West / Bowen / Dawson Isoscapes

Understanding movement, pattern, and process on Earth through isotope mapping
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3354-3
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 487 Seiten

Stable isotope ratio variation in natural systems reflects the dynamics of Earth systems processes and imparts isotope labels to Earth materials. Carbon isotope ratios of atmospheric CO2 record exchange of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere; the incredible journeys of migrating monarchs is documented by hydrogen isotopes in their wings; and water carries an isotopic record of its source and history as it traverses the atmosphere and land surface.  Through these and many other examples, improved understanding of spatio-temporal isotopic variation in Earth systems is leading to innovative new approaches to scientific problem-solving. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the theory, methods, and applications that are enabling new disciplinary and cross-disciplinary advances through the study of 'isoscapes': isotopic landscapes. 'This impressive new volume shows scientists deciphering and using the natural isotope landscapes that subtly adorn our spaceship Earth.', Brian Fry, Coastal Ecology Institute, Louisiana State University, USA 'An excellent timely must read and must-have reference book for anybody interested or engaged in applying stable isotope signatures to questions in e.g. Anthropology, Biogeochemistry, Ecology, or Forensic Science regarding chronological and spatial movement, changes, or distribution relating to animals, humans, plants, or water.', Wolfram Meier-Augenstein, Centre for Anatomy & Human Identification, University of Dundee, UK 'Natural resources are being affected by global change, but exactly where, how, and at what pace? Isoscapes provide new and remarkably precise answers.', John Hayes, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA 'This exciting volume is shaping a new landscape in environmental sciences that is utilizing the remarkable advances in isotope research to enhance and extend the capabilities of the field.', Dan Yakir, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Autoren/Hrsg.

West, Jason B.

Bowen, Gabriel J.

Dawson, Todd E.

Tu, Kevin P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
1.1;Context and Background for the Topic and Book;5
1.2;A Brief Isotope Primer;7
1.3;References;10
2;Acknowledgments;12
3;Contents;13
4;Contributors;16
5;Part I Gathering and Using Spatially Explicit Isotope Data;22
5.1;Chapter 1 Global Network Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Gas Isotopes;23
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;23
5.1.2;1.2 Isotopic Measurement Programs;25
5.1.3;1.3 Instrumentation;28
5.1.4;1.4 Data Reporting, Corrections and Standards;30
5.1.5;1.5 Considerations for Flask Measurement Networks;32
5.1.5.1;1.5.1 Flasks;32
5.1.5.2;1.5.2 Sites;32
5.1.5.3;1.5.3 Data Management;33
5.1.5.4;1.5.4 Flow of Data;33
5.1.5.5;1.5.5 Intercomparison Activities;35
5.1.6;1.6 Some Examples of Isotopic Trace Gas Findings;38
5.1.6.1;1.6.1 13C of Atmospheric CO;38
5.1.6.2;1.6.2 18O of Atmospheric CO;40
5.1.6.3;1.6.3 13C of Atmospheric CH;41
5.1.6.4;1.6.4 14C of Atmospheric CO;43
5.1.7;1.7 Conclusions and New Frontiers;44
5.1.8;References;46
5.2;Chapter 2 Global Hydrological Isotope Data and Data Networks;52
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction;52
5.2.2;2.2 A Brief Historical Note on Isotope Hydrology Datasets;53
5.2.3;2.3 Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation;54
5.2.3.1;2.3.1 GNIP – Mode of Operation;55
5.2.3.2;2.3.2 Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in Global Precipitation;56
