Watson / Zibadi / Preedy Dietary Components and Immune Function

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-60761-061-8
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 693 Seiten

Reihe: Nutrition and Health

Dietary Components and Immune Function focuses on immune modulation, immune mediated disease resistance, immune changes due to AIDS, immune modulated cancer therapy, and autoimmune diseases as modified by dietary supplement, bioactive foods and supplements. The potential value of such approaches in maintaining wellness and preventing disease are addressed by examining their effects in vitro and in vivo on innate and adaptive immune responses. Emerging fields of science and important discoveries relating to early stages of new nutriceuticals in cancer prevention, prior to clinical trials are also covered. This volume represents a single source of material related to nutriceuticals and their constituents as they relate to cancer therapy and prevention. As such the book will be essential reading for nutritionists, pharmacologists, health care professionals, research scientists, cancer workers, pathologists, molecular or cellular biochemists, physicians, general practitioners as well as those interested in diet and nutrition in disease resistance via immune regulation.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zibadi, Sherma

Watson, Ronald Ross

Preedy, Victor R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgments;6
2;Series Editor Introduction;8
3;Preface;12
4;Contents;14
5;Contributors;18
6;Abbreviations;26
7;Section A Development of Human Immune Responses;30
7.1;Nutrition, The Infant and the Immune System;31
7.1.1;1.1 THE INFANT IMMUNE SYSTEM;31
7.1.2;1.2 CONTRIBUTION OF BREAST MILK TO HOST DEFENSE OF THE BABY;34
7.1.3;1.3 NUTRITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM;37
7.1.4;1.4 STIMULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY NUTRITIONAL INGREDIENTS;37
7.1.5;1.5 CONTRIBUTION OF INFANT FORMULA TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM;44
7.1.6;1.6 Conclusions and perspectives;47
7.1.7;References;47
7.2;Breast Milk: Components with Immune Modulating Potential and Their Possible Role in Immune Mediated Disease Resistance;52
7.2.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;52
7.2.2;2.2 NATURAL DEFENSES THROUGHOUT LIFE;53
7.2.3;2.3 Role of Breastfeding;54
7.2.4;2.4 IMMUNE MODULATION PROPERTIES OF BREAST MILK;54
7.2.5;2.5 ANTI-INFECTIVE PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MILK;56
7.2.6;2.6 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF BREAST MILK;56
7.2.7;2.7 THE ONSET OF ALLERGIES vs. BREAST MILK;56
7.2.8;2.8 DURATION OF BREASTFEEDING;57
7.2.9;2.9 IMMUNE MODULATION CAPACITY OF SPECIFIC COMPONENTS AND EFFECT LATER IN LIFE;58
7.2.10;2.10conclusions and perspectives;65
7.2.11;References;65
7.3;Role of Maternal and Infant Malnutrition on the Development of the Inflammatory Response;69
7.3.1;3.1 PROGRAMMING;70
7.3.2;3.2 IMMUNE SYSTEM AND NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY;75
7.3.3;3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND LUNG ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION IN INTRAUTERINE MALNUTRITION;79
7.3.4;3.4 Conclusions and perspectives;82
7.3.5;REFERENCES;82
7.4;Nutrition and Immunity in Animal Disease: Lessons from Parasitic Gastroenteritis;89
7.4.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;89
7.4.2;4.2 EFFECTS OF MACRO- AND MICRO-NUTRIENTS ON IMMUNITY TO PARASITES;91
7.4.3;4.3 CONSEQUENCES OF PLANT SECONDARY COMPOUNDS ON IMMUNE REGULATION;94
7.4.4;4.4conclusions AND PERSPECTIVES;95
