Vymazal Natural and Constructed Wetlands

Nutrients, heavy metals and energy cycling, and flow
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-38927-1
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 295 Seiten

Reihe: Biomedical and Life Sciences

The book extends the knowledge on wetland ecosystem services based on the new research. The information combines the achievements gained in carbon sequestration, nutrient accumulation, macrophyte decomposition, wastewater treatment, global warming mitigation  in constructed as well as natural wetlands across the globe. The book presents up-to-date results of ongoing research and the content of the book could be used by wetland scientists, researchers, engineers, designers, regulators, decision-makers, universities teachers, landscape engineers and landscape planners as well as by water authorities, water regulatory offices or wastewater treatment research institutions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Vymazal, Jan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;12
4;Chapter 1: Effects of Human Activity on the Processing of Nitrogen in Riparian Wetlands: Implications for Watershed Water Quality;17
4.1;1.1 Introduction;18
4.2;1.2 Methods;20
4.2.1;1.2.1 Wetland Study Sites;20
4.2.2;1.2.2 Quantifying Anthropogenic Activity Surrounding Wetland Study Sites;21
4.2.3;1.2.3 Field and Laboratory Measurements;25
4.2.3.1;1.2.3.1 Nitrogen Pools;25
4.2.3.2;1.2.3.2 Soil Accretion and Carbon Pools;26
4.2.3.3;1.2.3.3 Hydrologic Metrics;27
4.2.3.4;1.2.3.4 Data Analysis;27
4.3;1.3 Results;28
4.3.1;1.3.1 Nitrogen and Carbon (Soil Properties Important to N Cycling);29
4.3.2;1.3.2 Hydrology;32
4.4;1.4 Summary and Conclusions;35
4.5;References;36
5;Chapter 2: Nutrients Tracking and Removal in Constructed Wetlands Treating Catchment Runoff in Norway;39
5.1;2.1 Introduction;40
5.2;2.2 Methods;43
5.2.1;2.2.1 Phosphorus Losses from Rural Catchments;43
5.2.2;2.2.2 Phosphorus Losses from On-site Wastewater Treatment Systems;44
5.2.3;2.2.3 Case Study;44
5.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Site Description;44
5.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Wetland Design;45
5.2.3.3;2.2.3.3 Source Tracking and Distribution of Pollutants Through the Seasons;46
5.3;2.3 Results and Discussion;46
5.3.1;2.3.1 Phosphorus Losses from the Catchments;46
5.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 Phosphorus Losses from On-site Wastewater Treatment Systems;47
5.3.2;2.3.2 Case Study;48
5.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Effect of the Constructed Wetland in the Gryteland Stream;49
5.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 Faecal Contamination in the Catchment;52
5.4;2.4 Conclusions;54
5.5;References;55
6;Chapter 3: Performance of Constructed Wetlands Treating Domestic Wastewater in Norway Over a Quarter of a Century – Options for Nutrient Removal and Recycling;57
6.1;3.1 The State of the Art in a Nutshell;58
6.2;3.2 General Characteristics and Design Principles;60
6.2.1;3.2.1 Septic Tank;60
6.2.2;3.2.2 Pre-filter/Biofilter;61
6.2.3;3.2.3 Constructed Filter/Wetland Bed;63
6.2.4;3.2.4 Filter Media;64
6.3;3.3 Overall Treatment Performance;64
6.4;3.4 Recycling Options for Filter Media;66
6.5;3.5 Conclusions;69
6.6;References;70
7;Chapter 4: Decomposition of Phragmites australis in Relation to Depth of Flooding;72