5.2.3.3;2.3.3 Tritium in Global Precipitation;62
5.2.4;2.4 Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR);63
5.2.5;2.5 Moisture Isotopes in the Biosphere and Atmosphere (MIBA);63
5.2.6;2.6 Isotope Composition of Surface Waters and Groundwaters (IAEA-TWIN);64
5.2.7;2.7 Isotope Composition of Seawater;65
5.2.8;2.8 Concluding Remarks;65
5.2.9;References;66
5.3;Chapter 3 Remote Sensing of Nitrogen and Carbon Isotope Compositions in Terrestrial Ecosystems;70
5.3.1;3.1 Introduction;70
5.3.2;3.2 Remote Sensing of Foliar N Isotope Composition;71
5.3.2.1;3.2.1 Leaf and Canopy Scale Using Field Spectra Data;72
5.3.2.2;3.2.2 Laboratory Assessment of Leaf d15N Using Spectra Data;77
5.3.2.3;3.2.3 Mechanisms;77
5.3.2.4;3.2.4 Future Directions;80
5.3.3;3.3 Remote Sensing and C Isotope Composition Prediction;80
5.3.3.1;3.3.1 Geostatistical Analysis of Soil d13C Distribution on Ground;81
5.3.3.2;3.3.2 Soil d13C Prediction Using Satellite Data;84
5.3.4;3.4 Summary;86
5.3.5;References;86
5.4;Chapter 4 Novel Approaches for Monitoring of Water Vapor Isotope Ratios: Plants, Lasers and Satellites;90
5.4.1;4.1 Introduction;90
5.4.2;4.2 Water Vapor Isotopes and Measurement Challenges;91
5.4.3;4.3 Motivation for Plant-Based Proxies;93
5.4.4;4.4 Application of Plant Proxy Estimates;95
5.4.5;4.5 Direct Measurement by Optical Methods;99
5.4.6;4.6 Final Remarks;104
5.4.7;References;105
5.5;Chapter 5 Applications of Stable Isotopes for Regional to National-Scale Water Quality and Environmental Monitoring Programs;108
5.5.1;5.1 Introduction;108
5.5.2;5.2 Isotopes and Monitoring Programs;109
5.5.2.1;5.2.1 Tracers of Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Watersheds;109
5.5.2.2;5.2.2 Sampling Strategies Used by Monitoring Programs;110
5.5.2.3;5.2.3 Benefits of Piggybacking Isotopic Sampling on Monitoring Programs;112
5.5.3;5.3 Causes of Spatial and Temporal Isotope Patterns in Watersheds;114
5.5.3.1;5.3.1 Longitudinal Spatial Patterns in d 13C;114
5.5.3.2;5.3.2 Anthropogenic and Other Spatial and Temporal Effects on d 15N;115
5.5.3.3;5.3.3 Anthropogenic and Other Spatial Effects on d 34S;116
5.5.4;5.4 Isotopes, Isolation, Isotropy, and Isoscapes;116
5.5.5;5.5 Developing Isoscapes from Riverine Data;118
5.5.5.1;5.5.1 Isoscapes of Regional to National-Scale Riverine Studies;118
5.5.5.2;5.5.2 Isoscapes for Longitudinal Riverine Studies;121
5.5.6;5.6 Conclusions;126
5.5.7;References;128
5.6;Chapter 6 Environment in Time and Space: Opportunities from Tree-Ring Isotope Networks;131
5.6.1;6.1 Introduction;131
5.6.2;6.2 Examples of Networks Around the World;134
5.6.2.1;6.2.1 Pinyon Pine in the U.S. Southwest;134
5.6.2.2;6.2.2 China Tree-Ring Isotope Network – Example of Work in Progress;137
5.6.2.3;6.2.3 European Isotope Network;141
5.6.3;6.3 Discussion and Conclusions;145
5.6.4;References;149
6;Part II Isotope Mapping: Theory and Methods;154
6.1;Chapter 7 Statistical and Geostatistical Mapping of Precipitation Water Isotope Ratios;155
6.1.1;7.1 Introduction;155
6.1.2;7.2 Precipitation Isotope Systematics;156
6.1.3;7.3 Precipitation Isotope Data;157
6.1.4;7.4 Geostatistical Modeling of Precipitation Isotope Ratios;161
6.1.4.1;7.4.1 Contour and Pure Geostatistical Maps;162
6.1.4.2;7.4.2 Empirical Models;165
6.1.4.3;7.4.3 Coupling Regression and Geostatistics;166
6.1.4.4;7.4.4 Parameterizations for Regional and Sub-annual Models;169
6.1.5;7.5 Applications;171
6.1.6;7.6 Temporal Resolution and the Way Forward;173
6.1.7;References;174
6.2;Chapter 8 Approaches to Plant Hydrogen and Oxygen Isoscapes Generation;177
6.2.1;8.1 Introduction;177
6.2.2;8.2 Leaf Water Isoscapes;178
6.2.3;8.3 Modern Biosphere–Atmosphere Interactions;182
