Wang / Li Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-00132-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 563 Seiten

Reihe: Environmental Science and Engineering

This heavily-illustrated book on research results on landslide disaster mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir consists of three parts: Regional properties of landslides in this area; case studies for typical landslides; new methodologies applied in this area.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wang, Fawu

Li, Tonglu

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;10
3;Contents;12
4;Contributors;16
5;Top-Author Biographies;21
6;Introduction: The Scenary of Three Gorges, from Downstream to Upstream;28
7;Part I Regional Properties of Landslides;41
7.1;1 Geo-hazard Initiation and Assessment in the Three Gorges Reservoir;42
7.1.1; Introduction;42
7.1.2; Regional Assessments of Geo-hazards;42
7.1.2.1; Problems and Concepts;43
7.1.2.1.1; Basic Problems;43
7.1.2.1.2; Basic Concepts;43
7.1.2.2; Evaluation Method for Geological Hazards Regional Analysis;43
7.1.2.2.1; ''Distribution Degree'' of Geological Hazards;44
7.1.2.2.2; ''Potentiality Degree'' of Geological Hazards;45
7.1.2.2.3; ''Dangerous Degree'' of Geological Hazards;45
7.1.2.2.4; ''Harmful Degree'' of Geological Hazards;46
7.1.2.3; The Division Methods of Geological Hazard Evaluation;47
7.1.2.4; Evaluation of Geological Disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area;47
7.1.2.4.1; Overall Features of Geological Disasters;48
7.1.2.4.2; Calculation and Analysis of Assessment;48
7.1.2.4.3; Disaster Prevention Measures;52
7.1.3; Initiation Mechanism of Complex Slope in the Three Gorges;52
7.1.3.1; Facts and Viewpoints;53
7.1.3.1.1; Basic Facts;53
7.1.3.1.2; Scientific Knowledge;53
7.1.3.2; Regional Geological Evidence;54
7.1.3.2.1; Regional Geological Structure;54
7.1.3.2.2; Neo-tectonic Stress Field in the Three Gorges Region Inversed Analysized by River System;54
7.1.3.2.3; River System Fractal Character;55
7.1.3.2.4; Supergene Dynamic Phenomenon;56
7.1.3.3; Ancient Chuanjiang River Connected with Ancient Xiajiang River Forming a Unified Yangtze River and Slope Evolution;58
7.1.3.3.1; The Ancient Chuanjiang River and the Xiajiang River Linking up Was a Great Natural Event;59
7.1.3.3.2; Geological Dynamic Background;60
7.1.4; The Complex Slope Failure Initiation and Assessment in Badong County;61
7.1.4.1; Statement of Problem;61
7.1.4.2; Geological Characteristic of Badong Big Slope;62
7.1.4.2.1; Morphologic Features;62
7.1.4.2.2; Stratum Combination;63
7.1.4.2.3; The Vestige of Geological Structure;64
7.1.4.2.4; The Question About the ''Badong Fracture'';64
7.1.4.2.5; Joint and ''Fracture'' of Slope Area;66
7.1.4.2.6; Geomechanics Model of Superficial Deformation and Damage;67
7.1.4.3; Badong Complex Slope System and Its Failure Initiation;69
7.1.4.3.1; Badong Complex Slope System;69
7.1.4.3.2; Initiation Theory of Gravity;71
7.1.4.3.3; Numerical Simulation Analysis with FLAC 3D ;72
7.1.4.4; Regional Geo-environment Quality Assessment of the Badong Slope;73
7.1.4.4.1; Basic Idea;73
7.1.4.4.2; Geo-environment Evaluation of Badong Slope;74
7.1.5; Conclusions;76
7.1.6;References;77
7.2;2 Bank Slope Stability Evaluation for the Purpose of Three Gorges Reservoir Dam Construction 0 ;80
7.2.1; Types of Reservoir Bank Slopes and Assessment of the Stability Conditions;82
7.2.1.1; Types and Characteristics of the Reservoir Bank Slopes;82
7.2.2; Assessment on Stable Conditions of the Reservoir Bank Slopes;83
7.2.3; Rock Falls, Landslides, and Dangerous Rocks;85
7.2.3.1; Distribution Features of the Landslides;86
7.2.3.1.1; Geographical Distribution;86
7.2.3.1.2; Elevation of the Landslides Distribution;90
7.2.3.1.3; Relationship with the Lithology and Stratigraphy;90
7.2.3.1.4; Relationship with Geological Structure;91
7.2.3.1.5; Relationship with the Structure of the River Bank Slope;92
