Wilkinson The Moon in Close-up

A Next Generation Astronomer's Guide
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-14805-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 310 Seiten

Reihe: The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series

Information collected by recent space probes sent to explore the Moon by the USA, the European Space Agency, Japan, China and India has changed our knowledge and understanding of the Moon, particularly its geology, since the Apollo missions. This book presents those findings in a way that will be welcomed by amateur astronomers, students, educators and anyone interested in the Moon. Enhanced by many colour photos, it combines newly acquired scientific understanding with detailed descriptions and labelled photographic maps of the lunar surface. Guided by observation methods explained in the book and 17 Study Areas presented and carefully explained in the last chapter, amateur astronomers can observe these features from Earth using telescopes and binoculars. Readers who consult the photographic maps will gain a better understanding about the Moon's topography and geology. The book is rounded out by a helpful glossary.

John Wilkinson is a science educator with over 30 years experience in teaching science, physics and chemistry in secondary colleges and universities in Australia. He is author of over 100 science textbooks. He completed his Masters degree and PhD in science education at La Trobe University, Australia. Throughout his life he has been a keen amateur astronomer and operates his own observatory from his backyard.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wilkinson, John

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgements;8
3;Contents;10
4;Chapter One: Introducing the Moon;14
4.1;What´s New?;15
4.2;Introduction;16
4.3;Early Ideas About the Moon;18
4.4;Landmarks in Lunar Astronomy;20
4.5;Orbit and Motion;22
4.6;Libration;24
4.7;Phases of the Moon;27
4.8;Sidereal and Synodic Month;30
4.9;Features of the Moon;31
4.9.1;The Lunar ``Maria´´;31
4.9.2;Lunar Craters;35
4.10;Terms Used When Observing the Moon;39
4.11;Maps of the Moon;40
4.12;Gravity and Tidal Forces;42
4.13;Atmosphere;44
4.14;Water;45
4.15;Temperature;46
4.16;Magnetic Field;47
4.17;Far Side of the Moon;48
4.18;Web Notes;51
5;Chapter Two: Probing the Moon;52
5.1;What´s New?;53
5.2;Early Space Probes to the Moon;55
5.3;Apollo Missions;57
5.4;More Lunar Missions;59
5.5;Getting to the Moon;64
5.6;Recent Lunar Missions;69
5.6.1;Lunar Exploration by Japan;70
5.6.2;Lunar Exploration by China;71
5.6.3;Lunar Exploration by India;72
5.7;USA Return to the Moon;74
5.8;Further Lunar Probes;77
5.9;Web Notes;81
6;Chapter Three: Geological History of the Moon;82
6.1;What´s New?;83
6.2;Origin of the Moon;84
6.3;History of the Moon;87
