Welkowitz / Ewen / Cohen Introductory Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-5815-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 288 Seiten, Web PDF

Introductory Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences provides an introduction to statistical concepts and principles. This book emphasizes the robustness of parametric procedures wherein such significant tests as t and F yield accurate results even if such assumptions as equal population variances and normal population distributions are not well met. Organized into three parts encompassing 16 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the rationale upon which much of behavioral science research is based, namely, drawing inferences about a population based on data obtained from a sample. This text then examines the primary goal of descriptive statistics to bring order out of chaos. Other chapters consider the concept of variability and its applications. This book discusses as well the essential characteristics of a group of scores. The final chapter deals with the chi-square analysis. This book is a valuable resource for students of statistics as well as for undergraduates majoring in psychology, sociology, and education.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Welkowitz, Joan

Ewen, Robert B.

Cohen, Jacob

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Introductory Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;Preface;12
7;Acknowledgments;14
8;Glossary of Symbols;16
9;PART I: INTRODUCTION;18
9.1;Chapter 1. Introduction;20
9.1.1;Descriptive and Inferential Statistics;21
9.1.2;Populations, Samples, Parameters, and Statistics;22
9.1.3;Summation Notation;23
9.1.4;Summary;28
10;PART II: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS;30
10.1;Chapter 2. Frequency distributions and graphs ;32
10.1.1;The Purpose of Descriptive Statistics ;32
10.1.2;Regular Frequency Distributions;33
10.1.3;Cumulative Frequency Distributions;34
10.1.4;Grouped Frequency Distributions;36
10.1.5;Graphic Representations;38
10.1.6;Shapes of Frequency Distributions;42
10.1.7;Summary;44
10.2;Chapter 3. Transformed scores I: Percentiles;45
10.2.1;Definition of Percentiles;45
10.2.2;Deciles, Quartiles, and the Median;53
10.2.3;Summary;54
10.3;Chapter 4. Measures of central tendency;55
10.3.1;The Mean;56
10.3.2;The Median;60
10.3.3;The Mode;61
10.3.4;Summary;62
10.4;Chapter 5. Measures of variability;63
10.4.1;The Concept of Variability;63
10.4.2;The Range;66
10.4.3;The Standard Deviation and Variance;67
10.4.4;Summary;73
10.5;Chapter 6. Transformed scores II : Z and T scores;74
10.5.1;Rules for Changing X and s;76
10.5.2;Standard Scores (Z Scores);77
10.5.3;T Scores;81
10.5.4;SAT Scores;82
10.5.5;Summary;83
10.5.6;Appendix to Chapter 6 : Proofs of Rules for Changing X and s;83
11;PART III: INFERENTIAL STATISTICS;86
11.1;Chapter 7. The general strategy of inferential statistics;88
11.1.1;The Goals of Inferential Statistics;89
11.1.2;The Strategy of Inferential Statistics;90
11.1.3;Statistical Models;100
11.1.4;Summary;105
11.2;Chapter 8. The normal curve model;106
11.2.1;Score Distributions;107
11.2.2;Characteristics of the Normal Curve;110
11.2.3;Illustrative Examples;110
11.2.4;Summary;117
11.3;Chapter 9. Inferences about the mean of a single population;118
11.3.1;The Standard Error of the Mean;118
11.3.2;Hypothesis Testing;122
11.3.3;The Statistical Test for the Mean of a Single Population when s Is Known;129
11.3.4;The Statistical Test for the Mean of a Single Population when s Is Not Known : The t Distributions;130
11.3.5;Interval Estimation;135
11.3.6;The Standard Error of a Proportion ;140
11.3.7;One-Tailed Tests of Significance ;143
11.3.8;Summary;146
11.4;Chapter 10. Testing hypotheses about the difference between the means of two populations;148
11.4.1;The Standard Error of the Difference ;148
11.4.2;Estimating the Standard Error of the Difference ;153
11.4.3;The t Test for Two Sample Means ;154
11.4.4;Measures of the Strength of the Relationship between the Two Variables ;156
11.4.5;Confidence Intervals for µ1 — µ2;157
11.4.6;Using the t Test for Two Sample Means: Some General Considerations;157
11.4.7;The t Test for Matched Samples;159
11.4.8;Summary;162
11.5;Chapter 11. Linear correlation and prediction;163
11.5.1;Describing the Linear Relationship between Two Variables;164
11.5.2;Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coefficient;175
11.5.3;Prediction and Linear Regression;178
11.5.4;Measuring Prediction Error: The Standard Error of Estimate;186
11.5.5;Summary;188
11.5.6;Appendix to Chapter 11 : Equivalence of the Various Formulas for r;188
11.6;Chapter 12. Other correlational techniques;192
11.6.1;The Relationship between Ranked Variables: The Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient;192
11.6.2;The Relationship between One Dichotomous and One Continuous Variable;195
11.6.3;The Relationship between Two Dichotomous Variables;201
11.6.4;Summary;202
11.7;Chapter 13. Introduction to power analysis;203
11.7.1;Concepts of Power Analysis;204
11.7.2;The Test of the Mean of a Single Population;206
11.7.3;The Significance Test of the Proportion of a Single Population;209
11.7.4;The Significance Test of a Pearson r;211
11.7.5;Testing the Significance of the Difference between Independent Means;213
11.7.6;Summary;216
11.8;Chapter 14. One-way analysis of variance;217
11.8.1;The General Logic of ANOVA;218
11.8.2;Computational Procedures;222
11.8.3;One-Way ANOVA with Unequal Sample Sizes;227
11.8.4;Some Comments on the Use of ANOVA;229
11.8.5;Summary;230
11.8.6;Appendix to Chapter 14 : Proof That Total Variance is Equal to the Sum of between-Group and within-Group Variance;230
11.9;Chapter 15. Introduction to factorial design: Two-way analysis of variance;232
11.9.1;Computational Procedures;233
11.9.2;The Meaning of Interaction;240
11.9.3;Summary;244
11.10;Chapter 16. Chi square;245
11.10.1;Chi Square and Goodness of Fit: One-Variable Problems;245
11.10.2;Chi Square as a Test of Independence: Two-Variable Problems;250
11.10.3;Measures of Strength of Association in Two-Variable Tables;256
11.10.4;Summary;259
12;Appendix;260
13;Index;284