7.2.3.2; Structural Characteristics of the Landslides;93
7.2.3.3; Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Sliding Zone;93
7.2.3.3.1; Material Composition of the Sliding Zone;93
7.2.3.3.2; Physical and Mechanical Properties;95
7.2.3.3.3; Microstructure Feathers of the Sliding Zone;99
7.2.3.4; Hydro-geological Characteristics of the Landslides;99
7.2.3.4.1; Water-Bearing Capacity and Permeability of the Landslides;99
7.2.3.4.2; Recharge and Discharge Conditions of Ground Water in the Landslides;100
7.2.3.4.3; Ground Water Fluctuation and Its Affecting Factors;101
7.2.3.5; Formation Age of the Landslides;102
7.2.3.5.1; Determination of the Absolute Age for the Soil in the Sliding Zone;103
7.2.3.5.2; Referring to the Terraces of Yangtze River Valley;103
7.2.3.6; Stability Assessment of the Sliding Masses;103
7.2.3.6.1; Micro-geologic Judgment;104
7.2.3.6.2; Calculation by Limit Equilibrium Methods;104
7.2.3.6.3; Failure Probability Analysis;105
7.2.3.6.4; Sensitivity Analysis;105
7.2.3.6.5; Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation;107
7.2.3.7; Effect on the Rock Falls and Landslide by the Reservoir Impounding;107
7.2.3.7.1; Effect of the Normal Water Level;112
7.2.3.7.2; Effect of the Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation;112
7.2.4; Hazard Assessment for Failure of the Reservoir Bank Slopes;113
7.2.4.1; Analysis of the Main Factors Inducing Hazards;113
7.2.4.1.1; Estimation of the Size Sliding into River;113
7.2.4.1.2; Estimation of the Surge;114
7.2.4.2; Analysis and Assessment for Potential Harm;116
7.2.4.2.1; Influence on Storage Capacity and Lifespan of the Reservoir;116
7.2.4.2.2; Influence on Construction and Operation of the Key Structures;116
7.2.4.2.3; Influence on Navigation;117
7.2.5; Effects to Towns and Immigrant Settlement in the Reservoir Area;118
7.2.6; Monitoring, Prediction, and Mitigation for the Main Landslides;121
7.2.6.1; Deformation Monitoring and Prediction for the Main Landslides;121
7.2.6.1.1; Ground Deformation Monitoring;121
7.2.6.1.2; Deep Deformation Monitoring;122
7.2.6.1.3; Prediction;123
7.2.6.2; Treatment of the Landslides;124
7.2.6.2.1; Water Drainage;124
7.2.6.2.2; Unloading;125
7.2.6.2.3; Anchoring and Retaining;125
7.3;3 Research on the Characteristics and Slope Deformation Regularity of the Badong Formation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area;126
7.3.1; Introduction;126
7.3.2; Development Characteristics and Space Variation of the Strata of the Badong Formation in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area;127
7.3.2.1; The Lithology and Space Variation of Lithology Combinations of the Strata of the Badong Formation;127
7.3.2.2; Space Variation of Stratum Thickness of Badong Formation;128
7.3.2.3; Characteristics of Structural Deformation of Badong Formation;129
7.3.2.3.1; Cleavage;129
7.3.2.3.2; Joint;131
7.3.3; Geological and Construction Property of the Rock Mass Structure in the Badong Formation;132
7.3.3.1; Property of Rock Mass Structure;132
7.3.3.2; Physical--Mechanical Property of the Soft Layer;133
7.3.3.3; Engineering Properties of the Rock Mass;135
7.3.3.3.1; Physical--Mechanical Property of the Rock Mass;135
7.3.3.3.2; Mechanical Properties of the Structural Plane;135
7.3.3.3.3; Estimation of Mechanical Parameters of Rock Masses;136
7.3.3.3.4; Recommended Parametric Values for Mechanical Calculation of Rock Mass;137
7.3.4; Typical Landslide of the Badong Formation Deformation Mode of the Huangtupo Landslide;137
7.3.4.1; Geological Background;138
7.3.4.2; Long-Term Deformation of the Slope;139
7.3.4.3; Landslide;144
7.3.4.4; Subsequent Reform of Landslide;149
7.3.4.5; Landslide Evolution Pattern;150
7.3.5; Conclusions;151
7.3.6;References;152
7.4;4 Distribution of Dangerous Rockmasses on the High Steep Slopes in the Three Gorges Area;153
7.4.1; Introduction;153
