.7.4 Breeding Techniques;156
9.7.4.1;5.7.4.1 Selfing and Artificial Hybridization;156
9.7.4.2;5.7.4.2 Techniques Used for Agronomic Evaluation;156
9.7.4.3;5.7.4.3 Laboratory Techniques for Seed Quality Evaluation;157
9.8;5.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs;157
9.8.1;5.8.1 Genetic Markers and Genetic Linkage Maps;157
9.8.2;5.8.2 Molecular Breeding;159
9.8.2.1;5.8.2.1 Germplasm Characterization;159
9.8.2.2;5.8.2.2 Molecular Mapping;159
9.8.2.2.1;Seed Colour;159
9.8.2.2.2;Oil Content and Quality;159
9.8.2.2.3;Glucosinolate Content;160
9.8.2.2.4;Morphological and Agronomic Traits;160
9.8.2.2.5;Male Sterility;160
9.8.2.2.6;Vernalization Requirements and Flowering Time;160
9.8.2.2.7;Disease Resistance;161
9.8.3;5.8.3 Marker Assisted Selection;161
9.8.4;5.8.4 Transgenic Breeding;162
9.9;5.9 Seed Production;162
9.10;References;163
10;Sunflower;171
10.1;6.1 Introduction;171
10.2;6.2 Origin and Domestication;172
10.3;6.3 Varietal Groups;173
10.4;6.4 Genetic Resources;175
10.4.1;6.4.1 Germplasm Collection and Maintenance;176
10.4.1.1;6.4.1.1 Ex Situ World Collections;176
10.4.1.2;6.4.1.2 Preservation of In Situ Resources;176
10.4.1.3;6.4.1.3 Core Collections;177
10.4.1.4;6.4.1.4 Genetic Stock Collections;177
10.4.2;6.4.2 Germplasm Evaluation;178
10.4.2.1;6.4.2.1 Agronomic and Physiological Traits;178
10.4.2.2;6.4.2.2 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility;178
10.4.2.3;6.4.2.3 Disease and Insect Resistance;180
10.4.2.4;6.4.2.4 Oil and Protein Content and Quality;182
10.5;6.5 Major Breeding Achievements;183
10.5.1;6.5.1 Development of High Oil Germplasm in the Former USSR;183
10.5.2;6.5.2 Utilization of the Inbred-Hybrid Method;183
10.5.3;6.5.3 Development of New Types of Oil;184
10.6;6.6 Current Goals of Breeding;185
10.6.1;6.6.1 Seed Yield;185
10.6.2;6.6.2 Morpho-Physiological Traits;185
10.6.2.1;6.6.2.1 Plant Height;185
10.6.2.2;6.6.2.2 Head Size, Shape and Inclination;186
10.6.2.3;6.6.2.3 Flowering and Maturity Dates;186
10.6.2.4;6.6.2.4 Pollen Self-Compatibility and Flower Characteristics;187
10.6.2.5;6.6.2.5 Male Sterility;187
10.6.2.6;6.6.2.6 Oil, Protein and Fibre Contents;187
10.6.2.7;6.6.2.7 Oil Quality;188
10.6.2.8;6.6.2.8 Seed Meal Quality;191
10.6.2.9;6.6.2.9 Disease Resistance;192
10.6.2.10;6.6.2.10 Broomrape Resistance;193
10.6.2.11;6.6.2.11 Insect Resistance;194
10.6.2.12;6.6.2.12 Resistance to Bird Depredation;194
10.6.2.13;6.6.2.13 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses;194
10.6.2.14;6.6.2.14 Herbicide Resistance;195
10.6.2.15;6.6.2.15 Nonoilseed Sunflower;195
10.7;6.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;196
10.7.1;6.7.1 Breeding Methods;196
10.7.1.1;6.7.1.1 Obtaining or Generating Sources of Genetic Variability;196
10.7.1.1.1;The Use of Existing Genetic Variation;196
10.7.1.1.2;Mutagenesis;197
10.7.1.2;6.7.1.2 Methods for Improving Source Populations;197
10.7.1.3;6.7.1.3 Methods for Improving Open Pollinated Cultivars;199
10.7.1.3.1;Mass Selection;199
10.7.1.3.2;Head to Row Selection (Pustovoit’s Method of Reserves);200
10.7.1.4;6.7.1.4 Methods for Improving Hybrid Cultivars;200
10.7.1.5;6.7.1.5 Methods for Producing Hybrid Seed;202
10.7.2;6.7.2 Breeding Techniques;203
10.7.2.1;6.7.2.1 Procedures for Selfing and Artificial Hybridization;203