7.1;4.1 Introduction;73
7.2;4.2 Materials and Methods;74
7.3;4.3 Results and Discussion;75
7.3.1;4.3.1 Water Chemistry and Water Depth;75
7.3.2;4.3.2 Decomposition of Various Plant Parts;76
7.3.3;4.3.3 Decomposition in Relation to Water Depth;78
7.4;4.4 Conclusions;80
7.5;References;81
8;Chapter 5: Distribution of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Phragmites australis Aboveground Biomass;84
8.1;5.1 Introduction;84
8.2;5.2 Materials and Methods;85
8.3;5.3 Results and Discussion;85
8.3.1;5.3.1 Distribution of Aboveground Biomass of P. australis Between Stems and Leaves;85
8.3.2;5.3.2 Distribution of Phosphorus in Aboveground Biomass;86
8.3.3;5.3.3 Distribution of Nitrogen in Aboveground Biomass;88
8.4;5.4 Conclusions;90
8.5;References;90
9;Chapter 6: How Many Samples?! Assessing the Mean of Parameters Important for Denitrification in High and Low Disturbance Headwater Wetlands of Central Pennsylvania;92
9.1;6.1 Introduction;93
9.2;6.2 Methods;94
9.2.1;6.2.1 Sites;94
9.2.2;6.2.2 Water Quality Analysis;95
9.2.3;6.2.3 Monte Carlo Analysis and Statistical Analyses;95
9.2.4;6.2.4 Literature Review;95
9.3;6.3 Results;96
9.4;6.4 Discussion;100
9.5;6.5 Conclusions;101
9.6;References;102
10;Chapter 7: Indirect and Direct Thermodynamic Effects of Wetland Ecosystems on Climate;106
10.1;7.1 Introduction;107
10.2;7.2 Solar Energy Striking the Earth’s Surface;107
10.3;7.3 Direct Effect of Wetlands on Climate via Evapotranspiration and Other Life Processes;108
10.3.1;7.3.1 Dissolution-Precipitation of Salts;109
10.3.2;7.3.2 Disintegration-Recombination of Water Molecules;110
10.3.3;7.3.3 Evapotranspiration-Condensation;111
10.3.4;7.3.4 Ground Heat Flux and Warming of Biomass;112
10.3.5;7.3.5 Ratio Between the Amount of Energy Bound in Biomass and That Dissipated by Evapotranspiration;112
10.4;7.4 Wetland Losses and Consequent Impact on Climate;114
10.5;7.5 Indirect Effect of Wetlands on Climate via Greenhouse Gases (GHG); Sink or Source?;115
10.6;7.6 Meaning of Average Temperature in Thermodynamics and the Role of Gradients;117
10.7;7.7 Exchange of Water and CO2 in Plant Stands;118
10.8;7.8 Surface Temperature Distribution in a Cultural Landscape with Wetlands – An Example;119
10.9;7.9 Conclusions;119
10.10;References;122
11;Chapter 8: Application of Vivianite Nanoparticle Technology for Management of Heavy Metal Contamination in Wetland and Linked Mining Systems in Mongolia;124
11.1;8.1 Introduction;125
11.2;8.2 The Situation;125
11.3;8.3 Remediation Options and Recommendations;128
11.4;8.4 Conclusions;131
11.5;References;131
12;Chapter 9: Sludge Treatment Reed Beds (STRBs) as a Eco-solution of Sludge Utilization for Local Wastewater Treatment Plants;133
12.1;9.1 Introduction;134
12.2;9.2 Construction and Design;135
12.3;9.3 Operation;137
12.4;9.4 Methodology;138
12.4.1;9.4.1 Research Objects;138
12.4.2;9.4.2 Sampling and Analyzes;138
12.5;9.5 Results and Disscussion;139
12.5.1;9.5.1 Dry Matter and Organic Matter;139
12.5.2;9.5.2 Nutrients;140
12.5.3;9.5.3 Heavy Metals;141
12.5.4;9.5.4 Pathogenic Microorganisms;141
12.5.5;9.5.5 Hazardous Organic Compounds;142
12.6;9.6 Ecological and Economic Aspects of the Integrated Sludge Treatment in STRBs;142
12.7;9.7 Conclusions;143
12.8;References;143
13;Chapter 10: Dairy Wastewater Treatment by a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland in Southern Italy;145