7.4.5;REFERENCES;97
7.5;Neuroimmunomodulation, Stress– Nutrition Interactions and Diet;101
7.5.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;101
7.5.2;5.2 STRESS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM;102
7.5.3;5.3 NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION AND STRESS;103
7.5.4;5.4 STRESS–NUTRITION INTERACTIONS;104
7.5.5;5.5 DIET EFFECTS ON STRESS-RELATED NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION;105
7.5.6;5.6 CONCLUSIONS AND Perspectives;109
7.5.7;REFERENCES;109
7.6;The Intricate Role of Adipokines in Immune- Mediated Diseases;114
7.6.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;114
7.6.2;6.2 ENERGY BALANCE, IMMUNITY AND DISEASE;115
7.6.3;6.3 ADIPOKINES: MEDIATORS LINKING IMMUNITY AND NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY;116
7.6.4;6.4 IMMUNE FUNCTION IN OBESE MODELS;122
7.6.5;6.5 IMMUNE FUNCTION IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS;123
7.6.6;6.6 ROLE OF ADIPOKINES IN CANCER;124
7.6.7;6.7 ADIPOKINES AND IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES;125
7.6.8;6.8 OBESITY, ADIPOKINES, AND KIDNEY DISEASES;126
7.6.9;6.9 THE ROLE OF ADIPOKINES IN TRANSPLANT TOLERANCE AND REJECTION;127
7.6.10;6.10 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives;130
7.6.11;REFERENCES;130
7.7;Obesity and Immune Functions;136
7.7.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;136
7.7.2;7.2 ADIPOSE TISSUE AND IMMUNE CELL INTERACTIONS;137
7.7.3;7.3 IMMUNE FUNCTION IN OBESE ANIMAL MODELS;142
7.7.4;7.4 IMMUNE FUNCTION IN OBESE HUMANS;144
7.7.5;7.5 OBESITY AND IMMUNE RELATED DISEASES (FIG. 7.1);145
7.7.6;7.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES;148
7.7.7;References;148
8;Section B Nutrients and Immunomodulation;154
8.1;Host Immune Resistance and Dietary Lipids;155
8.1.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;155
8.1.2;8.2 TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS AND LIPID MEDIATORS;157
8.1.3;8.3 FATTY ACIDS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS: PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF IMMUNOMODULATION;158
8.1.4;8.4 DIETARY LIPIDS AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIOUS MICROORGANISMS;163
8.1.5;8.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES;173
8.1.6;REFERENCES;173
8.2;Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Immunomodulators in Disease;178
8.2.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;178
8.2.2;9.2 DIETARY POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, NOMENCLATURE, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND SOURCE;178
8.2.3;9.3 MECHANISM OF ACTION AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LCPUFA;180
8.2.4;9.4 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS;183
8.2.5;9.5 LCPUFA and Immune Function in Early Life;186
8.2.6;9.6 LCPUFA: Immunosupresive Effects ?;186
8.2.7;9.7 LCPUFA and Allergy;187
8.2.8;9.8 LCPUFA and Infection in High-Risk Patients;188
8.2.9;9.9 LCPUFA and Immune Disease (IBD, Rheumatologic , Skin…);189
8.2.10;9.10conclusions and Perspecti ves;190
8.2.11;REFERENCES;191
8.3;Immunomodulation by Fish Oil Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cancer;196
8.3.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;196
8.3.2;10.2 BIOLOGY Of UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS: ACIDS: 3 AND AND 6 FA;197
8.3.3;10.3 10.3 3 AND AND 6 FA PUFAs ARE COMPETITIVE SOURCES FOR LIPID MEDIATOR GENERATION;199
8.3.4;10.4 MODULATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE By By 3 FATTY ACIDS;200
