Worzyk Submarine Power Cables

Design, Installation, Repair, Environmental Aspects
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-01270-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 306 Seiten

Reihe: Power Systems

The demand for high-performance submarine power cables is increasing as more and more offshore wind parks are installed, and the national electric grids are interconnected. Submarine power cables are installed for the highest voltages and power to transport electric energy under the sea between islands, countries and even continents. The installation and operation of submarine power cables is much different from land cables. Still, in most textbooks on electrical power systems, information on submarine cables is scarce. This book is closing the gap. Different species of submarine power cables and their application are explained. Students and electric engineers learn on the electric and mechanic properties of submarine cables. Project developers and utility managers will gain useful information on the necessary marine activities such as pre-laying survey, cable lay vessels, guard boats etc., for the submarine cable installation and repair. Investors and decision makers will find an overview on environmental aspects of submarine power cables. A comprehensive reference list is given for those who want further reading.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Worzyk, Thomas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Acknowledgments;7
3;Contents;8
4;About the Author;14
5;Abbreviations;15
6;1 Applications of Submarine Power Cables;16
6.1;1.1 Power Supply to Islands;16
6.2;1.2 Connection of Autonomous Grids;18
6.3;1.3 Offshore Wind Farms;18
6.4;1.4 Supply of Marine Platforms;19
6.5;1.5 Short-Haul Crossings;21
6.6;1.6 Other Applications of Submarine Power Cables;21
6.7;References;22
7;2 Submarine Power Cables and Their Design Elements;24
7.1;2.1 The Conductor;25
7.1.1;2.1.1 Solid Conductor;25
7.1.2;2.1.2 Conductors Stranded from Round Wires;26
7.1.3;2.1.3 Profiled Wire Conductors;27
7.1.4;2.1.4 Hollow Conductors for Oil-Filled Cables;28
7.1.5;2.1.5 Milliken Conductor;28
7.1.6;2.1.6 Conductor Resistance;30
7.1.7;2.1.7 Watertightness of Conductors;31
7.1.8;2.1.8 Superconducting Conductors;31
7.2;2.2 The Insulation System;32
7.2.1;2.2.1 Polyethylene;32
7.2.2;2.2.2 Cross-Linked Polyethylene;33
7.2.3;2.2.3 Conductor and Insulation Screen;34
7.2.4;2.2.4 The Influence of Ageing and Humidity on XLPE Insulation;35
7.2.5;2.2.5 Applications of XLPE Insulation;37
7.2.6;2.2.6 Extruded HVDC Cables;37
7.2.7;2.2.7 Other Extruded Insulation Systems;38
7.2.8;2.2.8 Paper-Insulated Oil-Filled Cables for a.c. or d.c.;38
7.2.9;2.2.9 Paper-Mass Insulation for HVDC;41
7.2.10;2.2.10 Gas-Filled Submarine Cables;43
7.2.11;2.2.11 Other Insulation Systems;44
7.3;2.3 The Water-Blocking Sheath;45
7.3.1;2.3.1 Lead Sheath;45
7.3.2;2.3.2 Aluminium Sheath;47
7.3.3;2.3.3 Copper Sheath;47
7.3.4;2.3.4 Polymeric Sheaths;48
7.4;2.4 Armoring;48
7.4.1;2.4.1 Corrosion Protection;52
7.5;2.5 Outer Serving;54
7.6;2.6 Three-Core Cables;55
7.6.1;2.6.1 Choice Between One Three-Core and Three Single-Core Cables;57
7.7;2.7 Two-Core Cables;58
7.8;2.8 Coaxial Cables;59
7.9;2.9 Optical Fibres Inside Submarine Power Cables;59
7.10;2.10 Five Generic Cable Types;62
7.11;References;63
8;3 Design;66
8.1;3.1 Thermal Design;66
8.1.1;3.1.1 Single-Core HVDC Cables;67
8.1.1.1;3.1.1.1 Single Buried Cable;71
8.1.1.2;3.1.1.2 A Pair of Buried Cables;71
8.1.2;3.1.2 a.c. Cables;74
8.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 Conductor Losses;74
8.1.2.2;3.1.2.2 Dielectric Losses;75
8.1.2.3;3.1.2.3 Screen Losses;76
8.1.2.4;3.1.2.4 a.c. Cable Ampacity;78
8.1.3;3.1.3 Other Factors for the Thermal Design;79
