Werth / Gheorghe / Major Charged Particle Traps II

Applications
2009
ISBN: 978-3-540-92261-2
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 54, 276 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics

This second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic con?nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary advances in diverse ?elds, ranging from such practical ?elds as mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard of frequency and the emergent ?eld of quantum computing made possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled con?nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoreticalactivity intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published work in a uni?ed volume that de?nes the current status of the ?eld. As explained in volume I, the technique of con?ning charged particles in suitable electromagnetic ?elds was initially conceived by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass ?lter. Its ?rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was completed in H. G. Dehmelt's laboratory where notable work was later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further exploitation of these devices has followed more or less - dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Werth, Günther

Gheorghe, Viorica N.

Major, Fouad G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Part I Electromagnetic Trap Properties;12
3.1;1 Summary of Trap Properties;13
3.1.1;1.1 Trapping Principles in Paul Traps;13
3.1.1.1;1.1.1 General Principles;15
3.1.1.2;1.1.2 Potential Depth;17
3.1.1.3;1.1.3 Motional Spectrum;18
3.1.1.4;1.1.4 Optimum Trapping Conditions;18
3.1.1.5;1.1.5 Storage Time;19
3.1.1.6;1.1.6 Ion Density Distribution;20
3.1.1.7;1.1.7 Storage Capability;20
3.1.1.8;1.1.8 Paul Trap Imperfections;21
3.1.2;1.2 Trapping Principles in Penning Traps;23
3.1.2.1;1.2.1 Theory of the Ideal Penning Trap;23
3.1.2.2;1.2.2 Motional Spectrum in Penning Traps;25
3.1.2.3;1.2.3 Penning Trap Imperfections;26
3.1.2.4;1.2.4 Storage Time;28
3.1.2.5;1.2.5 Storage Capability;30
3.1.2.6;1.2.6 Spatial Distribution;30
3.1.3;1.3 Trap Techniques;31
3.1.3.1;1.3.1 Trap Loading;31
3.1.3.1.1;In-trap Ion Creation;31
3.1.3.1.2;Ion Injection from Outside;31
3.1.3.2;1.3.2 Trapped Particle Detection;33
3.1.3.2.1;Destructive Detection;33
3.1.3.2.2;Nondestructive Detection;34
3.1.4;1.4 Ion Cooling Techniques;38
3.1.4.1;1.4.1 Buffer Gas Cooling;38
3.1.4.2;1.4.2 Resistive Cooling;39
3.1.4.3;1.4.3 Laser Cooling;40
3.1.4.4;1.4.4 Radiative Cooling;43
4;Part II Mass Spectrometry;45
4.1;2 Mass Spectrometry Using Paul Traps;46
4.1.1;2.1 The Quadrupole Ion Trap as a Mass Spectrometer;49
4.1.2;2.2 The ``Mass Instability Method'' of Detection;50
4.1.3;2.3 Sources of Mass Error in Ion Ejection Methods;53
4.1.4;2.4 Nonlinear Resonances in Imperfect Quadrupole Trap;53
4.1.5;2.5 Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Spectrometer;55
4.1.6;2.6 Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers;57
4.1.7;2.7 Tandem Quadrupole Fourier Transform Spectrometer;59
4.1.8;2.8 Silicon-Based Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers;61
4.2;3 Mass Spectroscopy in Penning Trap;64
4.2.1;3.1 Systematic Frequency Shifts;64
4.2.1.1;3.1.1 Electric Field Imperfections;64
4.2.1.2;3.1.2 Magnetic Field Imperfections;66
4.2.1.3;3.1.3 Misalignements and Trap Ellipticity;66
4.2.1.4;3.1.4 Image Charges;67
4.2.1.5;3.1.5 Magnetic Field Fluctuations;67
4.2.2;3.2 Observation of Motional Resonances;69
4.2.2.1;3.2.1 Nondestructive Observation;69
4.2.2.2;3.2.2 Destructive Observation;72
4.2.3;3.3 Line Shape of Motional Resonances;75
4.2.3.1;3.3.1 Nondestructive Detection;75
4.2.3.2;3.3.2 Destructive Detection;77
4.2.3.2.1;Dipole Excitation;77
4.2.3.2.2;Quadrupole Excitation;78
4.2.3.2.3;Ramsey Excitation;79
4.2.4;3.4 Experimental Procedures;81
4.2.4.1;3.4.1 Reference Ions;82
4.2.5;3.5 Selected Results;85
4.2.5.1;3.5.1 Stable and Long Lived Isotopes;86
4.2.5.1.1;3H–3He Mass Difference;86
4.2.5.1.2;Proton/Electron Mass Ratio;87
4.2.5.1.3;Proton/Antiproton Mass Ratio;87
4.2.5.1.4;Cs Mass and the Fine Structure Constant;87
4.2.5.1.5;SI Mass and the Kilogram;88
4.2.5.2;3.5.2 Short-Lived Isotopes;88
5;Part III Spectroscopy with Trapped Charged Particles;91
