E-Book, Englisch, 840 Seiten
Wu / Rangan / Zhang Green Communications
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-1-4665-7867-8
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Theoretical Fundamentals, Algorithms and Applications
E-Book, Englisch, 840 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-4665-7867-8
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Nowadays energy crisis and global warming problems are hanging over everyone’s head, urging much research work on energy saving. In the ICT industry, which is becoming a major consumer of global energy triggered by the telecommunication network operators experiencing energy cost as a significant factor in profit calculations, researchers have started to investigate various approaches for power consumption reduction.
Standards bodies are already developing standards for energy-efficient protocols. However, research in green communications is still at an early stage, and the space of potential solutions is far from being fully explored. This book provides a comprehensive discussion of academic research and relevant applications in green communications. It aims to increase understanding of relevant issues and further the development of strategies and techniques.
Gathering efforts from world-leading experts on green topics with different focuses, such as mobile communications, wireless networks, ad hoc and sensor networks, cloud computing, optical networking, smart grids, network devices, even FPGA and terminal devices, combined with the best practices from the largest telecommunication operator, China Mobile Corporation, this book covers key features such as:
- Not only focuses on energy saving of ICT industry, but also figures out its role to help other industries reduce energy consumption
- Comprehensively covers almost all main aspects in green communications
- Includes recent advances in theoretical analysis, algorithms, and practical applications for green wired and wireless communications
- Readers do not have to be professionals in communications to understand the basic ideas in the book
This book brings green wired and wireless communications, as well as other general green topics, in one book, which will give readers a panoramic view in the relevant green fields.
Zielgruppe
Researchers and engineers in the fields of communications and electronics, postgraduate students majored in electrical engineering and other information science and technology related majors, governmental decision makers in the fields of Information and Communications Technologies.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Runtime-Controlled Energy Reduction Techniques for FPGAs; Assem A. M. Bsoul, Stuart Dueck, and Steven J. E. Wilton
Introduction
Island-Style Field-Programmable Gate Arrays Architecture CAD Flow for FPGAs
Power Dissipation in VLSI Dynamic Power Static
Energy Reduction Techniques for FPGAs Clock Gating Controlled Body Biasing Dynamic Reconfiguration Multiple Supply Voltages CAD Techniques Other Techniques
Runtime-Controlled Power-Gated FPGAs Architecture Description Evaluation Architecture Evaluation Example Application
Conclusion
Smart Grid and ICT's Role in Its Evolution; Hassan Farhangi
Climate Change
Conventional Electricity Grid
Overview of Smart Grid
Smart Grid Applications
Command and Control Strategies
Smart Grid Building Blocks
Smart Grid Network Topologies
Smart Grid Communication Systems
Smart Grid ICT Future Developments
Suggested Readings
Energy Saving Solutions and Practices of China Mobile; Sen Bian, Huabin Tang, Xidong Wang, Jinsong Wu, and Zhihong Zhang, Chih-Lin I, and Bill Huang
Introduction Energy Consumption Status and Objective of CMCC Views on Energy Saving of Wireless Communication Devices and Systems from CMCC
Energy Saving Solutions for Wireless Networks The High-Energy-Efficient Hardware Platform RRUs in Distributed Base Stations Distributed RRU Networking Multi-Carrier Distributed Base Station Energy Saving Advantages Software Power-Saving Features Intelligent Power-Saving Technology GSM Intelligent Power-Saving System Based on Base Station Sector Switching System Overview Typical Power-Saving Proposals Highly Energy-Efficient RAN Network Architecture