6.4;The Moon´s Periods;88
6.5;Lunar Rocks and Soil;90
6.6;Ancient Impact Basins;92
6.7;Mare Geology;95
6.8;The Highlands;100
6.9;Lunar Mountains;102
6.10;Lunar Valleys;105
6.11;Transient Lunar Phenomena;107
6.12;Interior of the Moon;110
6.13;Mascons;112
6.14;The Far Side of the Moon;114
6.15;Web Notes;117
7;Chapter Four: Occultations and Eclipses;118
7.1;What´s New?;119
7.2;Occultations;120
7.2.1;Observing Occultations;121
7.2.2;Occultation Case Study;122
7.2.3;Multiple Occultations;123
7.2.4;Usefulness of Occultations;124
7.3;Eclipses;125
7.3.1;Solar Eclipses;125
7.3.1.1;Viewing a Solar Eclipse;126
7.3.1.2;Solar Eclipse Case Study;129
7.3.1.3;Time of a Solar Eclipse;130
7.3.1.4;Recording a Solar Eclipse;130
7.3.2;Lunar Eclipses;132
7.3.2.1;Time of a Lunar Eclipse;133
7.3.2.2;Observing a Lunar Eclipse;135
7.3.2.3;Lunar Eclipse Case Study;136
7.4;Web Notes;139
8;Chapter Five: Observing the Moon;140
8.1;What´s New?;141
8.2;Beginning a Study of the Moon;143
8.3;Observing with Binoculars;144
8.4;Types of Optics in Binoculars;148
8.5;Using a Telescope;149
8.6;The Refractor;150
8.7;Reflectors;152
8.8;Eyepieces;154
8.9;Filters;155
8.10;Mounting for Telescopes;156
8.11;Observing the Moon;161
8.11.1;New Moon to Day 4;161
8.11.2;Day 4 to Day 7 (First Quarter);163
8.11.3;Day 7 to Day 11;164
8.11.4;Day 11 to Day 14 (Full Moon);165
8.11.5;Day 14 to Day 28;166
8.12;Photographing the Moon;168
8.13;Single Lens Reflex Photography;169
8.14;CCD Cameras;170
8.15;Determining Exposures;172
8.16;Video and CCD Cameras;174
8.17;Image Processing;175
8.18;List of Recommended Astrophotography Books;176
8.19;Web Notes;177
9;Chapter Six: Studying the Moon;178
9.1;Study Area 1: Mare Crisium;180
9.1.1;Mare Crisium;181
9.1.2;Mare Fecunditatis;182
9.1.3;Mare Tranquillitatis;183
9.1.4;Apollonius (4.5N, 61.1E);183
9.1.5;Cauchy (9.6N, 38.6E);183
9.1.6;Condorcet (12.1N, 69.6E);184
9.1.7;Firmicus (7.3N, 63.4E);185
9.1.8;Macrobius (21.3N, 46.0E);185
9.1.9;Messier and Messier A (1.9S, 47.6E);185
9.1.10;Peirce (18.3N, 53.5E);186
9.1.11;Picard (14.6N, 54.7E);186
9.1.12;Proclus (16.1N, 46.8E);186
9.1.13;Secchi (2.4N, 43.5E);186
9.1.14;Taruntius (5.6N, 46.5E);186
9.1.15;Webb (0.9S, 60.0E);187
9.1.16;Yerkes (14.6N, 51.7E);187
9.2;Study Area 2: Southeast Limb;188
9.2.1;Mare Fecunditatis;190
9.2.2;Mare Nectaris;190
9.2.3;Bohnenberger (16.2S, 40.0E);190
9.2.4;Colombo (15.1S, 45.8E);191
9.2.5;Cook (17.5S, 48.9E);191
9.2.6;Fracastorius (21.5S, 33.2E);191
9.2.7;Furnerius (36.0S, 60.6E);191
9.2.8;Goclenius (10.0S, 45.0E);192
9.2.9;Langrenus (8.9S, 61.1E);193
9.2.10;Lohse (13.7S, 60.2E);194
9.2.11;Metius (40.3S, 43.3E);194
9.2.12;Petavius (25.1S, 60.4E);194
9.2.13;Piccolomini (29.7S, 32.2E);194
9.2.14;Pyrenees Mountains (15.6S, 41.2E);195
9.2.15;Rheita (37.1S, 47.2E) and Rheita Valley (42.5S, 51.5E);195