8.3.5;10.5 EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON IMMUNE CELL FUNCTIONS;201
8.3.6;10.6 EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 FA ON THE COX-PATHWAY, TUMOR GROWTH, AND ANGIOGENESIS;203
8.3.7;10.7 MODULATION Of THE COX/PGE2-PATHWAYBY POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS;203
8.3.8;10.8 COX-INDEPENDENT PATHWAYS of TUMORGROWTH ATTENUATION BY .-3 FA;204
8.3.9;10.9 ROLE OF PPARs IN TUMORIGENESIS: IMPACT OF OF 3 FA;205
8.3.10;10.10 SYNERGISM of of 3 FA WITH ANTINEOPLASTIC RADIO- AND CHEMOTHERAPY;208
8.3.11;10.11 EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES ON CANCER PREVENTION BY NUTRITIONAL NUTRITIONAL 3 FA;209
8.3.12;10.12 EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL NUTRITIONAL 3 FA SUPPLEMENTATION ON CANCER CACHEXIA AND DISEASE PROGRESSION;210
8.3.13;10.13conclusions AND PERSPECTIVES;210
8.3.14;REFERENCES;211
8.4;Brain Innate Immune System and Its Modulation by Diet: The Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids;219
8.4.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;219
8.4.2;11.2 THE BRAIN INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM;221
8.4.3;11.3 CONSEQUENCE TO THE ACTIVATION OF BRAIN INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM: FROM SICKNESS Behavio R TO DEPRESSION;224
8.4.4;11.4 BRAIN INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE AGING BRAIN;227
8.4.5;11.5 INFLUENCE OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID ON BRAIN INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM;228
8.4.6;11.6 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives;230
8.4.7;REFERENCES;231
8.5;Immunomodulatory Potential of Conjugated Linolenic Acid;238
8.5.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;238
8.5.2;12.2 BIOSYNTHESIS OF CLA;240
8.5.3;12.3 IMMUNOMODULATORY POTENTIALS OF CLA;241
8.5.4;12.4 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES;244
8.5.5;References;245
8.6;Vitamins and Minerals: Contribution to Immune Function and Health;248
8.6.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;248
8.6.2;13.2 MICRONUTRIENTS, CHRONIC DISEASES, AND INFECTIONS;249
8.6.3;13.3 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NEEDS MICRONUTRIENTS;253
8.6.4;13.4 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives;265
8.6.5;REFERENCES;266
8.7;Trace Elements and Immune Function;274
8.7.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;274
8.7.2;14.2 COPPER;275
8.7.3;14.3 IRON;276
8.7.4;14.4 SELENIUM;278
8.7.5;14.5 ZINC;279
8.7.6;14.6 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives;280
8.7.7;REFERENCES;281
8.8;Vitamin Supplements and Disease Resistance in HIV- Infected Women and Children;284
8.8.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;284
8.8.2;15.2 VITAMINS AND DISEASE PROGRESSION IN HIV- INFECTED WOMEN;285
8.8.3;15.3 VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION AND CHILD HEALTH;290
8.8.4;15.4 VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS RECEIVING ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT;294
8.8.5;15.5 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives;297
8.8.6;REFERENCES;297
9;Section C Nutriceuticals and Immune-mediated Cancer Therapy;301
9.1;Fruit, Vegetables, and Extracts: Role in Cancer Prevention;302
9.1.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;302
9.1.2;16.2 EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED TO STUDY PHYTOCHEMICALS AND IMMUNITY;303
9.1.3;16.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER AND FRUITS AND VEGETABLES;304
9.1.4;16.4 GENERAL IMMUNITY;304
9.1.5;16.5 T CELLS AND CANCER;305