6.2.4;8.4 Inferring Past Environments;182
6.2.5;8.5 Forensic Applications;184
6.2.5.1;8.5.1 Cellulose Isoscapes – Counterfeit Money Tracking;185
6.2.5.2;8.5.2 Plant Lipid Isoscapes – Ricin Source Tracking;186
6.2.6;8.6 Frontiers;189
6.2.7;References;190
6.3;Chapter 9 Continental-Scale Distributions of Vegetation Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios;195
6.3.1;9.1 Introduction;195
6.3.2;9.2 Methods;198
6.3.3;9.3 Results and Discussion;201
6.3.4;9.4 Conclusions;205
6.3.5;References;207
6.4;Chapter 10 Comprehensive Dynamical Models of Global and Regional Water Isotope Distributions;210
6.4.1;10.1 Introduction;210
6.4.2;10.2 Development and Uses of Comprehensive Isotope Models;211
6.4.3;10.3 Isotopic Budgets in Comprehensive Models;213
6.4.4;10.4 Transport Processes and Numerical Solution;215
6.4.4.1;10.4.1 Diagnostic Water Tracers;215
6.4.4.2;10.4.2 Numerical Issues for Transport Processes;217
6.4.5;10.5 Exchange Processes and Fractionation;219
6.4.5.1;10.5.1 Land and Ocean Water Sources;219
6.4.5.2;10.5.2 Elementary Cloud Processes in Comprehensive Models;221
6.4.5.3;10.5.3 More Advanced Isotope Cloud Physics;223
6.4.5.4;10.5.4 Post Condensation Exchange;226
6.4.6;10.6 Interpretive Utility and Reproducibility;227
6.4.7;10.7 Discussion and Outlook;229
6.4.8;References;231
6.5;Chapter 11 Using Nitrogen Isotope Ratios to Assess Terrestrial Ecosystems at Regional and Global Scales;235
6.5.1;11.1 Introduction;235
6.5.2;11.2 Background on N Cycling and 15N;236
6.5.3;11.3 Uses of N Isotopes;242
6.5.4;11.4 Factors Causing Variation in 15N Signatures in Terrestrial Ecosystems;243
6.5.4.1;11.4.1 Land-Use History in the Short-Term and Long Term;244
6.5.4.2;11.4.2 Species Composition;245
6.5.4.3;11.4.3 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi;246
6.5.4.4;11.4.4 Climate/Precipitation;247
6.5.5;11.5 Scaling Up: Issues to Consider;247
6.5.6;11.6 Regional Scale Plant and Soil 15N Analyses;249
6.5.7;11.7 Global Scale Plant and Soil 15N Analyses;252
6.5.8;11.8 Mapping Precipitation d15N;255
6.5.9;11.9 Future Research Directions;257
6.5.10;11.10 Summary;258
6.5.11;References;258
6.6;Chapter 12 Using Isoscapes to Model Probability Surfaces for Determining Geographic Origins;264
6.6.1;12.1 Introduction and Background;264
6.6.2;12.2 Example Problem;266
6.6.2.1;12.2.1 Study Design and Model Development;266
6.6.3;12.3 Model Aim and Overview;267
6.6.3.1;12.3.1 Model Assembly, Deterministic Calibration;268
6.6.3.2;12.3.2 Model Assembly, Stochastic Component;270
6.6.3.3;12.3.3 Model Application, Bayes Rule Inversion;272
6.6.3.4;12.3.4 Partitioning the Variance;274
6.6.4;12.4 Discrete and Continuous Frameworks;276
6.6.5;12.5 Origin of Populations versus That for Individuals;279
6.6.6;12.6 Concluding Remarks;281
6.6.7;References;282
7;Part III Multidisciplinary Applications of Isoscapes;284
7.1;Chapter 13 Using Isoscapes to Track Animal Migration;285
7.1.1;13.1 Introduction;285
7.1.2;13.2 The Three Principles of Isotopic Tracking;286
7.1.3;13.3 Isoscapes;287
7.1.3.1;13.3.1 C3/C4/CAM (d13C, dD);287
7.1.3.2;13.3.2 Deuterium and 18O in Precipitation and Surface Waters;289
7.1.3.3;13.3.3 Strontium Isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) and the Heavy Element Advantage;289
7.1.4;13.4 Isotopic Discrimination and Physiological Considerations;291
7.1.5;13.5 Isotopic Turnover;292
7.1.6;13.6 Some Key Case Studies;295
7.1.6.1;13.6.1 Birds and Insects;295
7.1.6.2;13.6.2 Mammals;297
7.1.6.3;13.6.3 Fish;300
7.1.7;13.7 Current Limitations and Future Research;303
7.1.8;References;305
7.2;Chapter 14 Using Isoscapes to Trace the Movements and Foraging Behavior of Top Predators in Oceanic Ecosystems;311
7.2.1;14.1 Introduction;311