8.1.3.1;3.1.3.1 Transient Conditions;79
8.1.3.2;3.1.3.2 Temporary Overload;81
8.1.3.3;3.1.3.3 Cyclic or Variable Loads;84
8.1.3.4;3.1.3.4 Thermal Resistivity of the Seafloor;84
8.1.3.5;3.1.3.5 Ambient Temperature;86
8.1.3.6;3.1.3.6 Conditions Changing with Time;88
8.1.4;3.1.4 The 2 K Criterion;88
8.1.5;3.1.5 Economic Aspects of the Thermal Design;90
8.2;3.2 Design of Mechanical Properties;93
8.2.1;3.2.1 Tensional Forces During Laying;94
8.2.2;3.2.2 The Cigré Test Recommendation;96
8.2.3;3.2.3 Distribution of Mechanical Stress Between Conductor and Armoring;98
8.2.4;3.2.4 Other Forces and Impacts;100
8.2.5;3.2.5 Vortex Induced Vibrations;103
8.3;3.3 Electric Design;105
8.3.1;3.3.1 The Concept of Electric Strength;105
8.3.2;3.3.2 The Weibull Distribution;106
8.3.3;3.3.3 Dielectric Design of a.c. Cables;109
8.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Overvoltages;110
8.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Design Rules;111
8.3.4;3.3.4 Dielectric Design of d.c. Cables;112
8.3.5;3.3.5 Dielectric Design of Mass-Impregnated Cables;115
8.3.6;3.3.6 Impulse Stress;116
8.3.7;3.3.7 Availability and Reliability;117
8.3.8;References;118
9;4 Accessories;120
9.1;4.1 Submarine Cable Joints;120
9.1.1;4.1.1 Factory Joints;121
9.1.2;4.1.2 Offshore Installation Joints;123
9.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Flexible Installation Joints;124
9.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Rigid Joints;125
9.1.3;4.1.3 Miscellaneous Joint Designs;128
9.1.4;4.1.4 Beach Joints;129
9.2;4.2 Cable Terminations;130
9.2.1;4.2.1 On-Shore a.c. Cable Terminations;131
9.2.2;4.2.2 On-Shore d.c. Cable Terminations;131
9.2.3;4.2.3 Offshore Cable Terminations;133
9.3;4.3 Other Accessories;133
9.3.1;4.3.1 J-Tubes;133
9.3.2;4.3.2 Hang-Off;134
9.3.3;4.3.3 Bending Protection;135
9.3.4;4.3.4 Holding Devices;135
9.4;References;135
10;5 Manufacturing and Testing;137
10.1;5.1 Manufacturing;137
10.1.1;5.1.1 The Conductor;138
10.1.2;5.1.2 XLPE Cables;139
10.1.3;5.1.3 Paper-Insulated Cables;140
10.1.4;5.1.4 Sheathing;143
10.1.5;5.1.5 Lay-up;144
10.1.6;5.1.6 Armoring;145
10.1.7;5.1.7 Storage of Submarine Cables;148
10.2;5.2 Testing;150
10.2.1;5.2.1 Development Tests;150
10.2.2;5.2.2 Type Tests;151
10.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Mechanical Tests;152
10.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 Load Cycle Test;155
10.2.2.3;5.2.2.3 Impulse Tests;157
10.2.3;5.2.3 Routine Tests;158
10.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 High-Voltage Routine Tests;158
10.2.4;5.2.4 Factory Acceptance Tests (FAT);159
10.2.5;5.2.5 After-Installation Test;160
10.2.6;5.2.6 Non-electrical Tests;162
10.3;References;162
11;6 Marine Survey;164
11.1;6.1 Scope of the Marine Survey;165
11.2;6.2 Bathymetry;166
11.3;6.3 Sub-bottom Profiling;169
11.4;6.4 Visual Inspection;169
11.5;6.5 Soil Sampling;170
11.6;6.6 Soil and Water Temperatures;171
11.7;References;172
12;7 Installation and Protection of Submarine Power Cables;173
12.1;7.1 Installation;173
12.1.1;7.1.1 Cable Laying Vessels;174
12.1.2;7.1.2 Other Vessels;183
12.1.3;7.1.3 Loading and Logistics;185
12.1.4;7.1.4 Laying of Submarine Power Cables;186
12.1.4.1;7.1.4.1 Laying of Cable Around a Curve;189
12.1.5;7.1.5 Landing of Submarine Cables;189
12.1.6;7.1.6 Jointing of Submarine Power Cables;193
12.1.6.1;7.1.6.1 In-Line Joints;194
12.1.6.2;7.1.6.2 After-Installation Joints;195
12.1.7;7.1.7 Weather;198
12.1.7.1;7.1.7.1 Winds;198
12.1.7.2;7.1.7.2 Wave Properties;198
12.1.7.3;7.1.7.3 Vessel Movement;201
12.1.7.4;7.1.7.4 Other Impacts of Wind and Waves;204
12.1.8;7.1.8 Organisation;205
12.2;7.2 Protection of Submarine Power Cables;206
12.2.1;7.2.1 Selection of a Suitable Cable Route;207