10.7.2.2;6.7.2.2 Techniques Used for Interspecific Hybridization;203
10.7.2.3;6.7.2.3 Field Plot Techniques for Cultivar Evaluation;204
10.7.2.4;6.7.2.4 Techniques Used for Greenhouses and Off-Season Nurseries;205
10.7.2.5;6.7.2.5 Laboratory Techniques for Seed Quality Evaluation;205
10.7.2.6;6.7.2.6 Techniques for Disease Resistance and Broomrape Evaluation;206
10.8;6.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs;207
10.8.1;6.8.1 Genetic Markers and Genetic Linkage Maps in Sunflower;208
10.8.1.1;6.8.1.1 Random DNA Markers and Maps Based on them;208
10.8.1.1.1;Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Markers;208
10.8.1.1.2;Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers;211
10.8.1.1.3;Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Markers;211
10.8.1.1.4;Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) or Microsatellites;212
10.8.1.2;6.8.1.2 Gene-Targeted Markers and Maps Based on Them;213
10.8.1.2.1;Markers Based on Sequenced RFLP-cDNA Probes;213
10.8.1.2.2;Markers Based on ESTs;213
10.8.1.3;6.8.1.3 Functional Markers;214
10.8.2;6.8.2 Molecular Breeding;214
10.8.2.1;6.8.2.1 Germplasm Characterization;214
10.8.2.2;6.8.2.2 Molecular Mapping of Simply Inherited and Complex Traits;215
10.8.2.2.1;Oil Content;215
10.8.2.2.2;Oil Quality;216
10.8.2.2.2.1;Fatty Acids;216
10.8.2.2.3;Tocopherols;218
10.8.2.2.4;Disease Resistance;218
10.8.2.2.5;Developmental and Agronomic Traits;220
10.8.2.2.5.1;Male Sterility;220
10.8.2.2.5.2;Self-incompatibility and Seed Dormancy;221
10.8.2.2.5.3;Embryogenesis;221
10.8.2.2.5.4;Days to Flowering;221
10.8.2.2.5.5;Resistance to Abiotic Stresses;221
10.8.2.2.5.6;Resistance to Herbicides;222
10.8.2.3;6.8.2.3 Marker Assisted Selection;222
10.8.2.3.1;MAS Optimization;222
10.8.2.3.1.1;Marker Validation and Refinement;222
10.8.2.3.1.2;Assays Optimization and Cost Reduction;224
10.8.2.3.2;MAS in Sunflower Breeding Programs;224
10.8.3;6.8.3 Transgenic Breeding;226
10.9;6.9 Seed Production;227
10.9.1;6.9.1 Maintenance and Increase of Parental Lines;228
10.9.2;6.9.2 Commercial Hybrid Seed Production;229
10.9.2.1;6.9.2.1 Isolation;229
10.9.2.2;6.9.2.2 Plant Population and Planting Methods;229
10.9.2.3;6.9.2.3 Pollination;230
10.9.2.4;6.9.2.4 Roguing;230
10.9.2.5;6.9.2.5 Harvesting and Processing;230
10.10;References;231
11;Flax;249
11.1;7.1 Production and Utilization;249
11.2;7.2 Origin and Taxonomy;251
11.3;7.3 Variety Development;252
11.4;7.4 Variety Development Objectives;257
11.4.1;7.4.1 Yield;257
11.4.2;7.4.2 Maturity;257
11.4.3;7.4.3 Lodging Resistance;257
11.4.4;7.4.4 Grain Quality;258
11.4.4.1;7.4.4.1 Oil and Fatty Acid Composition;258
11.4.4.2;7.4.4.2 Protein;260
11.4.4.3;7.4.4.3 Mucilage;261
11.4.4.4;7.4.4.4 Lignan;261
11.4.4.5;7.4.4.5 Anti-nutritionals;261
11.4.4.6;7.4.4.6 Seed Color;262
11.4.4.7;7.4.4.7 Disease Resistance;262
11.5;7.5 Germplasm Sources;263
11.6;7.6 Breeding Procedures;264
11.6.1;7.6.1 Selection of Parents;264
11.6.2;7.6.2 Methods of Combining Parents;265
11.6.3;7.6.3 Methods of Breeding;266
11.6.3.1;7.6.3.1 Pedigree;266
11.6.3.2;7.6.3.2 Single Seed Descent;267
11.6.3.3;7.6.3.3 Backcross;268
11.6.3.4;7.6.3.4 Bulk;268
11.6.3.5;7.6.3.5 Doubled Haploids;268
11.7;7.7 Summary;269
11.8;References;269
12;Cotton;272
12.1;8.1 Introduction;272
12.2;8.2 Origin and Domestication;273