7.4.2; Geological Background for High Steep Bank Slopes and Dangerous Rockmasses in the Three Gorges River Valley;154
7.4.2.1; Basic Features of Rock and Soil;154
7.4.2.2; Basic Features of the Weak Structural Plane of Rock and Soil;155
7.4.2.3; Features of Rockmass Structural Plane;156
7.4.3; Distribution Features of Dangerous Rockmasses in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area;156
7.4.3.1; Profiles of Dangerous Rockmasses;157
7.4.3.2; Description of the Key Dangerous Rockmass;158
7.4.3.2.1; Fengxiangxia Dangerous Rockmass in Qutang Gorge;159
7.4.3.2.2; Hengshixi Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge;159
7.4.3.2.3; Tongxincun Dangerous Rockmass in Wangxia Village, Wu Gorges;161
7.4.3.2.4; Liaojiaping Dangerous Rockmass in Wangxia Village, Wu Gorge;163
7.4.3.2.5; Jianchuandong Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge;165
7.4.3.2.6; Jiandaofeng Rockfall in Wu Gorge;170
7.4.3.2.7; Huangyanwo Dangerous Rockmass in Wu Gorge;171
7.4.3.2.8; Shangpingtuo Landslide and Houzibao Dangerous Rockmass in the Front of Wu Gorge;172
7.4.3.2.9; Suozishan Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge;175
7.4.3.2.10; Baituo Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge;176
7.4.3.2.11; The Wentianjian Dangerous Rockmass in Xiling Gorge;179
7.4.3.2.12; The Jiuwanxi Dangerous Rockmass at the Entrance of Jiuwanxi Brook, Xiling Gorge;182
7.4.4; Conclusions;182
7.4.5;References;184
7.5;5 An Evaluation Study of Bank Collapse Prediction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area;185
7.5.1; Introduction;185
7.5.2; Bank Collapse Types in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area;187
7.5.2.1; Wash and Abrasion;188
7.5.2.2; Toe-Erosion Collapse;189
7.5.2.3; Rock Break-Off and Slides;191
7.5.2.4; Landslide;192
7.5.3; The Prediction Parameter in Three Gorges Reservoir Area;193
7.5.3.1; Eigenvalue of the Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter;193
7.5.3.2; Sampling Investigation of Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter;193
7.5.3.3; Statistics of the Eigenvalue of Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area;195
7.5.3.3.1; Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Alluvial--Proluvial Bank Slope;195
7.5.3.3.2; Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Residual Soil Slope and Landslide Accumulation Slope;195
7.5.3.3.3; Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of the Wushan Loess-Like Soil and the Intensely Whole Weathered Granite Belt;195
7.5.3.3.4; Bank Collapse Prediction Parameter of Redbed Slope;197
7.5.4; Evaluation of Bank Collapse Predictions in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area;197
7.5.4.1; Classified Illustration in Terms of BSSPM;198
7.5.4.1.1; Illustration of Wash--Abrasion and Toe-Erosion Collapse;198
7.5.4.1.2; Bank Collapse Prediction of Landslide;206
7.5.4.1.3; Attention Points on the Application of BSSPM;206
7.5.4.2; Application of BSSPM;207
7.5.4.2.1; Application of BSSPM in the Analogical Prediction of Reservoir Bank Collapse;207
7.5.4.2.2; The Application of BSSPM to the Bank Collapse Prediction in Three Gorges Reservoir Area;207
7.5.5; Conclusions;209
7.5.6;References;210
7.6;6 Distribution Features of Landslides in Three Gorges Area and the Contribution of Basic Factors;211
7.6.1; Distribution Features of Landslides;211
7.6.1.1; Landslides and Lithology;211
7.6.1.2; Landslides and Environment;211
7.6.1.3; Landslides and Landforms;212
7.6.2; Characteristics of Landslide Hazards;213
7.6.2.1; Root Factors of Landslides;215
7.6.2.2; Inversion of Root Factors;216
7.6.2.3; Determining the Root Factors of Landslides;216
7.6.2.4; Statistics of Environmental Root Factors;217
7.6.3; The Contribution Rates of Root Factors to Landslides;217
7.6.3.1; Contribution Index;218
7.6.3.2; Contribution Rate;219
7.6.3.3; The Contribution Rates of Strata;220
7.6.3.3.1; The Contribution of the Stratas Areas;220
