Woo Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience

Volume 2: Hydrologic Processes
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-75136-6
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 508 Seiten

This book presents decade-long advances in atmospheric research in the Mackenzie River Basin in northern Canada, which encompasses environments representative of most cold areas on Earth. Collaborative efforts have yielded knowledge entirely transferable to other high latitude regions in America, Europe and Asia. This book complements the first volume coming from the GEWEX project, dealing with the region's atmospheric dynamics.

Ming-ko Woo is Professor of Geography at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He serves on Editorial Board of the journal Nordic Hydrology and as Associate Editor for the journals Physical Geography and Geographie Physique et Quaternaire. Additionally, he is the Vice Chairman of the International Geographical Union, Commission/Study Group on Water Sustainability.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Woo, Ming-Ko

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Editor's Note;5
2;Table of Contents;7
3;List of Contributors to Volume II;10
4;List of Acronyms;18
5;Chapter 1 Synopsis of Atmospheric Research under MAGS;21
5.1;Appendix;26
6;Chapter 2 MAGS Contribution to Hydrologic and Surface Process Research;28
6.1;1 Introduction;28
6.2;2 Snow Processes;29
6.3;3 Frozen Ground;35
6.4;4 Organic Terrain;38
6.5;5 Mountain Environment;42
6.6;6 Shield Landscape;43
6.7;7 Streamflow and River Ice;45
6.8;8 Lake Studies;49
6.9;9 Conclusions;51
6.10;References;52
7;Chapter 3 Analysisand Application of 1-km Resolution Visible and Infrared Satellite Data over the Mackenzie River Basin;58
7.1;1 Introduction;58
7.2;2 Study Area;59
7.3;3 Data and Methods;60
7.4;4 Results and Discussion;66
7.5;5 Conclusion;74
7.6;Acknowledgements;75
7.7;References;75
8;Chapter 4 On the Use of Satellite Passive Microwave Data for Estimating Surface Soil Wetness in the Mackenzie River Basin;78
8.1;1 Introduction;78
8.2;2 A Dynamic Basin Wetness Index for the Mackenzie River Basin;80
8.3;3 A Basin Wetness Index at the Regional Scale;87
8.4;4 Discussion and Conclusion;95
8.5;5 References;96
9;Chapter 5 Studies on Snow Redistribution by Wind and Forest, Snow- covered Area Depletion, and Frozen Soil Infiltration in Northern and Western Canada;99
9.1;1 Introduction;99
9.2;2 Methodology;100
9.3;3 RESULTS;101
9.4;4 Conclusions;110
9.5;References;112
10;Chapter 6 Snowmelt Processes and Runoff at the Arctic Treeline: Ten Years of MAGS Research;115
10.1;1 Introduction;115
10.2;2 Study Area and Methods;116
10.3;3 Spatial Variability of Snowmelt Processes;119
10.4;4 Processes Controlling Lag Between Melt and Runoff;131
10.5;5 Snowmelt Runoff;133
10.6;6 Conclusion;137
10.7;Acknowledgements;139
10.8;References;139
11;Chapter 7 Modeling Maximum Active Layer Thaw in Boreal and Tundra Environments using Limited Data;142
11.1;1 Introduction;142
11.2;2 Study Area and Data;143
11.3;3 Methods;145
11.4;4 Results of Application;150
11.5;5 Conclusion;152
11.6;Acknowledgements;153
11.7;References;153
12;Chapter 8 Climate Climate Lake Interactions;155
12.1;1 Introduction;155
12.2;2 Seasonal Thermal and Moisture Cycles in MRB Lakes Lakes Lakes;158
12.3;3 Lake Ice Duration and Thickness;160
12.4;4 Energy Fluxes and Lake Size;163
12.5;5 Large Lake Thermodyamic and Hydrodynamic Processes;166
12.6;6 Modeling Lake Thermodynamic and Hydrodynamic Processes;168
12.7;7 Impacts of Climate Warming;172
12.8;8 Summary and Conclusions;172
12.9;Acknowledgements;174
12.10;References;174
13;Chapter 9 Modeling Lake Energy Fluxes in the Mackenzie River Basin using Bulk Aerodynamic Mass Transfer Theory;177
13.1;1 Introduction;177
13.2;2 Study Area;178
13.3;3 Methods;179
13.4;4 Results and Discussion;185
13.5;5 Conclusions;194
13.6;Acknowledgements;195
13.7;References;195
14;Chapter 10 The Time Scales of Evaporation from Great Slave Lake;197
14.1;1 Introduction;197
14.2;2 Study Area;198
14.3;3 Methods and Instrumentation;199
14.4;4 Results;203
14.5;6 Discussion and Conclusions;207
14.6;Acknowledgements;210
14.7;References;211
15;Chapter 11 Interannual Variability of the Thermal Components and Bulk Heat Exchange of Great Slave Lake;213
15.1;1 Introduction;213
15.2;2 Study Area;214
15.3;3 Methods;215
15.4;4 Variability of Lake Thermal and Heat Flux Components;218
15.5;5 Discussion and Conclusions;231