12.2.2;7.2.2 Design of a Suitable Cable Armoring;208
12.2.3;7.2.3 External Protection;210
12.2.3.1;7.2.3.1 Trenching;211
12.2.3.2;7.2.3.2 Jetting Methods;212
12.2.3.3;7.2.3.3 Simultaneous or Post-Lay Burial?;213
12.2.3.4;7.2.3.4 Trenching Depth;214
12.2.3.5;7.2.3.5 Other Protection Methods;215
12.2.4;7.2.4 After-Installation Protection;217
12.3;7.3 Appendix: The Catenary Line;218
12.4;References;220
13;8 Damages and Repair;222
13.1;8.1 Damages;222
13.1.1;8.1.1 Causes of Damages;223
13.1.2;8.1.2 Statistic Distribution of Damages;224
13.1.3;8.1.3 Damage by Fishing Equipment;224
13.1.4;8.1.4 Damage by Anchors;226
13.1.5;8.1.5 Damage During the Installation;229
13.1.6;8.1.6 Other Damage;230
13.1.7;8.1.7 Spontaneous Damage;231
13.1.8;8.1.8 Failures of Joints;232
13.2;8.2 Repair;232
13.2.1;8.2.1 Spare Cable;233
13.2.2;8.2.2 Repair Vessel;234
13.2.3;8.2.3 Repair Crew;234
13.2.4;8.2.4 Repair Operation;235
13.3;8.3 Fault Location;236
13.3.1;8.3.1 TDR;236
13.3.2;8.3.2 Bridge Measurements;239
13.3.3;8.3.3 Fine Localisation;240
13.3.4;8.3.4 Optical Time Domain Reflectrometry;241
13.3.5;8.3.5 Other Methods;242
13.4;8.4 Repair Example;242
13.5;References;246
14;9 Operation and Maintenance: Reliability;248
14.1;9.1 Operation of Submarine Cables;248
14.1.1;9.1.1 Common Measures for All Kind of Submarine Power Cables;248
14.1.2;9.1.2 Instrumentation;249
14.1.2.1;9.1.2.1 DTS;250
14.1.2.2;9.1.2.2 CDVC;250
14.1.2.3;9.1.2.3 Partial Discharge Monitoring;250
14.1.3;9.1.3 Mass-Impregnated Cables and XLPE Cables;251
14.1.4;9.1.4 LPOF, SCOF and SCFF Cables;251
14.1.5;9.1.5 Cable Terminations;252
14.2;9.2 Reliability of Submarine Cables;252
14.2.1;9.2.1 The Cigré Studies;252
14.2.2;9.2.2 Failure Statistics for Large HVDC Cable Projects;253
14.2.3;9.2.3 Definition of Reliability Terms;255
14.2.4;9.2.4 Reliability of Some Specific Submarine Power Cables;255
14.2.4.1;9.2.4.1 Skagerrak HVDC Scheme;255
14.2.4.2;9.2.4.2 Windfarm Export Cable;256
14.2.4.3;9.2.4.3 Fox Islands;256
14.2.4.4;9.2.4.4 Long Island;256
14.2.4.5;9.2.4.5 Baltic Cable;257
14.3;References;258
15;10 Environmental Issues;259
15.1;10.1 Environmental Assessment;259
15.2;10.2 The Influence of Cable Losses;261
15.3;10.3 Environmental Aspects Related to Cable Design;262
15.3.1;10.3.1 Conductor Materials;262
15.3.2;10.3.2 Choice of Other Cable Materials;262
15.4;10.4 Environmental Aspects of Cable Installation;264
15.5;10.5 Environmental Impacts from the Operation of Submarine Power Cables;268
15.5.1;10.5.1 Thermal Impact;268
15.5.2;10.5.2 The 2 k Criterion;268
15.5.3;10.5.3 Electromagnetic Impact;271
15.5.4;10.5.4 Chemical Impact;276
15.6;10.6 Recycling of Submarine Power Cables;276
15.7;References;277
16;11 Anecdotes;279
16.1;11.1 The Floating Hospital S/S Castalia;280
16.2;11.2 HVDC Cable Between Lydd, UK and Boulogne, F;280
16.3;11.3 The Pilot;280
16.4;11.4 S-Lay and Coiling Direction;281
16.5;11.5 Edible Insulation;283
16.6;11.6 Flipper;283
16.7;11.7 Stamps;283
16.8;11.8 Unusual Cable Ships;284
16.9;11.9 Master Teredo;285
16.10;11.10 Krauts at War Searching for a Cable Break;286
16.11;11.11 Even More Damages;286
16.12;11.12 Loops;287
16.13;11.13 Cable Ship Reefs;287
16.14;11.14 Poetry;288
16.14.1;11.14.1 The Journey of Mrs. Florence Kimball Russel;289
16.15;References;290
17;12 Useful Tables;291
17.1;12.1 Dielectric Properties of Cable Insulation Material;291
17.2;12.2 Lead Alloys;291
17.3;12.3 Non-metric Conductor Size: kcmil;293
17.4;12.4 Non-metric Wire Diameter;293
17.5;12.5 The Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys in Seawater;295
17.6;12.6 Classification of Submarine Soil in Different Countries;296
17.7;12.7 Non-metric Units;297
17.8;12.8 Tidal Terms;298
17.9;Reference;298
18;Index;299