7.6.3.3.2; The Contribution to the Number of Landslides;221
7.6.3.3.3; The Contribution to the Scales of Landslides;221
7.6.4; Calculating the Contribution Rates;222
7.6.4.1; Giving Values;222
7.6.4.2; Superimposing Counting;224
7.6.5; Analysis of Contribution Rates;224
7.6.5.1; The Contributions of Height Differences;225
7.6.5.2; The Contribution Rate of Slope Shape;225
7.6.5.3; The Contribution Rate of Slope Grade;226
7.6.5.4; The Contribution Rate of Aspect;226
7.6.6; Comprehensive Evaluations and Weights of the Root Factors Contribution Rates;227
7.6.6.1; Evaluations of Contribution Rates;227
7.6.6.2; The Switch of Contribution Rate and Weight;227
7.6.7;References;230
7.7;7 Discussion on Land Use Based on Landslide Management in Three Gorges Reservoir Areas;231
7.7.1; Introduction;231
7.7.2; The Effect of the Landslide Disasters on the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas;232
7.7.2.1; The Historical Landslide Management Situations;232
7.7.2.2; The Present Growth of the Geographic Disaster Areas in Zigui County;234
7.7.2.3; The Forced Conversion of Land-Use Types;234
7.7.3; Research on the Development and Utilization of the Land Destroyed in the Landslide Disasters;236
7.7.3.1; Engineering Technical Methods for the Land Treatment;236
7.7.3.2; Example of Analysis: Treatment, Development, and Utilization of Land in Xintan Which Was Destroyed in the Landslide;237
7.7.3.3; Research on the Mode;241
7.7.4; Conclusions;244
7.7.5;References;244
8;Part II Case Studies for Typical Landslides;245
8.1;8 Mechanism for the Rapid Motion of the Reactivated Qianjiangping Landslide in Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China;246
8.1.1; Introduction;246
8.1.2; Features of the Landslide;248
8.1.3; Scratches on the Failure Surface;252
8.1.4; Possible Triggering Factors and Sliding Mechanism;253
8.1.5; Experimental Study on the Rapid Sliding Mechanism of the Reactivated Landslide;255
8.1.5.1; Sampling the Sliding Planes;256
8.1.5.2; Soil Properties;257
8.1.5.3; Ring Shear Tests to Simulate the Sliding Process;259
8.1.5.4; Shear Torque Test to Simulate the Sliding Process;260
8.1.5.5; Shear Velocity-Controlling Test to Simulate the Sliding Process;262
8.1.6; Discussion and Conclusions;265
8.1.7;References;266
8.2;9 Evaluation of the Roles of Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall for the Qianjiangping Landslide in Zigui County,Three Gorges Area;268
8.2.1; Introduction;268
8.2.2; Site Description;269
8.2.3; Analysis Methods;271
8.2.4; Results and Discussion;274
8.2.4.1; Sensitivity of the FS to the Parameters Within the Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall;276
8.2.4.2; Quantitative Roles of the Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall in Occurrence of the Landslide;277
8.2.5; Conclusions;278
8.2.6; References;279
8.3;10 Unsaturated Creep Test and Modeling of Soils from the Sliding Zone of the Qianjiangping Landslide in the Three Gorges Area, China;280
8.3.1; Introduction;280
8.3.2; Unsaturated Soil Creep Apparatus;281
8.3.2.1; Design Concept;281
8.3.2.2; The Structure of the Unsaturated Soil Creep Apparatus;282
8.3.2.3; Testing Method;283
8.3.2.4; Some Important Items That Need Attention;284
8.3.3; Unsaturated Creep Test of Slip Soils in the Qianjiangping Landslide;285
8.3.3.1; Test Soil Samples;285
8.3.3.2; Unsaturated Soil Shear Creep Loading Test;285
8.3.3.3; Test Procedure;286
8.3.3.4; Creep Test Result;286
8.3.4; Unsaturated Creep Modeling of Slip Soils in the Qianjiangping Landslide;287
8.3.4.1; Modeling Concept;287
8.3.4.2; Creep Strain--Time Relation;288
8.3.4.3; Creep Strain--Stress Relation;289
8.3.4.4; Creep Strain--Time--Stress Relation;290
8.3.4.5; Determination of the Model Parameters;291
8.3.4.6; Model Verification;291
8.3.5; Conclusions;292
8.3.6;References;293
8.4;11 Monitoring on Shuping Landslide in the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China;294