12.2.1;8.2.1 Taxonomy;274
12.2.2;8.2.2 Domestication;276
12.3;8.3 Varietal Groups;278
12.4;8.4 Genetic Resources;279
12.5;8.5 Major Breeding Achievements;282
12.5.1;8.5.1 Host Plant Resistance;282
12.5.2;8.5.2 Abiotic Stress Tolerance;283
12.5.3;8.5.3 Agronomic Adaptation;284
12.5.4;8.5.4 Fiber Quality;285
12.5.5;8.5.5 Seed Traits;286
12.6;8.6 Current Goals of Breeding;286
12.6.1;8.6.1 USDA;286
12.6.2;8.6.2 State Universities;287
12.6.3;8.6.3 Private Companies;288
12.7;8.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;290
12.8;8.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;292
12.9;8.9 Seed Production;294
12.10;References;295
13;Peanut;301
13.1;9.1 Introduction;301
13.2;9.2 Origin and Domestication;303
13.3;9.3 Varietal Groups;306
13.3.1;9.3.1 Market Types in the United States;306
13.4;9.4 Genetic Resources;307
13.5;9.5 Major Breeding Achievements;308
13.5.1;9.5.1 Florunner Cultivar;309
13.5.2;9.5.2 High Oleic Acid Content;309
13.5.3;9.5.3 Resistance to Leaf Spots, Root-Knot Nematode, and Spotted Wilt;310
13.6;9.6 Goals of Peanut Breeding;312
13.6.1;9.6.1 Goals for the Farmer;312
13.6.2;9.6.2 Goals for the Seed Producer/Sheller;313
13.6.3;9.6.3 Goals for the Manufacturer and Consumer;314
13.7;9.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;315
13.8;9.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs;316
13.8.1;9.8.1 Marker Development in Peanut;317
13.8.2;9.8.2 Molecular Maps of Peanut;318
13.8.3;9.8.3 Gene Sequencing in Arachis;319
13.8.4;9.8.4 Reverse Genetic Technologies;320
13.8.5;9.8.5 Peanut Transformation;320
13.9;9.9 Seed Production;321
13.10;References;321
14;Castor;330
14.1;10.1 Introduction;330
14.2;10.2 Origin and Domestication;331
14.3;10.3 Varietal Groups;332
14.4;10.4 Genetic Resources;332
14.5;10.5 Major Breeding Achievements;333
14.5.1;10.5.1 Fatty Acid Composition;333
14.5.2;10.5.2 Castor Toxins;334
14.5.3;10.5.3 Castor Allergens;336
14.5.4;10.5.4 Qualitative Traits;336
14.5.5;10.5.5 Quantitative Traits;336
14.6;10.6 Breeding Methods and Techniques;339
14.6.1;10.6.1 Mass Selection;339
14.6.2;10.6.2 Individual Plant Selection with Progeny Tests;339
14.6.3;10.6.3 Methods Involving Sexual Hybridization;340
14.6.3.1;10.6.3.1 Pedigree Method;340
14.6.3.2;10.6.3.2 Bulk Method;340
14.6.3.3;10.6.3.3 Single Seed Descent Method;341
14.6.3.4;10.6.3.4 Backcross Method;341
14.6.3.5;10.6.3.5 Recurrent Selection;341
14.7;10.7 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;341
14.8;10.8 Seed Production;342
14.9;References;342
15;Oil Palm;346
15.1;11.1 Introduction;346
15.2;11.2 Origin and Domestication;347
15.3;11.3 Varietal Groups;348
15.4;11.4 Genetic Resources;350
15.5;11.5 Major Breeding Achievements;351
15.5.1;11.5.1 Tenera Hybrid Improvement;351
15.5.2;11.5.2 Cloning Improvement;352
15.5.3;11.5.3 Improvement in Other Traits;352
15.6;11.6 Current Goals of Breeding;353
15.6.1;11.6.1 Oil Yield;354
15.6.2;11.6.2 Oil Quality;356
15.7;11.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;356
15.7.1;11.7.1 Breeding Methods;356
15.7.2;11.7.2 Breeding Techniques;360
15.7.3;11.7.3 Field Experimental Techniques;361
15.7.3.1;11.7.3.1 Mating Designs;361
15.7.3.2;11.7.3.2 Field Experimentation;361
15.8;11.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programmes;363