9.2.16;Rosse (17.9S, 35.0E);195
9.2.17;Santbech (20.9S, 44.0E);196
9.2.18;Snellius (29.3S, 55.7E);196
9.2.19;Stevinus (32.5S, 54.2E);196
9.2.20;Vendelinus (16.4S, 61.6E);196
9.3;Study Area 3: Northeast Limb;198
9.3.1;Mare Serenitatis;200
9.3.2;Lacus Somniorum (38.0N, 29.2E);200
9.3.3;Lacus Mortis (45.0N, 28.2E);200
9.3.4;Atlas (46.7N, 44.4E);200
9.3.5;Burg (45.0N, 28.2E);201
9.3.6;Cepheus (40.8N, 45.8E);201
9.3.7;Chacornac (29.8N, 31.7E);201
9.3.8;Daniell (35.3N, 31.1E);201
9.3.9;Franklin (38.8N, 47.7E);201
9.3.10;Grove (40.3N, 32.9E);202
9.3.11;Hercules (46.7N, 39.1E);202
9.3.12;Le Monnier (26.6N, 30.6E);202
9.3.13;Messala (39.2N, 60.5E);202
9.3.14;Posidonius (31.8N, 29.9E);203
9.3.15;Taurus Mountains (28.4N, 41.1E);203
9.4;Study Area 4: Mare Tranquillitatis;204
9.4.1;Mare Tranquillitatis;206
9.4.2;Mare Serenitatis;206
9.4.3;Arago (6.2N, 21.4E);206
9.4.4;Ariadaeus and Ariadaeus rille (6.4N, 14.0E);207
9.4.5;Dawes (17.2N, 26.4E);207
9.4.6;Dionysius (2.8N, 17.3E);207
9.4.7;Haemus Mountains (19.9N, 9.2E);207
9.4.8;Jansen (13.5N, 28.7E);208
9.4.9;Julius Caesar (9.0N, 15.4E);208
9.4.10;Lamont (4.4N, 23.7E);209
9.4.11;Maclear (10.5N, 20.1E);209
9.4.12;Maskelyne (2.2N, 30.1E);209
9.4.13;Menelaus (16.3N, 16.0E);209
9.4.14;Plinius (15.4N, 23.7E);210
9.4.15;Ritter (2.0N, 19.2E);210
9.4.16;Ross (11.7N, 21.7E);210
9.4.17;Sabine (1.4N, 20.1E);210
9.4.18;Silberschlag (6.2N, 12.5E);211
9.5;Study Area 5: Mare Serenitatis;212
9.5.1;Mare Serenitatis;212
9.5.2;Bessel (21.8N, 17.9E);214
9.5.3;Caucasus Mountains (38.4N, 10.0E);215
9.5.4;Chacornac (29.8N, 31.7E);215
9.5.5;Daniell (35.3N, 31.1E);215
9.5.6;Dawes (17.2N, 26.4E);215
9.5.7;Haemus Mountains (19.9N, 9.2E);216
9.5.8;Le Monnier (26.6N, 30.6E);216
9.5.9;Menelaus (16.3N, 16.0E);216
9.5.10;Mount Argaeus (19.0N, 29.0E);216
9.5.11;Plinius (15.4N, 23.7E);217
9.5.12;Posidonius (31.8N, 29.9E);217
9.5.13;Serpentine Ridge;217
9.5.14;Sulpicius Gallus (19.6N, 11.6E);217
9.5.15;Vitruvius (17.6N, 31.3E);218
9.6;Study Area 6: Mare Nectaris West;219
9.6.1;Mare Nectaris;220
9.6.2;Altai Scarp (24.3S, 22.6E);221
9.6.3;Abulfreda (13.8S, 13.9E);221
9.6.4;Almanon (16.8S, 15.2E);221
9.6.5;Beaumont (18.0S, 28.8E);222
9.6.6;Catharina (18.1S, 23.4E);222
9.6.7;Cyrillus (13.2S, 24.0E);222
9.6.8;Fracastorius (21.5S, 33.2E);223
9.6.9;Geber (19.4S, 13.9E);223
9.6.10;Madler (11.0S, 29.8E);223
9.6.11;Piccolomini (29.7S, 32.2E);223
9.6.12;Rosse (17.9S, 35.0E);224
9.6.13;Sacrobosco (23.7S, 16.7E);224
9.6.14;Theophilus (37.0N, 6.0E);224
9.7;Study Area 7: Mare Vaporum;225
9.7.1;Mare Vaporum;226
9.7.2;Agrippa (4.1N, 10.5E);227
9.7.3;Apennine Mountains (18.9N, 3.7W);228
9.7.4;Bode (6.7N, 2.4W);228
9.7.5;Boscovich (9.8N, 11.1E);228
9.7.6;Conon Rille (18.6N, 2.0E);228
9.7.7;Eratosthenes (14.5N, 11.3W);229
9.7.8;Godin (1.8N, 10.2E);230
9.7.9;Hyginus (7.8N, 6.3E) and Hyginus Rille;230