8.4.1; Introduction;294
8.4.2; Description of the Shuping Landslide;296
8.4.2.1; Landslide Geometry;300
8.4.3; Extensometers Monitoring Results;300
8.4.3.1; Part 1: August 2004--July 2006;300
8.4.3.2; Part 2: August 2006--July 2007;302
8.4.3.3; Part 3: August 2007--May 2007;304
8.4.4; Longitudinal Deformation Model;304
8.4.5; Conclusions;306
8.4.6;References;310
8.5;12 The Anlesi Landslide in Wanzhou, China: Characteristics and Mechanism of a Gentle Dip Landslide;311
8.5.1; Introduction;312
8.5.2; Geological Backgrounds;313
8.5.3; Characteristics of Anlesi Landslide;314
8.5.3.1; Macroscopic Geological Features of Slip Zones;316
8.5.3.2; The Mineral Components of the Slip Zones of the Anlesi Landslide;318
8.5.3.2.1; X-Ray Diffraction Analysis;318
8.5.3.2.2; Infrared Ray Analysis;319
8.5.3.3; The Microcosmic Structure Features of Slip Zone;319
8.5.3.3.1; Features of Striations;319
8.5.3.3.2; Features of Mineral Directional Crystal Structure;320
8.5.3.4; Physical Properties of Slip Zones;321
8.5.3.4.1; Grain Size;321
8.5.3.4.2; Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Water Content;322
8.5.3.4.3; Liquid and Plastic Limit;322
8.5.3.4.4; Swelling Potential;322
8.5.3.4.5; Shear Strengths;324
8.5.4; Factors Contributing to the Gentle Dip Landslides;325
8.5.4.1; Incompetent Beds;325
8.5.4.1.1; Distribution of Incompetent Beds;326
8.5.4.1.2; Fabric and Structure of Incompetent Beds;326
8.5.4.1.3; Shear Strength of Incompetent Beds;327
8.5.4.1.4; Contributions of Incompetent Beds to Landslide Formation;328
8.5.4.2; Latest Tectonic Activities;329
8.5.4.3; Intensive Rainfall;329
8.5.5; Creep Properties of the Slip Zones of the Anlesi Landslide;330
8.5.5.1; Test Facilities;330
8.5.5.2; Test Procedure;330
8.5.5.3; Test Results;331
8.5.5.4; Burgers Rheological Model of Slip Zone Soils;333
8.5.5.4.1; The Burgers Model Parameters;333
8.5.5.4.2; The Nonlinear Burgers Model;333
8.5.6; Numerical Simulation of the Anlesi Landslide;336
8.5.6.1; Geological Model;337
8.5.7; Meshes for Numerical Modeling;337
8.5.7.1; Numerical Simulation Considering the Elastic--Plastic Properties of Rock and Soil;338
8.5.7.2; Numerical Simulation Considering the Rheological Properties of Rock and Soil;338
8.5.8; Conclusions;343
8.5.9;References;347
8.6;13 Preliminary Study on Mud-Rock Flows Channel of the Bailuxi River, Wuxi County, China;349
8.6.1; Introduction;349
8.6.2; Physical Geography, Geology and Geomorphology Background;350
8.6.2.1; Physical Geography;350
8.6.2.2; Geomorphology;351
8.6.2.3; Lithology;352
8.6.2.4; Tectonics;353
8.6.2.5; Vegetation, Cultivation and Human Activity;354
8.6.3; Distribution and Growth Features of Mud-Rock Flow;354
8.6.3.1; Analysis of the Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow;356
8.6.3.2; The Mud-Rock Flow of the Yangjiawan Branch Channel;356
8.6.3.3; Formation Area of Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow;357
8.6.3.4; The Movement and Accumulation Region of the Yangjiawan River Channel Mud-Rock Flow;358
8.6.3.5; Evaluation of the Probability of a Yangjiawan Branch Channel Mud-Rock Flow;360
8.6.4; Analysis on the Possibility for the Bailuxi Main Channel to Burst into a Mud-Rock Flow;361
8.6.5; Hazard Analysis of the Bailuxi River Mud-Rock Flow and the Resulting Countermeasures;365
8.6.6; Reference;366
8.7;14 Stability Assessment and Stabilizing Approaches for the Majiagou Landslide, Undergoing the Effects of Water Level Fluctuation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area;367
8.7.1; Introduction;368
8.7.2; Engineering Geologic Characteristics of the Majiagou Landslide;369
8.7.2.1; The Geologic Background of the Landslide;369
8.7.2.2; The Geomorphic Form of the Landslide;371
8.7.2.3; The Material Components of the Landslide;372
8.7.2.4; The Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Landslide;372
