E-Book, Englisch, 333 Seiten
Wagner / O'Brien / Dong Exploring Occupant Behavior in Buildings
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-61464-9
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Methods and Challenges
E-Book, Englisch, 333 Seiten
ISBN: 978-3-319-61464-9
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
This book is the first to comprehensively cover research methods for building occupant behavior. As this is of growing importance for building design and for building performance optimization, the book aims to provide a sound scientific basis for experimental studies in this field. It introduces the reader to fundamental questions about the topic and unfolds the different fields related to occupant actions and comfort. This is followed by more general questions about developing an appropriate research method and experimental design. A comprehensive overview of sensors for monitoring environmental and also behavioral and action-related quantities helps to set up an experiment. In this context, different experimental environments and data collection methods (in-situ, laboratories, surveys) are introduced and discussed in terms of their suitability for the respective research question. Furthermore, data management and reporting is addressed. The book concludes with fundamental challenges in conducting occupant studies, with chapters on ground truth, ethics and privacy.
Andreas Wagner is a professor of Building Physics and Building Services at the Faculty of Architecture and leads the Building Science Group at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany. William O'Brien is an associate professor and program advisor on Architectural Conservation and Sustainability Engineering at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. Bing Dong is an assistant professor and head of the Built Environment Science & Technology Lab at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Foreword;5
2;Acknowledgements;7
3;Contents;8
4;Glossary;10
5;1 Introduction;28
5.1;Abstract;28
6;2 Occupancy and Occupants’ Actions;33
6.1;Abstract;33
6.2;2.1 Introduction;34
6.3;2.2 Categorization of Occupants’ Actions;36
6.4;2.3 Potential Triggers and Contextual Factors Influencing Occupant Behavior in a Building;39
6.5;2.4 Literature Review of Relationship Between Action Types and Influencing Factors;41
6.6;2.5 Conclusion;57
6.7;References;58
7;3 Designing Research;65
7.1;Abstract;65
7.2;3.1 Introduction;65
7.3;3.2 Why Do the Research (Research Aims and Questions);67
7.4;3.3 Identifying the Concepts to Measure and How They Link Together (Theory);69
7.4.1;3.3.1 Concepts;71
7.4.2;3.3.2 One to One Relationships (Links);71
7.4.3;3.3.3 One to Many Relationships (Hierarchies);72
7.5;3.4 Units of Analysis, Populations, and Scope;73
7.5.1;3.4.1 Units of Analysis;73
7.5.2;3.4.2 Population of Interest and Scope;73
7.5.3;3.4.3 Descriptive or Inferential Statistics;74
7.5.4;3.4.4 Required Precision;76
7.6;3.5 Sampling and Sample Size;77
7.6.1;3.5.1 Sample Frames;77
7.6.2;3.5.2 Sampling Strategies;77
7.6.3;3.5.3 Spatial Sampling;78
7.6.4;3.5.4 Temporal Sampling;80
7.6.5;3.5.5 Sample Size Calculations;81
7.6.6;3.5.6 External Validity;82
7.6.7;3.5.7 An Illustrative Example of Sample Size Calculations;84
7.6.8;3.5.8 Internal Validity;85
7.6.9;3.5.9 Dropouts and Response Rates;88
7.7;3.6 How to Measure Concepts (Methods);89
7.7.1;3.6.1 Concepts and Constructs;89
7.7.2;3.6.2 Operationalizing Constructs into Measurands;90
7.7.3;3.6.3 Latent Variables;91
7.7.4;3.6.4 Instruments;92
7.7.5;3.6.5 Quantifying Uncertainty;92
7.8;3.7 How to Measure Relationships (Research Design);93