9.7.10;Manilius (14.5N, 9.1E);230
9.7.11;Pallas (5.5N, 1.6W);230
9.7.12;Schroeter (2.6N, 7.0W);231
9.7.13;Sinus Aestuum (10.9N, 8.8W);231
9.7.14;Sinus Medii (2.4N, 1.7E);231
9.7.15;Triesnecker (4.2N, 3.6E) and Triesnecker Rille;231
9.7.16;Ukert (7.8N, 1.4E);232
9.8;Study Area 8: Central Highlands;233
9.8.1;Mare Nubium;235
9.8.2;Albategnius (11.7S, 4.3E);235
9.8.3;Alpetragius (16.0S, 4.5W);235
9.8.4;Alphonsus (3.7S, 3.2W);236
9.8.5;Arzachel (18.2S, 1.9W);236
9.8.6;Davy (11.8S, 8.1W);236
9.8.7;Herschel (5.7S, 2.1W);237
9.8.8;Hipparchus (5.1S, 5.2E);238
9.8.9;Horrocks (4.0S, 5.9E);238
9.8.10;Lassell (15.5S, 7.9W);238
9.8.11;Ptolemaeus (9.3S, 1.9W);238
9.8.12;Sinus Medii (2.4N, 1.7E);239
9.9;Study Area 9: Mare Nubium;240
9.9.1;Mare Nubium;241
9.9.2;Aliacensis (30.6S, 5.2E);242
9.9.3;Arzachel (18.2S, 1.9W);242
9.9.4;Ball (35.9S, 8.4W);242
9.9.5;Birt (22.4S, 8.5W);243
9.9.6;Hell (32.4S, 7.8W);243
9.9.7;Hesiodus (29.4S, 16.3W);243
9.9.8;Lexell (35.8S, 4.2W);243
9.9.9;Nicollet (21.9S, 12.5W);244
9.9.10;Pitatus (29.9S, 13.5W);244
9.9.11;Purbach (25.5S, 2.3W);244
9.9.12;Regiomontanus (28.3S, 1.0W);244
9.9.13;Rupes Recta (22.1S, 7.8W);245
9.9.14;Thebit (22.0S, 4.0W);245
9.9.15;Walter (33.1S, 1.0E);245
9.9.16;Werner (28.0S, 3.3E);246
9.9.17;Wolf (22.7S, 16.6W);246
9.10;Study Area 10: Northern Plains;247
9.10.1;Mare Serenitatis;249
9.10.2;Mare Frigoris;249
9.10.3;Mare Imbrium;249
9.10.4;Alps (46.4N, 0.8W) and Alpine Valley (48.5N, 3.2E);250
9.10.5;Archimedes (29.7N, 4.0W);250
9.10.6;Archytas (58.7N, 5.0E);252
9.10.7;Aristillus (33.9N, 1.2E);252
9.10.8;Aristoteles (50.2N, 17.4E);252
9.10.9;Autolycus (30.7N, 1.5E);252
9.10.10;Calippus (38.9N, 10.7E);253
9.10.11;Cassini (40.2N, 4.6E);253
9.10.12;Caucasus Mountains (38.4N, 10.0E);253
9.10.13;Egede (48.7N, 10.6E);253
9.10.14;Eudoxus (44.3N, 16.3E);254
9.10.15;Mt Piton (40.6N, 1.1W);254
9.10.16;Plato (51.6N, 9.4W);254
9.10.17;Theaetetus (37.0N, 6.0E);255
9.11;Study Area 11: Southern Highlands;256
9.11.1;Bettinus (63.4S, 44.8W);256
9.11.2;Blancanus (63.8S, 21.4W);257
9.11.3;Clavius (58.8S, 14.1W);258
9.11.4;Kircher (67.1S, 45.3W);259
9.11.5;Longomontanus (49.6S, 21.8W);259
9.11.6;Maginus (50.5S, 6.3W);260
9.11.7;Moretus (70.6S, 5.8W);260
9.11.8;Scheiner (60.5S, 27.5W);260
9.11.9;Schiller (51.9S, 39.0W);260
9.11.10;Tycho (43.4S, 11.1W);261
9.11.11;Wilhelm (43.4S, 20.4W);261
9.11.12;Zucchius (61.4S, 50.3W);262
9.12;Study Area 12: Mare Cognitum;263
9.12.1;Mare Cognitum;264
9.12.2;Oceanus Procellarum;265
9.12.3;Euclides (7.4S, 29.5W);266
9.12.4;Flamsteed (4.5S, 44.3W);266
9.12.5;Gassendi (17.6S, 40.1W);266
9.12.6;Herigonius (13.3S, 33.8W);266
9.12.7;Kuiper (9.8S, 22.6W);267
9.12.8;Lansberg (0.3S, 26.6W);267
9.12.9;Letronne (10.8S, 42.5W);268
9.12.10;Lubiniezky (17.8S, 23.8W);268
9.12.11;Norman (11.8S, 30.4W);268
