Watt / Ramsden / Fry High Sensitivity Counting Techniques

International Series of Monographs on Electronics and Instrumentation
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8514-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 364 Seiten, Web PDF

International Series of Monographs on Electronics and Instrumentation, Volume 20: High Sensitivity Counting Techniques details the low background counting techniques for radiation detection. The book covers various areas of concerns in utilizing low background counting technique. The text first details the counting parameters, and then proceeds to discussing the attainment of low backgrounds in radiation detectors. Next, the selection deals with low background laboratories. The remaining chapters cover various quantification methods such as carbon-14 beta counting; counting of soft radiations using internal sources; and measurement of gamma radioactivity from the body. The book will be of great interest to scientists, engineers, and technicians involved in atomic energy projects.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Watt, D. E.

Ramsden, D.

Fry, D. W.

Higinbotham, W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;High Sensitivity Counting Techniques;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;FOREWORD;12
6;AUTHORS' PREFACE;14
7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;16
8;CHAPTER 1. COUNTING PARAMETERS;18
8.1;1.1 The Minimum Observable Counting Rate;18
8.2;1.2 The Factor of Merit;21
8.3;References;26
9;CHAPTER 2. THE ATTAINMENT OF LOW BACKGROUNDS IN RADIATION DETECTORS — (I) THE COSMIC RADIATION;28
9.1;2.1 Sources of Background;28
9.2;2.2 The Extensive Air Shower;29
9.3;2.3 Neutron Production;32
9.4;2.4 Gamma Shielding;35
9.5;2.5 Summary of Cosmic-ray Shield Requirements;37
9.6;2.6 Types of Anticoincidence System;38
9.7;2.7 Experimental Tests;42
9.8;2.8 Conclusions on Shielding for;48
9.9;References;50
10;CHAPTER 3. THE ATTAINMENT OF LOW BACKGROUNDS IN RADIATION DETECTORS — (II) SECONDARY EFFECTS;52
10.1;3.1 Local Radioactivity;52
10.2;3.2 Construction Materials;55
10.3;3.3 Electronics and Electrical System;61
10.4;References;70
11;CHAPTER 4. LOW-BACKGROUND LABORATORIES;72
11.1;4.1 Underground Laboratories;74
11.2;4.2 Steel Rooms;76
11.3;4.3 The Aldermaston Low-background Laboratory;76
11.4;References;85
12;CHAPTER 5. THE MEASUREMENT OF WEAK ALPHA ACTIVITIES;88
12.1;5.1 General Considerations on Sensitivity;88
12.2;5.2 Scintillation Counting;91
12.3;5.3 Gas-filled Detectors;98
12.4;5.4 The Gridded lonization Chamber;101
12.5;5.5 The Coaxial-electrode lonization Chamber as an Alpha Spectrometer;106
12.6;5.6 Semiconductor Counters;111
12.7;5.7 Preparation of Sources;114
12.8;5.8 Self-absorption in Homogeneously Dispersed Sources;122
12.9;5.9 Distortion of Energy Spectrum of Alpha-particles from a Thick Source;124
12.10;5.10 Backscattering of Alpha-particles from the Source Backing;126
12.11;References;128
13;CHAPTER 6. CARBON-14 BETA COUNTING;130
13.1;6.1 Radiocarbon Dating;130
13.2;6.2 Detection of Artificial C14 Activities;155
13.3;Bibliography and References;165
14;CHAPTER 7. COUNTING OF SOFT RADIATIONS USING INTERNAL SOURCES;170
14.1;7.1 Counting of Tritium;171
14.2;7.2 Errors in Gas Counting Techniques;183
14.3;7.3 Electron Attachment in Counters;184
14.4;7.4 Counting of S35;188
14.5;7.5 High Temperature Gas Counters;191
14.6;7.6 Counting of Other Soft Beta-emitters;194
14.7;7.7 Detection of X-radiations from Low Z Isotopes;195
14.8;Bibliography and References;204
15;CHAPTER 8. BETA COUNTING OF SOLID AND LIQUID SOURCES;210
15.1;8.1 Systems with 4 p Geometry;211
15.2;8.2 Systems with 2 p Geometry;219
15.3;8.3 Systems with less than 2 p Geometry;221
15.4;8.4 Organic Scintillator Anticoincidence Shields;232
15.5;8.5 Double Geiger Counter Technique;235
15.6;8.6 The Cancellation Technique;235
15.7;8.7 An "End-window" Beta Spectrometer;238
15.8;8.8 Source Preparation;241
15.9;8.9 Source Deposition Methods;244
15.10;8.10 Self-absorption and Self-scattering Corrections for Homogeneously Dispersed Sources;249
15.11;8.11 Backscattering and Self-scattering;253
15.12;8.12 Experimental Methods of Assessing Absorption and Scattering Corrections;258
15.13;8.13 Absorption in the Source-backing Foil;261
15.14;8.14 Annomalous Background Effects in Thick Sources;265
15.15;8.15 Correction for Source Decay during the Counting Period;269
15.16;8.16 Scintillation Counting of Solid Beta Sources;269
15.17;8.17 Scintillation Counting of Beta-emitters in Aqueous Solutions;275
15.18;References;278
16;CHAPTER 9. GAMMA-RAY DETECTION;282
16.1;9.1 General;282
16.2;9.2 Conditions for Counting under the Total Absorption Peak;284
16.3;9.3 Selection of Counting Geometry;287
16.4;9.4 Effects caused by Thick Sources;294
16.5;9.5 Errors Caused by Gain Drift;302
16.6;9.6 Ability to Detect One Gamma-ray in the Presence of Another Line at Higher Energy;303
16.7;9.7 Counting of Cascade Gamma-rays;306
16.8;9.8 Calculation of the Absolute Disintegration Rate;308
16.9;9.9 The Sum–Coincidence Method;310
16.10;9.10 Coincidence Counting of Positrons Among More Intense Negatron or Gamma Activity;312
16.11;9.11 Detector Calibration;316
16.12;9.12 Scintillation Spectrometers Operated in Anticoincidence with a Guard Detector;318
16.13;References;325
17;CHAPTER 10. MEASUREMENT OF GAMMA RADIOACTIVITY FROM THE BODY;328
17.1;10.1 Application of Whole Body Counters;328
17.2;10.2 Counting Systems;330
17.3;10.3 Calibration;341
17.4;References;347
18;AUTHOR INDEX;350
19;SUBJECT INDEX;358