7.2.1.1;14.1.1 Mechanisms That Shape the Isotopic Baseline;312
7.2.1.2;14.1.2 Marine Isoscapes in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean Basins;314
7.2.2;14.2 Case Studies – Marine Isoscapes and Top Predator Movements;316
7.2.2.1;14.2.1 Marine Mammals;316
7.2.2.2;14.2.2 Tropical Tunas;321
7.2.3;14.3 Summary and Future Directions;325
7.2.4;References;327
7.3;Chapter 15 Toward a d13C Isoscape for Primates;331
7.3.1;15.1 Introduction;331
7.3.2;15.2 d13C Variation in Plants and the Animals That Feed on Them;332
7.3.3;15.3 A Primate d13C Isoscape?;333
7.3.4;15.4 Implications for Diet Reconstruction in Early Members of the Human Lineage;339
7.3.5;15.5 Final Thoughts on a Primate Isoscape;341
7.3.6;References;342
7.4;Chapter 16 Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes in Biological Archaeology: Some Applications;346
7.4.1;16.1 Introduction;346
7.4.2;16.2 Growth History Reflected in Skeletal Materials;347
7.4.3;16.3 Isotopic Tracers and Migration;347
7.4.3.1;16.3.1 Oxygen Isotopes;348
7.4.3.2;16.3.2 Strontium Isotopes;349
7.4.3.3;16.3.3 Paleodietary Isotopes;350
7.4.4;16.4 Oxygen Isotopic Studies of Migration;351
7.4.4.1;16.4.1 Mesoamerica;352
7.4.4.2;16.4.2 Rome;353
7.4.4.3;16.4.3 Nile and Sahara Desert;354
7.4.5;16.5 Strontium Isotopic Studies;356
7.4.6;16.6 Overview of Migration Studies Using Isotopes;360
7.4.7;16.7 Forensic Applications of Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes;360
7.4.8;16.8 Paleoclimate;361
7.4.9;16.9 Conclusions;363
7.4.10;References;364
7.5;Chapter 17 A Framework for the Incorporation of Isotopes and Isoscapes in Geospatial Forensic Investigations;368
7.5.1;17.1 Introduction;368
7.5.2;17.2 Breadth of Isotope Applications in Forensics;369
7.5.2.1;17.2.1 A Framework Based on Process-Based Models;371
7.5.3;17.3 Topics of Forensic Interest That Use Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Ratios;374
7.5.3.1;17.3.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen in Tapwater and Bottled Water;374
7.5.3.2;17.3.2 Hydrogen and Oxygen in the Body Water of Animals;377
7.5.3.3;17.3.3 Oxygen Isotopes in Inorganic Matter;380
7.5.3.4;17.3.4 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Organic Matter;381
7.5.4;17.4 Application of Stable Isotope Analysis to Unsolved Murder Investigations;385
7.5.4.1;17.4.1 The Case of “Saltair Sally”, Found in Utah;386
7.5.4.2;17.4.2 An Unidentified Victim from Mammoth Lakes, California;389
7.5.5;17.5 Emerging Opportunities;393
7.5.6;References;393
7.6;Chapter 18 Stable Isotopes in Large Scale Hydrological Applications;399
7.6.1;18.1 Introduction;399
7.6.2;18.2 Theoretical Background;401
7.6.3;18.3 Large Scale Isotopic Patterns;406
7.6.3.1;18.3.1 Sources and Generation of Runoff;406
7.6.3.2;18.3.2 Evaporative Processes;408
7.6.4;18.4 Concluding Remarks;411
7.6.5;References;413
7.7;Chapter 19 The Carbon Isotope Composition of Plants and Soils as Biomarkers of Pollution;416
7.7.1;19.1 Introduction;416
7.7.2;19.2 Radiocarbon Methodology and Notation;417
7.7.3;19.3 Isotope Ratios of Vegetation in Polluted Air;419
7.7.4;19.4 The Spatial Distribution of D14C Plant Biomarkers;422
7.7.5;19.5 The Temporal Distribution of D14C Biomarkers;426
7.7.6;19.6 Combining Carbon and Nitrogen Tracers;427
7.7.7;19.7 Conclusions;428
7.7.8;References;430
7.8;Chapter 20 Isoscapes in a Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Interconnected World;433
7.8.1;20.1 Introduction;433
7.8.2;20.2 The Search for Mechanistic Relationships;435
7.8.3;20.3 Better Data, Better Predictions;436
7.8.4;20.4 Limitations and Challenges;437
7.8.5;20.5 Opportunities for Isoscapes in a Networked World;439
7.8.6;References;440
8;Appendix 1: Color Section;441
9;Index;487