15.6;Acknowledgements;233
15.7;References;233
16;Chapter 12 Flow Connectivity of a Lake Lake Stream System in a Semi- arid Precambrian Shield Environment;236
16.1;1 Introduction;236
16.2;2 Study Area;237
16.3;3 Methods;238
16.4;4 Water Balance;239
16.5;5 Lake Outflow Generation;241
16.6;6 Lake Storage and Outflow;242
16.7;7 Flow Connectivity of Lake Lake Stream System;244
16.8;8 Implications on Streamflow;245
16.9;9 Discussion and Conclusions;246
16.10;Acknowledgements;247
16.11;References;247
17;Chapter 13 Hydrology of the Northwestern Subarctic Canadian Shield;249
17.1;1 Landscape and Hydrologic Considerations;249
17.2;2 Bedrock Upland Hydrology;251
17.3;3 Soil-filled Valley Hydrology;256
17.4;4 Headwater Catchment Hydrology;260
17.5;5 Basin Hydrology;263
17.6;6 Concluding Remarks;265
17.7;Acknowledgements;267
17.8;References;267
18;Chapter 14 Recent Advances Toward Physically-based Runoff Modeling of the Wetland- dominated Central Mackenzie River Basin;271
18.1;1 Introduction;271
18.2;2 Methods;272
18.3;3 Influence of Peat Bogs and Channel Fens on Basin Runoff;276
18.4;4 Influence of Peat Plateaus on Basin Runoff;279
18.5;5 Toward Basin Runoff Computation;285
18.6;6 Basin Water Balance;288
18.7;7 Discussion;290
18.8;Acknowledgements;291
18.9;References;292
19;Chapter 15 River Ice;294
19.1;1 Introduction;294
19.2;2 Overview of River Ice Processes;295
19.3;3 Monitoring River Ice Processes;304
19.4;4 Ice Jam Flood Forecasting;307
19.5;5 Climate Change Impacts on River Ice Processes;313
19.6;6 Summary;314
19.7;References;315
20;Chapter 16 Regression and Fuzzy Logic Based Ice Jam Flood Forecasting;319
20.1;1 Introduction;319
20.2;2 Study Area and Data;320
20.3;3 Methodology;324
20.4;4 Results;334
20.5;5 Conclusions;334
20.6;Acknowledgements;336
20.7;References;336
21;Chapter 17 Impact of Climate Change on the Peace River Thermal Ice Regime;338
21.1;1 Introduction;338
21.2;2 Model Development;339
21.3;3 Model Calibration and Application to the Peace River;344
21.4;4 Climate Change Analysis;348
21.5;5 Discussion and Future Research;350
21.6;Acknowledgments;352
21.7;References;353
21.8;List of Symbols ;354
22;Chapter 18 Climate Impacts on Ice-jam Floods in a Regulated Northern River;355
22.1;1 Introduction;355
22.2;2 Data Collection and Analysis;357
22.3;3 Results;359
22.4;Acknowledgements;369
22.5;References;369
23;Chapter 19 Trends in Mackenzie River Basin Streamflows;372
23.1;1 Introduction;372
23.2;2 Study Area;373
23.3;3 Methods;373
23.4;4 Results;375
23.5;5 Discussion;377
23.6;6 Conclusion;378
23.7;Acknowledgements;378
23.8;References;379
24;Chapter 20 Re- Scaling River Flow Direction Data from Local to Continental Scales;380
24.1;1 Introduction;380
24.2;2 Study Areas;383
24.3;3 Up-scaling Methodologies;383
24.4;4 Conclusions;402
24.5;References;404
25;Chapter 21 Lessons from Macroscale Hydrologic Modeling: Experience with the Hydrologic Model SLURP in the Mackenzie Basin;406
25.1;1 Introduction;406
25.2;2 Model Structure;407
25.3;3 Data Ingestion;412
25.4;4 Variables;413
25.5;5 Parameters;413
25.6;6 Initialization;415
25.7;7 Optimization;415
25.8;8 Validation;416
25.9;9 Conclusions;417
25.10;Acknowledgements;418
25.11;References;418
26;Chapter 22 Development of a Hydrologic Scheme for Use in Land Surface Models and its Application to Climate Change in the Athabasca River Basin;420
26.1;1 Introduction;420
26.2;2 Study Area;422
26.3;3 Research Methods;422
26.4;4 Results;428
26.5;5 Discussion of Results;438
26.6;6 Summary and Conclusions;440
26.7;Acknowledgements;441
26.8;References;441
27;Chapter 23 Validating Surface Heat Fluxes and Soil Moisture Simulated by the Land Surface Scheme CLASS under Subarctic Tundra Conditions;443
27.1;1 Introduction;443
27.2;2 Study Area;444
27.3;3 Methods;445
27.4;4 Results;446
27.5;5 Conclusions;450
27.6;Acknowledgements;451
27.7;References;451
28;Chapter 24 The MAGS Integrated Modeling System;453
28.1;1 Introduction;453
28.2;2 Model Development;454
28.3;3 The MAGS Modeling System;464
28.4;4 Model Evaluation;466
28.5;5 Application;473
28.6;6 Conclusion;477
28.7;Acknowledgements;478
28.8;References;478
29;Chapter 25 Synopsis of Mackenzie GEWEX Studies on the Atmospheric Atmospheric Hydrologic System of a Cold Region;482
29.1;1 Introduction;482
29.2;2 Research Methods;483
29.3;3 The Mackenzie Seasons;486
29.4;4 Atmospheric Atmospheric hydrologic System under Present and Future Climates;492
29.5;5 Lessons Learned from MAGS;495
29.6;References;498
30;Subject Index;504