7.8.1;3.7.1 Descriptive (Correlational) Designs;95
7.8.2;3.7.2 Case Studies;95
7.8.3;3.7.3 Cross-Sectional Design;96
7.8.4;3.7.4 Longitudinal Surveys;96
7.8.5;3.7.5 Causative (Experimental) Designs;97
7.9;3.8 Pre-analysis Plans;99
7.10;3.9 Conclusion;100
7.11;References;101
8;4 Sensing and Data Acquisition;103
8.1;Abstract;103
8.2;4.1 Introduction;104
8.3;4.2 Sensing System Performance Metrics;105
8.4;4.3 Occupant Behavior and Presence Sensing;106
8.4.1;4.3.1 State-of-the-Art of Occupant Sensing Technologies;106
8.4.2;4.3.2 Human-in-the-Loop;118
8.4.3;4.3.3 Consumption Sensing;119
8.5;4.4 Occupant Data Acquisition;120
8.5.1;4.4.1 Manual Data Storage;121
8.5.2;4.4.2 Wireless Network;122
8.5.3;4.4.3 Gateway or Building Automation System;122
8.5.4;4.4.4 Internet-Enabled Sensors;124
8.6;4.5 Other Related Sensing Technologies;125
8.6.1;4.5.1 Indoor Environmental Sensing;125
8.6.2;4.5.2 Outdoor Environmental Sensing;126
8.7;4.6 Conclusion;127
8.8;References;128
9;5 Introduction to Occupant Research Approaches;132
9.1;Abstract;132
9.2;5.1 Introduction;132
9.3;5.2 Primary Occupant Research Approaches;134
9.4;5.3 Objective Comparison of Approaches;137
9.5;5.4 Mixed Methods Research Design;137
9.6;5.5 Conclusion;149
9.7;References;150
10;6 In Situ Approaches to Studying Occupants;153
10.1;Abstract;153
10.2;6.1 Introduction;153
10.3;6.2 In Situ Monitoring Approaches;155
10.4;6.3 Sensors and Data Acquisition Architecture: Practical Considerations;161
10.4.1;6.3.1 Building Automation Systems;161
10.4.2;6.3.2 Adding Additional Sensors to BASs;164
10.4.3;6.3.3 Obtaining BAS Data;165
10.4.4;6.3.4 New Sensor Networks;165
10.4.5;6.3.5 Distributed Stand-Alone Sensors and Data Loggers;167
10.4.6;6.3.6 Image-Based Sensing for in Situ Occupant Monitoring Studies;168
10.4.7;6.3.7 Virtual Sensors for in Situ Occupant Monitoring Studies;170
10.4.8;6.3.8 Future Sensing Technologies for in Situ Occupant Monitoring Studies;171
10.5;6.4 Practical and Methodological in Situ Monitoring Challenges;172
10.5.1;6.4.1 Sensor Placement and Obstruction;172
10.5.2;6.4.2 Ground Truths and Validation of Sensor Readings;178
10.5.3;6.4.3 Limited Access to Spaces;178
10.5.4;6.4.4 Monitoring Spaces with Multiple Occupants;179
10.5.5;6.4.5 Hawthorne Effect;179
10.5.6;6.4.6 Participant Recruitment;180
10.5.7;6.4.7 Ethical Obligations and Implications of Performing in Situ Monitoring;181
10.6;6.5 Qualitative Aspects of in Situ Monitoring;182
10.7;6.6 Use of Surveys to Complement Monitoring;183
10.8;6.7 Conclusion;187
10.9;References;188
11;7 Laboratory Approaches to Studying Occupants;192
11.1;Abstract;192
11.2;7.1 Laboratories in Indoor Environmental Quality Research;193
11.3;7.2 Examples of Typical Laboratory Designs and Their Technical Equipment;194
11.3.1;7.2.1 International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy (ICIEE), Technical University of Denmark, Denmark;196
11.3.2;7.2.2 Controlled Environmental Chamber, Center for the Built Environment (CBE); University of California at Berkeley, USA;198
11.3.3;7.2.3 Indoor Environmental Quality Laboratory (IEQ Lab), University of Sydney, Australia;200
11.3.4;7.2.4 Laboratory for Occupant Behavior, Satisfaction, Thermal Comfort and Environmental Research (LOBSTER), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany;201
11.3.5;7.2.5 SinBerBEST Test Bed, CREATE Tower, Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS) Limited, Singapore;203
11.3.6;7.2.6 Respiration Chambers, Metabolic Research Unit Maastricht (MRUM), University of Maastricht, the Netherlands;205
