Wagner / Mathur Introduction to Wind Energy Systems

Basics, Technology and Operation
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-02023-0
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 87 Seiten

Reihe: Green Energy and Technology

Authors have tried to strike a balance between a short book chapter and a very detailed book for subject experts. There were three prime reasons behind doing so: first, the field is quite interdisciplinary and requires simplified presentation for a person from non-parent discipline. Second reason for this short-version of a full book is that both the authors have seen students and technically oriented people, searching for this type of book on wind energy. Third reason and motivation was considering engineers who are starting their career in wind industry. This book is targeted to present a good starting background to such professionals.

Hermann-Josef Wagner is Professor for Energy Systems and Energy Economics at the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany. He worked as a scientist for the Research Centre Juelich, for the German Parliament and for different universities. His relevant experiences are on the fields on energy systems analysis, renewable energies like wind energy and life cycle analysis.  Dr.-Ing. Jyotirmay Mathur is a mechanical engineer postgraduate in energy studies from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; and doctorate from University of Essen, Germany. He specializes in the areas of renewable energy systems, energy policy modelling and energy efficiency. Working as Reader in the Malaviya National Institute of Technology in Jaipur, Dr. Mathur has been founder coordinator of the postgraduate program in energy engineering. He is involved with several committees of national importance in India.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wagner, Hermann-Josef

Mathur, Jyotirmay

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;6
3;List of Figures;9
4;List of Tables;11
5;About the Authors;12
6;1 Wind Energy Today;13
6.1;1.1 Status;13
6.2;1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy Systems;14
6.2.1;1.2.1 Advantages;15
6.2.2;1.2.2 Disadvantages;15
6.3;1.3 Different Types of Wind Energy Converters: An Overview;15
7;2 Wind: Origin and Local Effects;19
7.1;2.1 Origin and Global Availability;19
7.2;2.2 Local Effects on Wind Flow;19
7.3;2.3 Attractive Locations for Wind Energy;21
7.4;2.4 Local Effects on Wind Flow;22
7.4.1;2.4.1 Roughness Length and Wind Shear;22
7.4.2;2.4.2 Wind Speed Variability;22
7.4.3;2.4.3 Turbulence;23
7.4.4;2.4.4 Obstacles to Wind Flow;24
7.4.5;2.4.5 The Wind Wake and Park Effect;25
7.4.6;2.4.6 The Hill Effect and Tunnel Effect;25
7.5;2.5 Selecting a Turbine Site;26
8;3 Physics of Wind Energy;28
8.1;3.1 Energy Content in Wind;28
8.2;3.2 Energy Conversion at the Blade;30
8.3;3.3 Power Coefficients and Principles of Design;32
8.3.1;3.3.1 Coefficient of Power c p and Betz' Law;32
8.3.2;3.3.2 Tip Speed Ratio;33
8.3.3;3.3.3 Power Efficiency;33
8.3.4;3.3.4 Principles of Design;35
8.4;3.4 Wind Variations;35
8.4.1;3.4.1 Wind Shear with Height;35
8.4.2;3.4.2 Influence of Weibull Distribution;37
9;4 Components of a Wind Energy Converter;40
9.1;4.1 Rotor Blades;40
9.2;4.2 Gearboxes;42
9.3;4.3 Generators;43
9.3.1;4.3.1 Generating Voltage generating voltage ;43
9.3.2;4.3.2 Generator Cooling System;43
9.3.3;4.3.3 Generator Rotational Speed;43
9.3.4;4.3.4 Two Speed, Pole Changing Generators;45
9.4;4.4 Towers;45
9.5;4.5 Miscellaneous Components;46
10;5 Design Considerations;51
10.1;5.1 Rotor Area of Turbines;51
10.1.1;5.1.1 Reasons for Choosing Large Turbines;51
10.1.2;5.1.2 Reasons for Choosing Smaller Turbines;51
10.2;5.2 Number of Blades;52
10.3;5.3 Horizontal or Vertical Axis Turbine;53
10.4;5.4 Upwind upwind or Downwind Turbine;55
10.5;5.5 Load Considerations for Turbine Selection;56
10.6;5.6 Wind Turbines: With or Without Gearbox;57
10.7;5.7 Requirement of Grid, Synchronous or Asynchronous Generators;59
10.8;5.8 Issue of Noise and Its Control;63
11;6 Operation and Control of Wind Energy Converters;66
11.1;6.1 Power Curve and Capacity Factor;66
11.1.1;6.1.1 Power Curve;66
11.1.2;6.1.2 Capacity Factor;67
11.2;6.2 Power Control of Wind Turbines;68
11.2.1;6.2.1 Pitch Control;69
11.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Running a Pitch Controlled Turbine at Variable Speed;70
11.2.2;6.2.2 Stall Control;71
11.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Passive Stall Control;71
11.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Active Stall Control;72
11.2.3;6.2.3 The Yaw Control;72
11.3;6.3 Connection to the Grid;73
11.3.1;6.3.1 Applications of Wind Energy Converters;73
11.3.2;6.3.2 Voltage Requirement;74
11.3.3;6.3.3 Special Aspects of the Connection of Offshore Wind Parks;74
12;7 Economics and Policy Issues;77
12.1;7.1 Cost of Wind Turbines cost of wind turbine ;77
12.1.1;7.1.1 Initial Cost of Wind Turbine;77
12.1.2;7.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs for Wind Turbines;78
12.1.2.1;7.1.2.1 Operation Maintenance Costs;78
12.1.2.2;7.1.2.2 Turbine Reinvestment (Refurbishment, Major Overhauls);78
12.1.2.3;7.1.2.3 The Availability Factor availability factor ;79
12.2;7.2 Electrical Tariffs;79
12.3;7.3 Mechanisms to Support Funding;81
12.3.1;7.3.1 Capacity Credit;81
12.3.2;7.3.2 Environmental Credit environmental credit and Clear Development Mechanism;82
12.3.3;7.3.3 Tax Benefits tax benefit ;82
12.4;7.4 Wind Energy Economics;82
12.4.1;7.4.1 Financial Analysis -- A Case Study for India;83
12.4.2;7.4.2 Financing financing of a Wind Park -- A Case in Germany ;83
12.5;7.5 Wind Turbines After Operational Life;85
13;8 Outlook;86
14;Glossary;87
15;Literature;88
16;Index;89