Energy Saving Proposals for Core Networks and Data Centers Energy Saving of Data Center Facilities Data Center Energy Efficiency Assessment and Optimization The Analysis of the Main Factors Affecting Energy Efficiency Technologies and Measures for Optimizing Energy Efficiency The Construction of the New Generation of Green Data Center Energy Saving of IT Equipment Improve Equipment Efficiency Requirements Applications of Server Virtualization Power Management for Cloud Computing
Energy-Saving Solutions for Accessory Equipments Energy-Saving Solutions for the Refrigeration System Smart Ventilation System Heat-Pipe Heat-Exchanger Unit The Energy Saving Solutions for Backup Power Systems Lithium Iron-Phosphate Battery The Thermostat for Rechargeable Battery Energy Saving Solutions Using Renewable Energy Solar Energy Utilization for Base Stations Base Stations Powered by Wind Energy Technologies
Standard Methodologies for Energy Efficiency Assessment; Raffaele Bolla, Roberto Bruschi, and Chiara Lombardo
Introduction
An Overview on Novel Green Network Technologies Internet Evolution and Concern over Energy Wastes Current Approaches and Concepts for Low-Energy Networking
Benchmarking Methodologies ECR 3.0.1 ATIS 060015.03.2009 RFC 2544 Other Upcoming Propositions
Comparison among the Standards
Performance Evaluation Extending Current Evaluation Methodologies Test Results
Conclusions
Reciprocal Learning for Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks; Xianfu Chen, Zhifeng Zhao, Honggang Zhang, Jinsong Wu, and Tao Chen
Introduction
Network Model and Problem Formulation
Distributed Learning Algorithms with Dynamic Conjectures A Best Response Learning Method for OSA The Best Response Strategies Global Convergence of the Dynamic Network OSA by Gradient Ascent Algorithms
Numerical Results
Conclusion
Green Communications for Carbon Emission Reductions: Architectures and Standards; Charles Despins, Fabrice Labeau, Richard Labelle, Mohamed Cheriet, Alberto Leon-Garcia,
and Omar Cherkaoui
Introduction
Network Architectures and Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions Networks and Protocols Integrated Optical-Wireless Access Data Centers
Testbeds Greenstar NetVirt SAVI
Carbon Standards for Communications Technologies Power and Performance Measurement Challenges Network and System Operation Challenges The Need for Carbon Standards Adapted to Communications Technologies Standards Development in the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Conclusion
The Role of ICT in the Evolution Towards Smart Grids; Raffaele Bolla, Flavio Cucchietti, and Matteo Repetto
Introduction
Legacy Energy Grids
The Concept of Smart Grid
Hot Topics for Smart Grids Load Management Wide Area Situation Awareness Distributed Generation Microgrids Energy Storage AMI Systems Electric Vehicles Energy Gateways Man-Machine Interfaces Network Management Grid Management Market Operations
Political and Standardization Initiatives Policies and Directives Europe North America Asia Research Projects in Europe Standardization Efforts
Architectures for Smart Grids Conceptual Models of Smart Grids Layout of the Communication System Distributed Services and Applications Data Models and Information Exchange Networking Communication Media and Technologies Network Architectures Local Area Networks Home Area Networks Access Networks Neighborhood Area Networks Wide Area Networks
Research Issues and Challenges for ICT
Moving a Processing Element from Hot to Cool Spots: Is This an Efficient Method to Decrease Leakage Power Consumption in FPGAs?; Amor Nafkha, Pierre Leray, Yves Louet, and Jacques Palicot
Introduction
Power Consumption Sources Static Power Short-Circuit Power Dynamic Power Dynamic Versus Static Power
Digital Thermal Sensor Ring Oscillator vs. System Monitor Ring Oscillator vs. FPGA VCCINT Voltage Supply
Experimental Setup Processing Element Number 1: Random Number Generator Processing Element Number 2: MicroBlaze
Experiments and Results Temperature vs. Leakage Current Consumption FPGA Temperature Analysis
Conclusion
Cloud Computing - A Greener Future for IT; Jinzy Zhu and Xing Fang
Introduction
Why IT Needs to be Green
Cloud Computing, the Future of IT What is Cloud Computing? Cloud Computing Classification Cloud Computing Characteristics Why does Cloud Computing Make IT Green?