11.3.7;7.2.7 Institute for Energy Efficient Buildings and Indoor Climate, E.ON Energy Research Center (E.ON ERC), RWTH Aachen University, Germany;206
11.3.8;7.2.8 The ZEB Living Laboratory at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and SINTEF, Norway;208
11.3.9;7.2.9 Indoor Environmental Laboratories at the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP), Germany;210
11.3.10;7.2.10 Flight Test Facilities, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP) and Institute for Energy Efficient Buildings and Indoor Climate, RWTH Aachen University; Germany;212
11.4;7.3 Indoor Climate in Labs—Technical Services, Control, Sensors;213
11.4.1;7.3.1 Conditioning of Labs;213
11.4.2;7.3.2 Solar Incident, Daylight and Acoustics in Test Chambers;215
11.4.3;7.3.3 Temperature Control in the Experimental Environment;217
11.4.4;7.3.4 Data Acquisition and Sensing Indoor Environmental Quantities;219
11.5;7.4 Sensors for Personalized Monitoring;221
11.5.1;7.4.1 Measuring Skin and Body Temperature;222
11.5.2;7.4.2 Measuring the Skin Wettedness;223
11.5.3;7.4.3 View Tracking, Measuring Hormone Levels and Monitoring Movements;223
11.6;7.5 Lab Studies on Occupant Behavior and Considerations with Regard to Lab Design and Equipment;224
11.6.1;7.5.1 Options for Experimental Settings;225
11.6.2;7.5.2 Recommendations for Lab Design;226
11.7;7.6 Influencing Factors Driving Occupant’s Behavior and Their Impact on Experimental Design;228
11.8;7.7 Conclusion;230
11.9;References;232
12;8 Survey and Interview Approaches to Studying Occupants;236
12.1;Abstract;236
12.2;8.1 Introduction;236
12.3;8.2 Constructing the Survey;238
12.3.1;8.2.1 Before Designing the Survey;238
12.4;8.3 Developing Questions and Constructing the Survey Tool;239
12.4.1;8.3.1 Writing Survey Questions;241
12.4.2;8.3.2 Types of Questions;241
12.4.3;8.3.3 Criteria for Examining Each Survey Question;242
12.4.4;8.3.4 Questionnaire Structure;242
12.4.5;8.3.5 Ordering Questions;243
12.5;8.4 Survey Instrument Assessment;243
12.5.1;8.4.1 Reliability & Validity;244
12.5.2;8.4.2 Types of Survey Errors;245
12.5.3;8.4.3 Pre-testing and Pilot Studies;247
12.6;8.5 Participant Selection and Sample Design;247
12.6.1;8.5.1 Alternative Sampling Strategies in Building Research;248
12.6.2;8.5.2 Sample Size;249
12.7;8.6 Available Tools for Survey Delivery;249
12.8;8.7 Interviews;250
12.8.1;8.7.1 Interview Formats;250
12.8.2;8.7.2 Types of Interviews;251
12.8.3;8.7.3 Conducting the Interview;251
12.9;8.8 Survey Stories and Lessons Learned in Occupant Behavioral Research;252
12.9.1;8.8.1 Field Study of Thermal Comfort and Occupant Satisfaction in Canadian Condominiums;252
12.9.2;8.8.2 Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings and Occupants’ Behavior. An Investigation in Mediterranean Climatic Conditions;253
12.9.3;8.8.3 On the Behavioral Effects of Residential Electricity Submetering in a Heating Season;254
12.9.4;8.8.4 A Norwegian Survey Story: The Use of Qualitative Methods;256
12.9.5;8.8.5 Occupants’ Behavior Patterns for Air-Conditioning, Windows, and Lighting;256
12.10;8.9 Additional Considerations for Occupant Behavior-Related Surveys;257
12.10.1;8.9.1 Informed Consent for Online Surveys;257
12.10.2;8.9.2 Example of Informed Consent Statement for Survey Study (Day 2014);258
12.11;8.10 Conclusion;259
12.12;References;260
13;9 Validation and Ground Truths;262
13.1;Abstract;262
13.2;9.1 Introduction;262
13.3;9.2 Basic Concepts of Measurement Quality;263
13.3.1;9.2.1 Basic Terms of Measurement Quality Performance;263
13.3.2;9.2.2 Validation and Verification of Measurement Methods;265
13.3.3;9.2.3 Ground Truth in Measurements;266
13.4;9.3 Measurement of Occupancy and Occupant Behavior;267