13.1;10.1 Introduction;145
13.2;10.2 Material and Methods;146
13.3;10.3 Results and Discussion;148
13.3.1;10.3.1 Role of Dairy Wastewater on the Mixed Wastewater Composition;148
13.3.2;10.3.2 Start-Up Phase;149
13.3.3;10.3.3 Management Phase;150
13.3.4;10.3.4 Overall Treatment Performance;151
13.4;10.4 Conclusions;153
13.5;References;153
14;Chapter 11: Phosphorus Recycling from Waste, Dams and Wetlands Receiving Landfill Leachate – Long Term Monitoring in Norway;154
14.1;11.1 Introduction;154
14.2;11.2 Results and Discussion;157
14.3;11.3 Conclusions;158
14.4;References;158
15;Chapter 12: Application of the NaWaTech Safety and O&M Planning Approach Re-Use Oriented Wastewater Treatment Lines at the Ordnance Factory Ambajhari, Nagpur, India;160
15.1;12.1 Background;161
15.2;12.2 Materials and Methods;162
15.2.1;12.2.1 Pilot Systems;162
15.2.2;12.2.2 Safety and O&M Planning;163
15.3;12.3 Results and Discussion;166
15.4;12.4 Conclusions;174
15.5;References;176
16;Chapter 13: Clogging Measurement, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Control in a Wetland Through the Development of an Autonomous Reed Bed Installation (ARBI);177
16.1;13.1 Introduction;178
16.1.1;13.1.1 General;178
16.1.2;13.1.2 MR Probes for Clogging;179
16.1.3;13.1.3 Heating, Aeration and Step Feeding;179
16.2;13.2 Methods;180
16.2.1;13.2.1 Development of MR Sensor for Clog State Measurements;180
16.2.2;13.2.2 Effects of Aeration and Heating on Treatment Wetland Performance;182
16.2.3;13.2.3 Aeration;182
16.2.4;13.2.4 Heating;183
16.2.5;13.2.5 Step Feeding;183
16.3;13.3 Results;183
16.3.1;13.3.1 Magnetic Resonance Sensors;183
16.3.2;13.3.2 Unilateral Surface Sensors;183
16.3.3;13.3.3 Helmholtz-Style Permanent Magnet Arrangement;184
16.3.4;13.3.4 Aerated System;185
16.3.5;13.3.5 Heated System;187
16.3.6;13.3.6 Step Feeding;187
16.4;13.4 Conclusions;187
16.5;References;188
17;Chapter 14: Constructed Wetlands Treating Municipal and Agricultural Wastewater – An Overview for Flanders, Belgium;190
17.1;14.1 Introduction;191
17.1.1;14.1.1 Treatment of Municipal Wastewater;191
17.1.2;14.1.2 Treatment of Agricultural Wastewater;191
17.2;14.2 A Database on Constructed Wetlands in Flanders;192
17.2.1;14.2.1 Data Collection;192
17.2.2;14.2.2 Data Processing and Analysis;193
17.3;14.3 Location, Number and Types of Constructed Wetlands;194
17.4;14.4 Removal of Nutrients from Municipal Wastewater;196
17.4.1;14.4.1 Free Water Surface Wetlands (FWS);196
17.4.1.1;14.4.1.1 Nitrogen;197
17.4.1.2;14.4.1.2 Phosphorus;198
17.4.2;14.4.2 Vertical Flow Systems (VF);198
17.4.2.1;14.4.2.1 Nitrogen;199
17.4.2.2;14.4.2.2 Phosphorus;201
17.4.3;14.4.3 Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow Systems (HSSF);201
17.4.3.1;14.4.3.1 Nitrogen;202
17.4.3.2;14.4.3.2 Phosphorus;203
17.4.4;14.4.4 Combined Wetlands: VF-HSSF;204
17.4.4.1;14.4.4.1 Nitrogen;205
17.4.4.2;14.4.4.2 Phosphorus;206
17.4.5;14.4.5 Tertiary Treatment Wetlands: RBC-HSSF and SAF-HSSF;206
17.4.5.1;14.4.5.1 Nitrogen;208
17.4.5.2;14.4.5.2 Phosphorus;209
17.5;14.5 Agricultural Wastewater N and P Removal;210
17.5.1;14.5.1 Nitrogen;211
17.5.2;14.5.2 Phosphorus;211
17.6;14.6 Comparison of the Performance of Constructed Wetlands;212
17.7;14.7 Conclusions;216
17.8;References;217
18;Chapter 15: Performance Intensifications in a Hybrid Constructed Wetland Mesocosm;219