8.7.3; Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Soil of the Landslide;373
8.7.3.1; Density of the Slide Mass;373
8.7.3.2; Shear Strength of the Slide Zone;374
8.7.3.3; Permeability of the Soils of the Landslide;375
8.7.4; Effect on the Ground Water by the Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation;375
8.7.5; Stability Assessment of the Landslide Undergoing the Reservoir Water Level Change;379
8.7.6; Stabilizing Work and the Efficiency;385
8.7.7; Conclusions;387
8.7.8;References;387
8.8;15 Mass Rock Creep and Landsliding on the Huangtupo Slope in the Reservoir Area of the Three Gorges Project, Yangtze River, China;389
8.8.1; Introduction;390
8.8.2; Geological Setting;391
8.8.3; Mass Rock Creep;391
8.8.3.1; Brief Introduction of Mass Rock Creep;392
8.8.3.2; Mass Rock Creep at Huangtupo;393
8.8.3.2.1; Toppling;393
8.8.3.2.2; Deep-Seated Creep;396
8.8.4; Landslide at Huangtupo;397
8.8.4.1; Landform;398
8.8.4.2; Surface Geological Texture;398
8.8.4.3; Sliding Zone;400
8.8.4.4; Electrical Resistivity Constraints for Landslide Geometry;401
8.8.5; Shallow Process on the Surface of the Preexisting Huangtupo Landslide;403
8.8.6; Summary and Discussion;405
8.8.7; Conclusion;408
8.8.8; References;409
8.9;16 Study on the Possible Failure Mode and Mechanism of the Xietan Landslide When Exposed to Water Level Fluctuation;411
8.9.1; Introduction;411
8.9.2; Introduction to the Xietan Landslide;411
8.9.3; Fluctuation of Reservoir Water Level;412
8.9.4; Physical Model Test;413
8.9.4.1; Apparatus for the Model Test;413
8.9.4.2; Section Plane Selection for the Model Test;415
8.9.4.3; Preparation of Similarity Materials for the Model Test;416
8.9.4.3.1; Formulation of Similarity Material of the Model Test;416
8.9.4.3.2; Simulation of Fluctuation of Reservoir Water Level;417
8.9.4.4; Model Test Phenomenon and Its Analysis;418
8.9.5; Failure Mode and Mechanism of the Landslide;418
8.9.6; Exploration of the Failure Modes of Other Landslides Similar to the Landslide;421
8.9.7;References;421
8.10;17 A Study of the 1985 Xintan Landslide in Xiling Gorge, Three Gorges Area, China;422
8.10.1; Introduction;422
8.10.2; Natural Settings and the Geological Structure of the Xintan Slope;423
8.10.3; Features and Mechanism of the Landslide;427
8.10.3.1; Developing Process of the Landslide;427
8.10.3.1.1; Upslope-Stepwise Progressive Deformation Stage (Before the Rainy Season of 1983);427
8.10.3.1.2; Integral Pushing-Type Slide Stage (May 1983--Major Landsliding in 1985);428
8.10.3.2; The Course of the Landslide;429
8.10.3.3; Scope and Magnitude of the Landslide;431
8.10.3.4; Mechanism and Causes of the Landslide;432
8.10.3.5; Mechanical Analysis of Jiangjiapo Landslide;437
8.10.3.6; Study of the Parameters of the Sliding Movements;440
8.10.3.7; Slide Seismogram Studies;441
8.10.4; Monitoring and Prediction of Landslide Activities;442
8.10.4.1; Slope Deformation Monitoring;442
8.10.4.2; Prediction of the Landslide Occurrence;443
8.10.5; Conclusions;444
8.10.6; References;444
8.11;18 Time Prediction of the Xintan Landslide in Xiling Gorge, the Yangtze River;445
8.11.1; Introduction;445
8.11.2; The Sliding Process;447
8.11.2.1; Characteristics of Landslide Movement;448
8.11.2.2; Deformation Features of the Landslide;450
8.11.2.3; The Features of Sliding Debris;451
8.11.3; Essential Features of the Landslide;451
8.11.3.1; Topography;451
8.11.3.2; Materials and Structure;452
8.11.3.3; Bedrock Structures;452
8.11.3.4; Hydro-geological Conditions;453
8.11.3.5; Boundary Conditions;453
8.11.4; Formation Mechanism of the Landslide;453
8.11.4.1; Mechanism of Destabilization;454
8.11.4.2; Falling Loading;455
8.11.4.3; The Effect of Precipitation;455
8.11.5; Landslide Monitoring and Prediction;457
8.11.5.1; Features of Deformation Monitoring;457
8.11.5.2; Progressing Development Features of the Landslide;460
8.11.5.3; Landslide Prediction;462
8.11.5.4; Deformation Features of Sliding Remains;462