15.8.1;11.8.1 Tissue Culture for Clonal Propagation of Oil Palm;363
15.8.2;11.8.2 Tissue Culture Process;364
15.8.3;11.8.3 Commercial Planting of Oil Palm Clones;367
15.8.4;11.8.4 Clonal Fidelity and Performance Tests;368
15.8.5;11.8.5 Molecular Breeding;368
15.9;11.9 Commercial Seed Processing;371
15.10;11.10 Oil Palm Seed Market;372
15.11;11.11 Concluding Remarks;373
15.12;References;373
16;Coconut;381
16.1;12.1 Introduction;381
16.2;12.2 Origin and Domestication;382
16.3;12.3 Varietal Groups;384
16.4;12.4 Genetic Resources;387
16.5;12.5 Major Breeding Achievements;389
16.6;12.6 Current Goals of Breeding;392
16.7;12.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;393
16.8;12.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programmes;396
16.8.1;12.8.1 Genetic Diversity Analysis;396
16.8.2;12.8.2 Genetic Relatedness;397
16.8.3;12.8.3 Hybridity Testing and Variety Identification;400
16.8.4;12.8.4 Somoclonal Variation in Coconut Plants;400
16.8.5;12.8.5 Linkage Mapping and QTL Identification;400
16.8.6;12.8.6 Synteny Studies;401
16.8.7;12.8.7 In Vitro Culture;402
16.9;12.9 Seed Production;402
16.10;References;403
17;Olive;409
17.1;13.1 Introduction;409
17.1.1;13.1.1 Overall Importance of the Crop and Production Areas;409
17.1.2;13.1.2 Major Problems of Olive Cultivation;409
17.1.3;13.1.3 Types of Olive Oil and Characteristics;411
17.1.4;13.1.4 Ancient and Recent History of Olive Cultivation;413
17.2;13.2 Origin and Domestication;413
17.3;13.3 Varietal Groups;414
17.3.1;13.3.1 Cultivated Olive Germplasm;414
17.3.2;13.3.2 Cultivar Classification;415
17.3.3;13.3.3 Identification of Olive Cultivars;415
17.4;13.4 Genetic Resources;416
17.4.1;13.4.1 Taxonomy and Distribution of Olea europaea;416
17.4.2;13.4.2 Natural Diversity of Olive;416
17.4.3;13.4.3 Wild Olives;417
17.4.4;13.4.4 Related Subspecies;419
17.5;13.5 Major Breeding Achievements;419
17.6;13.6 Current Goals of Breeding;421
17.7;13.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;421
17.7.1;13.7.1 Classical Breeding;421
17.7.2;13.7.2 Clonal Selection;422
17.7.3;13.7.3 Sanitary Selection;422
17.7.4;13.7.4 Breeding by Intervarietal Crossing;422
17.7.5;13.7.5 Marker Assisted Breeding;423
17.8;13.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programmes;424
17.8.1;13.8.1 Organogenesis and Regeneration;425
17.8.2;13.8.2 Genetic Manipulation;425
17.8.3;13.8.3 Other In Vitro Technologies;426
17.9;13.9 Concluding Remarks;427
17.10;References;427
18;Safflower;434
18.1;14.1 Introduction;434
18.2;14.2 Origin and Domestication;434
18.3;14.3 Species Groupings Related to Breeding of Cultivated Safflower;435
18.4;14.4 Genetic Resources;437
18.5;14.5 Major Breeding Achievements;440
18.6;14.6 Current Goals of Breeding;441
18.7;14.7 Crossing Techniques and Breeding Methods;444
18.7.1;14.7.1 Crossing Techniques;444
18.7.2;14.7.2 Breeding Methods;448
18.7.2.1;14.7.2.1 Pure-Line Selection and Mass Selection;448
18.7.2.2;14.7.2.2 Pedigree Breeding;448
18.7.2.3;14.7.2.3 Backcross Breeding;448
18.7.2.4;14.7.2.4 Recurrent Selection;449
18.7.2.5;14.7.2.5 Hybrid Breeding;449
18.7.2.5.1;USA;449
18.7.2.5.2;India;450
18.8;14.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;451
18.9;14.9 Seed Production;453
18.10;References;455
19;Poppy;459
19.1;15.1 Introduction;459