Cloud Foundation: Green Data Center Green Measurement, PUE Data Center Site Selection Datacenter Construction Power Conversion and UPS Cooling
Cloud Building Block: Green Hardware Energy Saving Chip Energy Saving Hardware
Cloud Core: Intelligent Management Software Virtualization Automation Autonomic Management
Outlook to a Green Cloud Future
Energy-Effcient Management of Campus PCs; Luca Chiaraviglio and Marco Mellia
Introduction
Motivations Reducing PCs Power Consumption: Why Now? Impact of PCs Power in Campus Environments
Monitoring PC Usage Methodology Results Active Devices vs. Energy Consumption Device Classification Energy Consumption of Networked Devices Characterization of Users' Habit Discussion
Reducing PC Energy Consumption PoliSave Architecture Client Architecture Server Architecture Communication Protocols Discussion and Implementation Issues
Results Testbed Description Minimizing the Number of PCs On Automatic vs. Manual Operations Different Users' Profiles Users' Characterization Discussion
Related Work
Conclusion
FOCUS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
C-RAN: A Green RAN Framework; Kuilin (Clark) Chen, Chunfeng Cui, Yuhong Huang, and Bill Huang
Introduction
Challenges of Today's RAN Explosive Network Data Traffic Large Number of BS and High Power Consumption Rapid Increasing CAPEX and OPEX Dynamic Mobile Network Load Growing Internet Service Pressure on the Core Network
Architecture of C-RAN Overall Concept Different Technical Approaches
Advantages of C-RAN Energy Efficient Perspective RAN Cost Structure Optimization Perspective Enhanced Network Performance Perspective Service on the Edge
Challenges of C-RAN Efficient Transmission of Radio over Optical Transport Networks Cooperative Transmission and Reception on C-RAN Real-time Cloud and BS Virtualization Performance and Power Challenge of SDR on General Purpose Processor
China Mobile's View on RAN Evolution Path Trials on GSM/TD-SCDMA Network Overall Situation Field Trial Area Overall Solution Progress in C-RAN PoC system Potential Evolution Path C-RAN Centralized Base Station Deployment Multi-Standard SDR and Joint Signal Processing Virtual BS on Real-time Cloud Infrastructure
Conclusions
Green Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks; Ting Zhu, Abedelaziz Mohaisen, Ping Yi, and Jianqing Ma
Introduction
Energy Harvesting Techniques
Energy Conservation Techniques
Energy Synchronization Techniques A Feedback-Based Energy Synchronization Control An Energy Synchronized Communication Protocol
Green Wireless Communications under Quality of Service Constraints; Deli Qiao, Mustafa Cenk Gursoy, and Senem Velipasalar
Introduction
Preliminaries - Effective Capacity and Energy Per Information Bit Effective Capacity Spectral Efficiency vs. Bit Energy
Variable-Rate/Variable-Power and Variable-Rate/Fixed-Power Transmissions Channel Model Energy Efficiency in the Low-Power Regime CSI at the Receiver Only CSI at Both the Transmitter and Receiver Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime CSI at the Receiver Only CSI at Both the Transmitter and Receiver
Fixed-Rate/Fixed-Power Transmissions Channel Model Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime Energy Efficiency In The Low-Power Regime
Transmissions over Imperfectly-Known Wireless Channels Training and Data Transmission Phases Training Phase Data Transmission Phase and Capacity Lower Bound Fixed-Rate Transmission and ON-OFF Model Optimal Training Power Energy Efficiency in the Low-Power Regime Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime Decomposing the Wideband Channel into Narrowband Subchannels Rich and Sparse Multipath Fading Scenarios
Conclusion
On the Energy Efficiency-Spectral Efficiency Trade-off in Cellular Systems; Fabien Heliot, Efstathios Katranaras, Oluwakayode Onireti, and Muhammad Ali Imran
Introduction