9.1.6;16.6 T CELLS AND DIFFERENTIATION: IMPACT OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES;306
9.1.7;16.7 T CELLS AND PRIMING: IMPACT OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES;306
9.1.8;16.8 INFLAMMATION’S ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS;310
9.1.9;16.9 T CELLS AND INFLAMMATION;310
9.1.10;16.10 conclusions and perspectives;310
9.1.11;REFERENCES;311
9.2;Lactoferrin in Immune Function, Cancer and Disease Resistance;315
9.2.1;17.1 ENDOGENOUS LACTOFERRIN;315
9.2.2;17.2 LACTOFERRIN SUPPLEMENTS;317
9.2.3;17.3 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LACTOFERRIN;319
9.2.4;17.4 CONCLUSIONs and perspecti ves;327
9.2.5;References;327
9.3;Plant-Derived Anticancer Agents Used in Western and Oriental Medicine;335
9.3.1;18.1 INTRODUCTION;335
9.3.2;18.2 ANTICANCER AGENTS IN WESTERN MEDICINE;336
9.3.3;18.3 ANTICANCER AGENTS IN ORIENTAL MEDICINE;339
9.3.4;18.4 IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS IN TCM;343
9.3.5;18.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES;346
9.3.6;References;347
9.4;The Immunological Modulation of Fuzheng TCM Herbs in Cancer Treatment;352
9.4.1;19.1 Introduction;352
9.4.2;19.2R EINFORC ING HEALTHY Qi AND REPLENISHING ARC HAEUS IS AN IMPORT ANT PRINCIPLE OF IMMUNOREGULATION THERAPY IN CANCER TREATMENT BY TC M;353
9.4.3;19.3T HE REVIEW OF THE IMMUNE REGULATION OF FZ CHINESE MEDICINE IN CANCER TREATMENT;355
9.4.4;19.4 conclusions and PeRsPECTiveS;364
9.4.5;References;364
10;Section D Dietary Components: Allergy and Asthma;368
10.1;Role of Dietary Components in the Epidemic of Allergic Disease;369
10.1.1;20.1 INTRODUCTION;370
10.1.2;20.2 EVENTS LEADING TO IMMUNE TOLERANCE;370
10.1.3;20.3 EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC DIETARY FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE, IMMUNE REGULATION AND THE PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASE;372
10.1.4;20.4 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR “ INDIVIDUALized” INTERVENTIONS;380
10.1.5;20.5 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives;380
10.1.6;References;381
10.2;Feeding in the First Month of Life and Prevention of Allergy;387
10.2.1;21.1 GENETICS PLUS ENVIRONMENT CONTRIBUTE TO ALLERGY;388
10.2.2;21.2 MATERNAL DIET DURING PREGNANCY;389
10.2.3;21.3 ROLE OF HUMAN MILK AND BREASTFEEDING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPIC DISEASE;390
10.2.4;21.4 EFFICIENCY OF HYDROLYZED FORMULA ON PREVENTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPIC DISEASE;393
10.2.5;21.5 ROLE OF IMMUNE-MODULATING MICRONUTRIENTS;395
10.2.6;21.6 ROLE OF INTRODUCTION OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS ON ATOPIC DISEASE;396
10.2.7;21.7 ROLE OF INTESTINAL MICROFLORA IN INFANCY AND RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA IN PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASES;396
10.2.8;21.8 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives;397
10.2.9;References;397
10.3;In Vitro and In Vivo Immunomodulatory and Anti-allergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Murill;403
10.3.1;22.1 INTRODUCTION;403
10.3.2;22.2 EFFECTS OF ABM EXTRACT ON POPULATION OF LYMPHOCYTE T- CELL SUBSETS IN C3H/ HE;405
10.3.3;22.3 INHIBITION EFFECTS OF ABM EXTRACT ON COMPOUND 48/ 80- INDUCED SYSTEMIC ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION;406
10.3.4;22.4 INHIBITION EFFECTS OF ABM EXTRACT ON DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS- LIKE SKIN LESION INDUCED BY PICRYL CHLORIDE ( PiCl) IN NC/ NGA;407
10.3.5;22.5conclusions and prespectives;407
10.3.6;References;408