19.2;15.2 Origin and Domestication;461
19.3;15.3 Genetic Resources and Varietal Groups;462
19.4;15.4 Current Goals of Breeding;465
19.5;15.5 Breeding Methods and Techniques;467
19.5.1;15.5.1 Biological and Genetic Characteristics;467
19.5.2;15.5.2 Breeding Methods;470
19.6;15.6 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programmes;471
19.7;15.7 Major Breeding Achievements;472
19.7.1;15.7.1 Industrial Cultivars for Alkaloid Production;472
19.7.2;15.7.2 Culinary Cultivars for Poppy Seed and Oil;473
19.8;References;474
20;Hull-Less Oil Seed Pumpkin;479
20.1;16.1 Introduction;479
20.1.1;16.1.1 Use of Hull-Less Pumpkin Seed As a Food Crop;479
20.1.2;16.1.2 Origin of the Hull-Less Seeded Phenotype in Pumpkin;480
20.2;16.2 Nutritionally Relevant Components of Pumpkin Seeds;481
20.2.1;16.2.1 Antioxidant Activity of Pumpkin Seed Oil;484
20.2.2;16.2.2 Treatment of Symptomatic BPH with beta-Sitosterol;485
20.3;16.3 Genetics of the Hull-Less Seed Character;485
20.4;16.4 Current Goals of Oil Seed Pumpkin Breeding;490
20.4.1;16.4.1 Increasing Seed Yield;491
20.4.2;16.4.2 Components of Yield;491
20.4.3;16.4.3 Seed Size and Seed Number;493
20.4.4;16.4.4 Bush Growth Habit;494
20.4.5;16.4.5 Disease Resistance;496
20.4.5.1;16.4.5.1 Resistance to Fruit Rots;496
20.4.6;16.4.6 Expanding the Genetic Base in Oil Seed Pumpkins;497
20.5;16.5 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;498
20.6;References;499
21;Maize for Oil;503
21.1;17.1 Introduction;503
21.2;17.2 Maize Kernel Structure and Composition;503
21.3;17.3 Modern Maize Breeding;504
21.3.1;17.3.1 Germplasm;504
21.3.2;17.3.2 Heterosis and the Inbred/Hybrid Concept;506
21.3.3;17.3.3 Inbred Line Development;507
21.3.4;17.3.4 Hybrid Development;508
21.4;17.4 Recurrent Selection;509
21.5;17.5 The Illinois High-Oil/Low-Oil Long-Term Selection Experiment;509
21.6;17.6 Other Breeding Programs for High-Oil;511
21.6.1;17.6.1 ‘Other’ Recurrently Selected High-Oil Populations;512
21.6.2;17.6.2 Commercial Breeding Activities for High-Oil;512
21.6.3;17.6.3 TopCrossreg Method for High-Oil Maize Hybrids;513
21.7;Epilogue;513
21.8;References;513
22;New Crops Breeding: Lesquerella;517
22.1;18.1 Introduction;517
22.2;18.2 Origin and Domestication;517
22.3;18.3 Genetic Resources;519
22.4;18.4 Major Breeding Achievements;520
22.5;18.5 Current Breeding Goals;521
22.5.1;18.5.1 Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile;521
22.5.2;18.5.2 Seed Yield;522
22.5.3;18.5.3 Wider Adaptation and Shorter Growing Period;522
22.5.4;18.5.4 Autofertility;522
22.6;18.6 Breeding Methods and Techniques;523
22.7;18.7 Integration of Information Technology and New Biotechnologies;524
22.8;18.8 Seed Production;524
22.9;References;524
23;Cuphea;527
23.1;19.1 Introduction;527
23.2;19.2 Domestication and Breeding History;528
23.2.1;19.2.1 Oil Crop Breeding;529
23.3;19.3 Genetic Resources;530
23.4;19.4 Advances in Cuphea Production;531
23.4.1;19.4.1 ‘PSR23’ Cuphea;531
23.4.2;19.4.2 Commercialization;533
23.4.3;19.4.3 Product Development;534
23.5;19.5 Current Breeding Goals;534
23.5.1;19.5.1 Lauric Acid Accumulation;534
23.5.2;19.5.2 Insect Resistance;536
23.5.3;19.5.3 Anthocyanin Mutants;537
23.6;19.6 Breeding Methods;539
23.6.1;19.6.1 Genetic Engineering;539
23.7;19.7 Concluding Remarks;539
23.8;References;539
24;Index;544