9.12.12;Riphaean Mountains (7.7S, 28.1W);268
9.12.13;Wichmann (8.0S, 38W);269
9.13;Study Area 13: Sinus Iridum;270
9.13.1;Mare Frigorus;272
9.13.2;Mare Imbrium;272
9.13.3;Bianchini (48.7N, 34.3W);272
9.13.4;Foucault (50.4N, 39.7W);272
9.13.5;Gruithuisen Mountains (36N, 40W);273
9.13.6;Harpalus (52.6N, 43.4W);273
9.13.7;Helicon (40.4N, 23.1W);273
9.13.8;Jura Mountains (47N, 34W);273
9.13.9;Le Verrier (40.3N, 20.6W);274
9.13.10;Mairan (41.6N, 43.4W);274
9.13.11;Sharp (45.7N, 40.2W);274
9.13.12;Sinus Iridum (44N, 32W);274
9.13.13;Straight Range (48N, 20W);275
9.14;Study Area 14: Mare Insularum;276
9.14.1;Mare Insularum;276
9.14.2;Carpathian Mountains (14.5N, 24.4W);277
9.14.3;Copernicus (9.7N, 20.1W);278
9.14.4;Encke (4.6N, 36.6W);279
9.14.5;Gambart (1.0N, 15.2W);280
9.14.6;Gay-Lussac (13.9N, 20.8W);280
9.14.7;Hortensius (6.5N, 28.0W);281
9.14.8;Kepler (8.1N, 38.0W);282
9.14.9;Lansberg (0.3S, 26.6W);282
9.14.10;Milichius (10N, 30W);283
9.14.11;Reinhold (3.3N, 22.8W);283
9.14.12;Tobias Mayer (15.6N, 29.1W);283
9.15;Study Area 15: Mare Humorum;285
9.15.1;Mare Humorum;286
9.15.2;Agatharchides (19.8S, 30.9W);287
9.15.3;Bullialdus (20.7S, 22.2W);288
9.15.4;Campanus (28.0S, 27.8W);288
9.15.5;Capuanus (34.1S, 26.7W);288
9.15.6;Doppelmayer (28.5S, 41.4W);289
9.15.7;Gassendi (17.6S, 40.1W);289
9.15.8;Hippalus and Hippalus rilles (24.8S, 30.2W);289
9.15.9;Kelvin Scarp (27.3S, 33.1W);290
9.15.10;Kies and Kies Pi (26.3S, 22.5W);290
9.15.11;Konig (24.1S, 24.6W);290
9.15.12;Lee (30.7S, 40.7W);291
9.15.13;Lubiniesky (17.8S, 23.8W);292
9.15.14;Mercator and Mercator Scarp (29.3S, 26.1W);292
9.15.15;Ramsden (32.9S, 31.8W);292
9.15.16;Vitello (30.4S, 37.5W);292
9.16;Study Area 16: Oceanus Procellarum;294
9.16.1;Oceanus Procellarum;294
9.16.2;Agricola Mountains (29.1N, 54.2W);296
9.16.3;Aristarchus (23.7N, 47.4W);296
9.16.4;Aristarchus Plateau (25N, 48W);297
9.16.5;Brayley (20.9N, 36.9W);298
9.16.6;Briggs (26.5N, 69.1W);298
9.16.7;Harbinger Mountains (27N, 41W);298
9.16.8;Herodotus (23.2N, 49.7W);298
9.16.9;Krieger (29.0N, 45.6W);299
9.16.10;Lichtenberg (31.8N, 67.7W);299
9.16.11;Prinz (25.5N, 44.1W);299
9.16.12;Schiaparelli (23.4N, 58.8W);299
9.16.13;Schroter´s Valley (26.2N, 50.8W);299
9.16.14;Seleucus (21.0N, 66.6W);300
9.17;Study Area 17: Western Limb;301
9.17.1;Oceanus Procellarum;303
9.17.2;Cardanus (13.2N, 0.0E);303
9.17.3;Cavalerius (5.1N, 66.6W);304
9.17.4;Flamsteed P (3S, 44W);304
9.17.5;Galileo (10.5N, 62.7W);304
9.17.6;Hevelius (2.2N, 67.6W);304
9.17.7;Kepler (8.1N, 38.0W);305
9.17.8;Krafft (16.6N, 72.6W);305
9.17.9;Marius (11.9N, 50.8W);305
9.17.10;Marius Hills (14N, 50W);305
9.17.11;Olbers (7.3N, 75.8W);307
9.17.12;Reiner (7.0N, 54.9W);307
9.17.13;Reiner Gamma (7N, 60W);307
9.17.14;Riccioli (3.3S, 74.6W);307
10;About the Author;309
10.1;Glossary;310
11;Index;318