11;Section E Botanical Extracts and Bioactive Foods;411
11.1;Resveratrol and Bioactive Flavonoids in Immune Function;412
11.1.1;23.1 INTRODUCTION;412
11.1.2;23.2 IMMUNOMODULATING FUNCTIONS OF RESVERATROL;416
11.1.3;23.3 FLAVONOIDS AS IMMUNOMODULATORS;421
11.1.4;23.4 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives;428
11.1.5;REFERENCES;428
11.2;Antiviral Activity of Phytochemicals: A Current Perspective;436
11.2.1;24.1 INTRODUCTION;436
11.2.2;24.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIVIRAL PHYTOCHEMICALS;439
11.2.3;24.3 CONCLUSIONS AND perspectives;467
11.2.4;References;472
11.3;Cocoa and the Immune System and Proliferative Disorders;484
11.3.1;25.1 INTRODUCTION;485
11.3.2;25.2 EFFECTS OF COCOA ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM;487
11.3.3;25.3 ANTIPROLIFERATIVE EFFECTS OF COCOA;495
11.3.4;25.4 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives;502
11.3.5;REFERENCES;502
11.4;Maturation and Activation of Dendritic Cells by Botanicals Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Role in Immune Enhancement;512
11.4.1;26.1 INTRODUCTION;512
11.4.2;26.2 BU ZHONG YI QI TANG (OR HOCHU-EKKI-TO);514
11.4.3;26.3 NON-TCM HERBAL MEDICINE;520
11.4.4;26.4conclu sions and peRspectives;520
11.4.5;References;525
11.5;Microalgae and Immune Potential;530
11.5.1;27.1 INTRODUCTION;530
11.5.2;27.2 Spirulina;531
11.5.3;27.3 IMMUNOMODULATION OF MACROPHAGES BY Spirulina;532
11.5.4;27.4 Spirulina AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY;533
11.5.5;27.5 ENHANCED IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION BY Spirulina;535
11.5.6;27.6 Spirulina IN ALLERGY AND RHINITIS;535
11.5.7;27.7 PHYCOCYNANIN FROM Spirulina;536
11.5.8;27.8 Chlorella;537
11.5.9;27.9 Haematococcus;537
11.5.10;REFERENCES;539
11.6;Mushrooms: Immunomodulating Activity and Role in Health Promotion;543
11.6.1;28.1 INTRODUCTION;543
11.6.2;28.2 ANTITUMOR AND IMMUNOMODULATING POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE MUSHROOMS;545
11.6.3;28.3 LENTINAN FROM L. Edodes;547
11.6.4;28.4 ANTITUMOR POLYSACCHARIDES FROM G. Frondosa;548
11.6.5;28.5 IMMUNOMODULATING ACTIONS OF P. cornucopiaevar. citrinopileatus, Oyster Mushrooms , And P. nameko;549
11.6.6;28.6 OTHERS;550
11.6.7;28.7 CONCLUSIONs and perspecti ves;551
11.6.8;REFERENCES;552
11.7;Immunological Functions of Polysaccharides from Soy Sauce;554
11.7.1;29.1 INTRODUCTION;554
11.7.2;29.2 BREWING OF JAPANESE SOY SAUCE;555
11.7.3;29.3 POLYSACCHARIDES FROM SOY SAUCE;555
11.7.4;29.4 ANTIALLERGIC ACTIVITY OF SPS;556
11.7.5;29.5 IMMUNOMODULATING ACTIVITIES OF SPS;557
11.7.6;29.6 STIMULATORY EFFECT OF SPS ON INTESTINAL IMMUNE SYSTEM;558
11.7.7;29.7 CLINICAL STUDIES ON SPS;559
11.7.8;29.8 IMPROVEMENT OF ALLERGIC SYMPTOMS OF PATIENTS WITH PAR;559
11.7.9;29.9 IMPROVEMENT OF ALLERGIC SYMPTOMS OF PATIENTS WITH SAR;560
11.7.10;29.10 CONCLUSIONs and prespectives;560
11.7.11;REFERENCES;561
11.8;Cinnamon and Immune Actions: Potential Role in Tristetraprolin- Mediated Inflammatory Diseases;566
11.8.1;30.1 INTRODUCTION;566
11.8.2;30.2 TRISTETRAPROLIN IS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN;567
11.8.3;30.3 TRISTETRAPROLIN IS A ZINC-DEPENDENT mRNA BINDING AND DESTABILIZING PROTEIN;567
11.8.4;30.4 TTP IS A LOW-ABUNDANCE, INDUCIBLE, CYTOSOLIC, AND HYPER- PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEIN;568
11.8.5;30.5 TRISTETRAPROLIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER;568
11.8.6;30.6 TRISTETRAPROLIN EXPRESSION IS REDUCED IN FATS OF OBESE PEOPLE WITH THE METABOLIC SYNDROME;569
11.8.7;30.7 TRISTETRAPROLIN EXPRESSION IS REDUCED IN BRAINS OF SUICIDE VICTIMS;570