13.4.1;9.3.1 Physically Sensed Variables;268
13.4.2;9.3.2 Reported Variables;271
13.5;9.4 Verification and Validation of Measurement Methods;273
13.5.1;9.4.1 Verification of Measurement Methods;273
13.5.2;9.4.2 Validation of Measurement Methods;274
13.5.3;9.4.3 Measurement Uncertainties;275
13.6;9.5 Constructing Ground Truth Datasets;278
13.6.1;9.5.1 Validation of Occupant Behavior Measurement;278
13.6.2;9.5.2 Appropriateness, Robustness, and Openness;280
13.7;9.6 Conclusion;281
13.8;References;282
14;10 Structured Building Data Management: Ontologies, Queries, and Platforms;284
14.1;Abstract;284
14.2;10.1 Introduction;285
14.3;10.2 Outline of an Ontology for Building Monitoring;286
14.3.1;10.2.1 General Categories;286
14.3.1.1;10.2.1.1 Occupants;287
14.3.1.2;10.2.1.2 Indoor Environmental Conditions;287
14.3.1.3;10.2.1.3 External Environmental Conditions;287
14.3.1.4;10.2.1.4 Control Systems and Devices;288
14.3.1.5;10.2.1.5 Equipment;288
14.3.1.6;10.2.1.6 Energy;289
14.3.2;10.2.2 The Structure of Monitored Data;289
14.3.2.1;10.2.2.1 Values;289
14.3.2.2;10.2.2.2 Actors;291
14.3.2.3;10.2.2.3 Data Sources;291
14.3.3;10.2.3 Expressions of the Ontology for Multiple Data Categories;292
14.4;10.3 Data Processing and Typical Queries;294
14.4.1;10.3.1 Periodic Raw Data;295
14.4.2;10.3.2 Event Related Raw Data;296
14.4.3;10.3.3 Interval Data from BAS (Building Automation System)-Integrated Sensors or Data Loggers;296
14.4.4;10.3.4 Practical Examples of Building Monitored Data Processing;297
14.4.4.1;10.3.4.1 Generation of Occupancy Data from PIR-Motion Raw Sensor Data;297
14.4.4.2;10.3.4.2 Generation of Presence Probability Profiles;298
14.4.4.3;10.3.4.3 Generation of Boolean Daily Occupancy Profiles;299
14.4.4.4;10.3.4.4 Use of Electric Energy Meter Data to Determine Usage Profiles;299
14.5;10.4 Building Monitoring Repositories and Prototypical Implementations;300
14.5.1;10.4.1 System Design;301
14.5.2;10.4.2 Data Repositories;302
14.5.2.1;10.4.2.1 MySQL Data Repository;302
14.5.2.2;10.4.2.2 Cassandra Data Repository;304
14.5.3;10.4.3 Prototypical Implementation—Monitoring System Toolkit (MOST);305
14.5.4;10.4.4 Module Overview;306
14.5.5;10.4.5 Virtual Sensor Implementation;306
14.6;10.5 Conclusion;307
14.7;References;307
15;11 Ethics and Privacy;310
15.1;Abstract;310
15.2;11.1 Introduction;310
15.3;11.2 Institutions Involved in Ethical Review Processes;312
15.4;11.3 Review Categories;313
15.4.1;11.3.1 Exemption;313
15.4.2;11.3.2 Expedited Review;314
15.5;11.4 Recruitment of Participants;314
15.5.1;11.4.1 Selection of Participants;314
15.5.2;11.4.2 Vulnerable Populations;315
15.6;11.5 Risks and Anticipated Benefits;315
15.6.1;11.5.1 Identification of Risks;315
15.6.2;11.5.2 Minimal Risk;316
15.6.3;11.5.3 Hard and Soft Impacts;316
15.6.4;11.5.4 Risk Issues Specific to Occupant Behavior Research;316
15.6.5;11.5.5 Anticipated Benefits;319
15.7;11.6 Privacy and Confidentiality;320
15.7.1;11.6.1 Anonymous Data;320
15.7.2;11.6.2 Privacy in the Use of Personally Identifiable Records;321
15.7.3;11.6.3 Potential Steps to Protect Participants’ Privacy;321
15.7.4;11.6.4 Data Storage, Processing, and Sharing;322
15.8;11.7 Informed Consent;323
15.9;11.8 Submission Procedures for Ethics;324
15.10;11.9 Debriefing;325
15.11;11.10 Multiple-Site and Cross-Country Studies;325
15.12;11.11 Tips for Improving Interactions with Ethics Committee;326
15.13;11.12 Internet Research Ethics;327
15.14;11.13 Conclusion;327
15.15;References;328
16;12 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook;330
16.1;Abstract;330
16.2;12.1 Research Needs;331
16.3;12.2 Future Outlook;332