5.1;4 Microwave Spectroscopy;92
5.1.1;4.1 Zeeman Spectroscopy;92
5.1.1.1;4.1.1 g-Factor of the Free Electron;93
5.1.1.2;4.1.2 g-Factor of the Bound Electron;102
5.1.1.3;4.1.3 Atomic g-Factor;108
5.1.1.4;4.1.4 Nuclear gI-Factor;110
5.1.2;4.2 Hyperfine Structures in the Ground States;112
5.1.2.1;4.2.1 Summary of HFS Theory;112
5.1.2.2;4.2.2 Early Experiments;114
5.1.2.3;4.2.3 Laser Microwave Double Resonance Spectroscopy;120
5.1.3;4.3 Microwave Atomic Clocks;125
5.1.3.1;4.3.1 Definition of the Unit of Time;125
5.1.3.2;4.3.2 Trapped Ion Microwave Standards;128
5.1.3.2.1;The JPL 199Hg+ Standard;130
5.1.3.2.2;The NIST 199Hg+ Standard;132
5.1.3.2.3;Other Possible Ion Microwave Standards;135
5.2;5 Optical Spectroscopy;136
5.2.1;5.1 Optical Frequency Standards;136
5.2.1.1;5.1.1 Theoretical Limit to Laser Spectral Purity;136
5.2.1.2;5.1.2 Laser Stabilization;138
5.2.1.3;5.1.3 Single Ion Optical Frequency Standards;140
5.2.1.3.1;Servo-Related Limit on Stability: The Dick Effect;140
5.2.1.3.2;Quantum Projection Noise;142
5.2.1.3.3;The 199Hg+ Optical Standard;143
5.2.1.3.4;Optical Frequency Standards Based on Alkaline Earth Ions;145
5.2.1.3.5;Optical Frequency Standard Based on 171Yb+ Ion;148
5.2.1.3.6;Optical Frequency Standard based on 115In+ Ion;151
5.2.1.3.7;Optical Frequency Standard Based on 27Al+ Ion;152
5.2.1.4;5.1.4 Correction of Systematic Errors;154
5.2.1.4.1;The Electric Quadrupole Shift;155
5.2.1.4.2;The Quadratic Zeeman Shift;156
5.2.1.4.3;Relativistic Doppler Shift;157
5.2.1.4.4;Quadratic Stark Shifts;158
5.2.1.4.5;Gravitational Red Shift;158
5.2.1.4.6;Other Systematic Biases;158
5.2.1.5;5.1.5 Optical Frequency Measurement;159
5.2.2;5.2 Progress in Standards;164
5.3;6 Lifetime Studies in Traps;167
5.3.1;6.1 Radiative Lifetimes;167
5.3.1.1;6.1.1 Experimental Methods of Lifetime Measurement;168
5.3.1.1.1;Direct Decay Method;168
5.3.1.1.2;Sequential Pulsed Laser Methods;171
5.3.1.1.3;Methods Using the Static (Kingdon) Ion Trap;176
5.3.1.2;6.1.2 Systematic Effects on the Lifetimes;178
5.3.1.2.1;Mixing of States;178
5.3.1.2.2;Light Scattering Effects;179
5.3.1.2.3;Effect of Collisions;179
5.3.1.3;6.1.3 Quenching Collisions;182
6;Part IV Quantum Topics;183
6.1;7 Quantum Effects in Charged Particle Traps;184
6.1.1;7.1 Quantum Jumps;185
6.1.2;7.2 The Quantum Zeno Effect;185
6.1.3;7.3 Entanglement of Trapped Ion States;188
6.1.3.1;7.3.1 Entanglement of Two-Trapped Ions;189
6.1.3.2;7.3.2 Entanglement of Three-Trapped Ions;191
6.1.3.3;7.3.3 Multi-ion Entanglement;192
6.1.3.4;7.3.4 Trapped Ion–Photon Entanglement;194
6.1.3.5;7.3.5 Lifetime of Entangled States;195
6.1.4;7.4 Quantum Teleportation;196
6.1.5;7.5 Sources of Decoherence;200
6.1.5.1;7.5.1 Decoherence Reservoirs;200
6.1.5.2;7.5.2 Motional Decoherence;201
6.1.5.3;7.5.3 Collisions with Background Gas;204
6.1.5.4;7.5.4 Internal State Decoherence;205
6.1.5.5;7.5.5 Induced Decoherence;207
6.1.5.6;7.5.6 Control of Thermal Decoherence;208
6.1.5.6.1;Dynamical Decoupling;209
6.1.5.6.2;Quantum Zeno Control;210
6.2;8 Quantum Computing with Trapped Charged Particles;211
6.2.1;8.1 Background Fundamentals;212
6.2.1.1;8.1.1 Quantum Bits: Qubits;212
6.2.1.2;8.1.2 Some History;214
6.2.1.3;8.1.3 Possible Alternatives: The DiVincenzo Criteria;216
6.2.2;8.2 Ion Traps for Quantum Computing;219
6.2.2.1;8.2.1 Trap Electrode Design;219
6.2.2.2;8.2.2 Choice of Ion;220
6.2.3;8.3 Qubits with Trapped Ions;223
6.2.4;8.4 Quantum Registers: Qregister;224
6.2.4.1;8.4.1 Initialisation of the Qubits;227
6.2.4.1.1;Initialisation of the Bus Qubit;228
6.2.5;8.5 Creation of Nonclassical States;230
6.2.5.1;8.5.1 Fock States;230
6.2.5.2;8.5.2 Coherent States;231
6.2.5.3;8.5.3 Schrödinger Cat States;231
6.2.6;8.6 Quantum Logic Gates;232
6.2.7;8.7 Qubit Entanglement;235
6.2.8;8.8 Quantum Information Processing;236
6.2.8.1;8.8.1 Speed of Operation;238
6.2.8.2;8.8.2 Nonclassical State Reconstruction;239
6.2.9;8.9 Qubit Decoherence;243
6.2.10;8.10 Scalability;244
6.2.11;8.11 Penning Trap as Quantum Information Processor;249
6.2.11.1;8.11.1 Computing with Electrons;249
6.2.11.2;8.11.2 Linear Multi-trap Processor;249
6.2.11.3;8.11.3 Planar Multi-trap Processor;251
6.2.11.4;8.11.4 Expected Performance;258
6.2.12;8.12 Future Developments;259
6.3;References;261
6.4;Index;275