11.8.8;30.8 TRISTETRAPROLIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH BLOOD PRESSURE;570
11.8.9;30.9 TRISTETRAPROLIN EXPRESSION IS INCREASED BY MICRONUTRIENTS;570
11.8.10;30.10 INSULIN INCREASES TTP AND DECREASES VEGF GENE EXPRESSION IN ADIPOCYTES;571
11.8.11;30.11 CINNAMON EXTRACT, LIKE INSULIN, INCREASES TTP AND DECREASES VEGF GENE EXPRESSION IN ADIPOCYTES;571
11.8.12;30.12 CINNAMON EXTRACT, UNLIKE INSULIN, INCREASES TTP GENE EXPRESSION IN MACROPHAGES;572
11.8.13;30.13 Conclusions and perspectives;574
11.8.14;REFERENCES;575
11.9;Immunotoxicology and Foods;579
11.9.1;31.1 INTRODUCTION;579
11.9.2;31.2 HOW FOODS AFFECT IMMUNOTOXICITY AND IMMUNE- MEDIATED DAMAGE;580
11.9.3;31.3 HOW FOODS AFFECT PATTERNS OF IMMUNE- DYSFUNCTION- LINKED DISEASE;581
11.9.4;31.4 AGE-RELATED AND GENDER-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS;583
11.9.5;31.5 EXPOSURE TO IMMUNOTOXICANTS VIA FOODS;584
11.9.6;31.6 FOODS AND THE REDUCTION OF IMMUNOTOXICITY- RELATED PROBLEMS;590
11.9.7;31.7 CONCLUSIONS and perspectives;591
11.9.8;REFERENCES;592
12;Section F Prebiotics and Probiotics;600
12.1;Probiotics and Inflammatory Immune Responses;601
12.1.1;32.1 INTRODUCTION;601
12.1.2;32.2 STIMULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY PROBIOTICS;604
12.1.3;32.3 PROBIOTICS AND REGULATION OF THE ALLERGIC IMMUNE RESPONSE;606
12.1.4;32.4 PROBIOTICS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES;607
12.1.5;32.5 PROBIOTICS AND OBESITY;613
12.1.6;32.6 CONCLUSIONs AND perspecti ves;614
12.1.7;REFERENCES;615
12.2;Prebiotics in Immuno-Modulation for Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis;621
12.2.1;33.1 INTRODUCTION;621
12.2.2;33.2 PATHOGENESIS AND DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS;622
12.2.3;33.3 ROLE OF THE GUT IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS;623
12.2.4;33.4 MODULATING THE LUMINAL INTESTINAL BACTERIA IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS;627
12.2.5;33.5 CLINICAL EFFECTS OF PREBIOTICS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS;630
12.2.6;33.6 SIDE EFFECTS OF PREBIOTICS IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ACUTE PANCREATITIS;631
12.2.7;33.7 DISTINCT EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PREBIOTICS?;632
12.2.8;33.8 Conclusions and perspectives;633
12.2.9;REFERENCES;633
12.3;Probiotics and Immunomodulation;635
12.3.1;34.1 INTRODUCTION;636
12.3.2;34.2 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM;637
12.3.3;34.3 INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM;637
12.3.4;34.4 ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM;639
12.3.5;34.5 THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM;642
12.3.6;34.6 PROBIOTICS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM;644
12.3.7;34.7 PROBIOTICS AND INNATE IMMUNITY;647
12.3.8;34.8 PROBIOTICS AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY;648
12.3.9;34.9 PROBIOTICS AND IMMUNOREGULATION;650
12.3.10;34.10 DIFFERENTIAL STIMULATION OF Th1 OR Th2 RESPONSE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE;656
12.3.11;34.11 CONCLUSIONs and perspectives;657
12.3.12;References;657
12.4;Immunomodulation by Foods and Microbes in Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis;666
12.4.1;35.1 INTRODUCTION;666
12.4.2;35.2 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CD AND UC: WESTERNIZATION OF LIFE STYLE?;667
12.4.3;35.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS;668
12.4.4;35.4 Conclusions and perspectives;677
12.4.5;REFERENCES;678
13;About the Editors;682
14;About the Series Editor;685
15;Index;687