18.1;15.1 Introduction;220
18.2;15.2 Methods and Materials;221
18.2.1;15.2.1 Experimental System;221
18.2.2;15.2.2 Sampling Procedure;226
18.2.3;15.2.3 Wastewater Analysis;226
18.2.4;15.2.4 Statistical Analysis;227
18.3;15.3 Results and Discussion;227
18.4;15.4 Conclusions and Outlook;232
18.5;References;233
19;Chapter 16: Treatment of Chlorinated Benzenes in Different Pilot Scale Constructed Wetlands;235
19.1;16.1 Introduction;236
19.2;16.2 Materials and Methods;237
19.2.1;16.2.1 Description of Pilot Scale CWs;237
19.2.2;16.2.2 Sample Collection and Analysis;237
19.2.3;16.2.3 Data Analysis;239
19.3;16.3 Results and Discussion;239
19.3.1;16.3.1 MCB Removal;239
19.3.2;16.3.2 DCBs Removal;241
19.3.3;16.3.3 2-Chlorotoluene Removal;243
19.4;16.4 Conclusions;244
19.5;References;244
20;Chapter 17: Transformation of Chloroform in Constructed Wetlands;246
20.1;17.1 Introduction;247
20.2;17.2 Materials and Methods;248
20.2.1;17.2.1 Design and Operation of the SSF CW;248
20.2.2;17.2.2 Sampling Procedure and Analysis of Aqueous, Solid and Gaseous Samples;248
20.3;17.3 Results and Discussion;249
20.3.1;17.3.1 Sorption;249
20.3.2;17.3.2 Plant Uptake;250
20.3.3;17.3.3 Volatilization;251
20.3.4;17.3.4 Biodegradation;252
20.4;References;253
21;Chapter 18: Hybrid Constructed Wetlands for the National Parks in Poland – The Case Study, Requirements, Dimensioning and Preliminary Results;255
21.1;18.1 Introduction;256
21.2;18.2 The Characteristics of Poleski and Roztocza?ski National Parks;257
21.2.1;18.2.1 Roztocza?ski National Park (RPN);257
21.2.2;18.2.2 Poleski National Park (PNP);258
21.3;18.3 Water and Wastewater Management in the Area of PNP and RNP;258
21.4;18.4 The Concept of Hybrid Treatment Wetland Construction for RNP and PNP;259
21.5;18.5 Removal Efficiency of HTWs in RNP – Preliminary Results;263
21.5.1;18.5.1 Methods;263
21.6;18.6 Results and Discussion;263
21.6.1;18.6.1 Inflow;263
21.6.1.1;18.6.1.1 TSS;263
21.6.1.2;18.6.1.2 BOD5 and COD;265
21.6.1.3;18.6.1.3 Total Nitrogen;265
21.6.1.4;18.6.1.4 Total Phosphorus;265
21.6.2;18.6.2 Outflow;266
21.6.2.1;18.6.2.1 TSS;266
21.6.2.2;18.6.2.2 BOD5 and COD;266
21.6.2.3;18.6.2.3 Total Nitrogen;266
21.6.2.4;18.6.2.4 Total Phosphorus;266
21.7;18.7 Efficiency of Organic Matter and Biogenic Compounds Removal;267
21.7.1;18.7.1 Efficiency of Microbiological Contamination Removal;268
21.8;18.8 Conclusions;269
21.8.1;18.8.1 General;269
21.8.2;18.8.2 Detailed;270
21.9;References;271
22;Chapter 19: Global Warming: Confusion of Cause with Effect?;274
22.1;19.1 Introduction;274
22.2;19.2 Water and the Global Energy Budget;275
22.3;19.3 From Global to Local Scale;276
22.4;19.4 Global Warming: Confusion of Cause with Effect?;278
22.5;19.5 Sustainable Water Management – Case Studies;281
22.5.1;19.5.1 Case Study 1: UFA-Fabrik in Berlin-Tempelhof;281
22.5.2;19.5.2 Case Study 2: DCI Berlin, Potsdamer Platz;284
22.6;19.6 Conclusion;286
22.7;References;287
23;Chapter 20: Abundance and Diversity of Taxa Within the Genus Potamogeton in Slovenian Watercourses;289
23.1;20.1 Introduction;289
23.2;20.2 Materials and Methods;290
23.2.1;20.2.1 Study Area;290
23.2.2;20.2.2 Macrophyte Survey;290
23.2.3;20.2.3 Environment Assessment;291
23.2.4;20.2.4 Statistical Analysis;291
23.3;20.3 Results and Discussion;291
23.4;20.4 Conclusions;296
23.5;References;296
24;Index;298