8.11.5.5; Aspects of Successful Prediction for Failure of the Xintan Landslide;464
8.11.6; Conclusions;464
8.11.7; References;465
8.12;19 Back-Analysis of Water Waves Generated by the Xintan Landslide;466
8.12.1; Introduction;466
8.12.2; Engineering Geology of the Xintan Landslide;467
8.12.2.1; Topography and Geomorphology of Xintan Landslide;467
8.12.2.2; Rock and Soil of the Xintan Landslide;468
8.12.3; Calculations of Landslide Velocity and Water Wave;470
8.12.3.1; Calculation of Landslide Velocity;470
8.12.3.2; Calculation of the Initial Water Wave Characteristics Generated by the Landslide;472
8.12.3.3; Calculation of the Propagation of Water Wave;474
8.12.3.4; Calculation of the Run-up of the Wave;475
8.12.4; Back-Analysis of Water Waves Generated by the Xintan Landslide;475
8.12.4.1; The Shear Strength Parameters of the Sliding Zone of the Xintan Landslide;475
8.12.4.2; Back-Analysis of the Internal Friction Angle of the Sliding Zone in a State of Movement;475
8.12.5; Conclusions;476
8.12.6; References;477
9;Part III New Methodologies Applied in this Area;479
9.1;20 Intelligent Optimization of Reinforcement Design Using Evolutionary Artificial Neural Network for the Muzishu Landslide Based on GIS;480
9.1.1; Introduction;481
9.1.2; Integration Method for Optimization of Landslide Reinforcement Design;482
9.1.2.1; Evolutionary Artificial Neural Network;482
9.1.2.2; Construction of Nonlinear Relationship Between Reinforcement Parameters, Factor of Safety and Engineering Cost;483
9.1.2.3; Search of Optimal Reinforcement Parameters Using Genetic Algorithm in Global Space;483
9.1.2.4; Three-Dimensional Visualization and Subsidiary Analysis for Strata Information and Reinforcement Design Based on GIS Technique;485
9.1.3; Intelligent Optimization of Reinforcement Design for the Muzishu Landslide;485
9.1.3.1; Brief Description of the Muzishu Landslide;485
9.1.3.2; Reinforcement Design and Optimization Procedure;486
9.1.3.3; Three-Dimensional Visualization and Subsidiary Analysis for Reinforcement Design;491
9.1.4; Discussion and Conclusions;492
9.1.5; References;494
9.2;21 The Application of Fractal Dimensions of Landslide Boundary Trace for Evaluation of Slope Instability;495
9.2.1; Introduction;495
9.2.2; Features of Landslides in the Study Area;497
9.2.3; Methodology;498
9.2.4; Results and Discussion;499
9.2.4.1; Fractal Dimensions of Landslides;499
9.2.4.2; Relationship Between Fractal Dimensions and Slope Instability;499
9.2.4.2.1; Qualitative Analysis of the Relationship Between Landslide Boundary Traces and Slope Instability;499
9.2.4.2.2; Quantitative Description for Slope Instability Using Fractal Dimensions of Landslide Boundary Traces;501
9.2.5; Conclusions and Remarks;502
9.2.6; References;503
9.3;22 Uncertainty Evaluation of the Stability of the Huanglashi Landslide in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River;505
9.3.1; Introduction;505
9.3.2; Characters and Geological Environment of the Huanglashi Landslide;506
9.3.2.1; General Characters of the Landslide;506
9.3.2.1.1; Character of the Hengping Landslide;506
9.3.2.1.2; Character of the Dashiban Landslide;508
9.3.2.1.3; Character of the Taizijiao Landslide;508
9.3.2.2; Geological and Environmental Characters;508
9.3.3; Deformation and Failure Mechanism of the Landslide;509
9.3.3.1; The Hengping Landslide;510
9.3.3.2; The Dashiban Landslide;510
9.3.3.3; Taizijiao Landslide;510
9.3.4; Uncertainty Analysis on the Stability of the Huanglashi Landslide;510
9.3.4.1; Uncertainty Analysis on the Stability of the Hengping Landslide;511
9.3.4.1.1; Determination of Safety Coefficient;511
9.3.4.1.2; Uncertainty Analysis of the Hengping Landslide;511
9.3.4.1.3; Preliminary Elevation of the Stability of the Hengping Landslide;513
9.3.4.2; Analysis of the Stability of the Dashiban Landslide;513
9.3.4.2.1; Character of Deformation Development;513
9.3.4.2.2; The Probable Location of Shear Outlets;514
9.3.4.2.3; Analysis on the Stability of the Dashiban Landslide;514
9.3.4.2.4; The Effect of the Dashiban Landslide Failure on the Hengping Landslide;514
9.3.4.3; Analysis on the Stability of the Taizijiao Landslide;514
9.3.5; Conclusions;514
9.3.6;References;515
9.4;23 Recognition of Lithology and Its Use in Identification of Landslide-Prone Areas Using Remote Sensing Data;516
9.4.1; Introduction;516
9.4.2; The Study Area;517
9.4.3; Recognition of Lithology Using Remote Sensing Data;519
9.4.3.1; Preparation of Remote Sensing Data;519
9.4.3.2; Interpretation of Lithology Units Using Remote Sensing Images;519
9.4.3.3; Analysis of the Lithostratigraphic Factor in Landslide Hazard Zonation;521
9.4.4; Results and Discussions;523
9.4.5;References;525
9.5;24 Construction and Application of a Real-Time Monitoring System for Landslides;526
9.5.1; Introduction;526
9.5.2; Signification and Characteristic of Real-Time Monitoring;527
9.5.3; System Structure;529
9.5.3.1; Data Collection System;529
9.5.3.2; Data Transmission System;530
9.5.3.3; Information Processing and Distribution System;530
9.5.4; Key Technologies and Solutions;531
9.5.4.1; Acquisition System and the Automatic Convergence of the Transmission System;532
9.5.4.2; Servo Data Processing and Storage Procedures;533
9.5.4.3; Data File Names Agreement;533
9.5.5; Application and Evaluation;535
9.5.5.1; Monitoring Method and Monitoring Instruments;535
9.5.5.2; Management;538
9.5.5.3; Demonstrative Station Data Collection System;539
9.5.5.4; GPRS Remote Wireless Transmission System;539
9.5.5.5; Demonstrative Station Information Issuance System;540
9.5.5.5.1; Bottom Database System;541
9.5.5.5.2; Information Issue Homepage;541
9.5.5.6; Assessment;544
9.5.6; Conclusion;544
9.5.7;References;546
9.6;25 Entropy-Based Hazard Degree Assessment for Typical Landslides in the Three Gorges Area, China;547
9.6.1; Introduction;547
9.6.2; Method;549
9.6.2.1; Index Selection;549
9.6.2.2; Data Standardization;549
9.6.2.3; Entropy Calculations;550
9.6.2.4; Weights of Index;550
9.6.2.5; Model;550
9.6.3; Application;550
9.6.3.1; The Study Area;551
9.6.3.2; Data and Index Selection;552
9.6.3.3; Model Established;552
9.6.3.4; Hazard Assessment;554
9.6.4; Discussion;555
9.6.5; Conclusion;555
9.6.6;References;556
9.7;26 The Conceptual Model of Groundwater Systems in a Large-Scale Landslide -- A Case Study of the Baota Landslide in the Impoundment Area of Three Gorges Project;558
9.7.1; Introduction;558
9.7.2; The Characteristics and the Conceptual Model of the Groundwater Systems of the Landslide;559
9.7.2.1; Geological Setting and Hydro-geological Structure;559
9.7.2.2; The Flow Field and the Regime of the Groundwater Systems;561
9.7.2.3; The Chemical Characteristics and Temperature Fields of the Groundwater Systems in the Landslide;562
9.7.2.4; The Environmental Isotopes of the Groundwater;562
9.7.3; Conclusion and Discussion;566
9.7.4; References;566
9.8;27 Bank Collapse Along the Three Gorges Reservoir and the Application of Time-Dependent Modeling;568
9.8.1; Introduction;568
9.8.2; Modeling Test Design and Procedure;569
9.8.3; Mono-factor Model Test;570
9.8.4; Multi-factor Model Test;574
9.8.4.1; Design and Procedure of the Multi-factor Model Test;574
9.8.4.2; Model Test in Different Types of Bank Collapse;575
9.8.4.3; Sensitivity Analysis for Effect Factors;575
9.8.5; Time-Dependent Model Test;578
9.8.5.1; Design Procedure of the Time-Dependent Model Test;578
9.8.5.2; Test Results and Analysis;579
9.8.5.3; Analysis of Bank Collapse Development Process;580
9.8.5.3.1; General Process of Bank Collapse;580
9.8.5.3.2; Evidence of Bank Collapse Termination;583
9.8.6; Conclusion;584
9.8.7; References;584
10;Appendix A: Stratigraphic Column in the Three Gorges Area(Modified from Yin 2007);585
11;Appendix B: Distribution of main landslides in the Three GorgesReservoir;589