Background Literature Spectral Efficiency Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency-Spectral Efficiency Trade-Off Explicit Formulation vs. Approximation Low-Power Approximation Approach EE-SE Closed-Form Approximation Idealistic vs. Realistic Power Consumption Model Limitations on the Idealistic Power Model Realistic Power Model Perspective Power Model Mathematical Framework
EE-SE Trade-Off on a Link AWGN Channel Deterministic Channel with Colored Gaussian Noise Ergodic Rayleigh Fading Channel Channel Capacity: CFE vs. CFA CFA of the MIMO EE-SE Trade-Off CFA of the SISO EE-SE Trade-Off Accuracy of the CFAs: Numerical Results MIMO vs. SISO: An Energy Efficiency Analysis MIMO vs. SISO EE Gain: Idealistic PCM MIMO vs. SISO EE Gain: Realistic PCM
EE-SE Trade-Off in a Cell SISO Orthogonal Multi-User Channel SISO Multi-User Channel with Residual Interference EE-Based Resource Allocation Single User Optimal EE EE vs. SE Resource Allocation
EE-SE Trade-Off in Cellular Systems The Key Role of CoMP in Cellular Systems Relevant Background on CoMP Power Model Implications Backhaul Signal Processing Global Cooperation: CFA of EE-SE Trade-Off EE-SE Analysis of the Symmetrical Cellular Model Clustered CoMP: The Transmit EE-SE Relationship
Conclusion and Outlook
Energy Savings for Mobile Communication Networks through Dynamic Spectrum and Traffic Load Management; Adnan Aijaz, Oliver Holland, Paul Pangalos, Hamid Aghvami, and Hanna Bogucka
Background
Dynamic Spectrum and Traffic Load Management Power Saving by Dynamically Powering Down Radio Network Equipment Cellular - Cellular Offloading Cellular - Wi-Fi Offloading Cellular - White-Fi Offloading Power Saving by Propagation Improvement Power Saving by Channel Bandwidth Increase or Better Balancing
Performance Assessment Power Saving by Dynamically Powering Down Radio Network Equipment Cellular - Cellular Offloading Cellular - Wi-Fi Offloading Cellular - White-Fi Offloading Power Saving by Propagation Improvement Power Saving by Channel Bandwidth Increase or Better Balancing
Conclusion
Toward Energy-Efficient Operation of Base Stations in Cellular Wireless Networks; Kyuho Son, Hongseok Kim, Yung Yi, and Bhaskar Krishnamachari
Introduction
Overview of Green Cellular Network Design
Energy-Aware Heterogeneous Deployment Micro Base Station Deployment Strategy System Model Problem Formulation Key Observations and Algorithm Numerical Results Deployment Structure: Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous System Model Problem Formulation Optimal Area Power Consumption vs. Target 10-Percentile Area Throughput
Base Station On/Off and User Association A Quantitative Case Study System Model and Formulation Energy-Efficient User Association Traffic-Driven Base Station On/Off Greedy Turning on Algorithm Design Rationale Greedy Turning off Algorithm Discussion: GON and GOFF Interpretation Other Heuristic Algorithms Numerical Results Energy-Delay Tradeoff for Energy-Proportional BSs Energy-Delay Tradeoff for Non-Energy-Proportional BSs Effect of BS Density on Energy Savings
Other Issues and Discussions Open Problems and Other Directions Towards Green Cellular Networks Ongoing Projects and Consortiums
Green Wireless Access Networks; Istvan Godor & Pal Frenger, Oliver Blume, Hauke Holtkamp, Muhammad Imran, Attila Vidacs & Peter Fazekas, Dario Sabella, Emilio Calvanese Strinati & Rohit Gupta, Pekka Pirinen, and Albrecht Fehske
Introduction Motivation Energy Efficiency and Network Technologies Energy Efficiency Evaluation Framework
Cell Deployment Strategies Macro Cell Deployment Heterogeneous Cell Deployment
Relaying Techniques Relaying Schemes Two Hop vs. Multicast Cooperative Relaying Hybrid Schemes for Two Hop Relaying
Multi-RAT Deployment Aspects of LTE Roll-Out over Legacy Networks Topology Planning In Multi-RAT Environment Comparison of LTE and Legacy Networks
Base Station Coordination and Cooperation Fractional Frequency Reuse Cooperating Base Stations
Adaptive Network Reconfiguration Bandwidth Adaptation Multi-RAT Management
Radio Resource Management Theoretical Considerations High Load Scheduling Low Load Scheduling Hardware Optimal Scheduling
Complementary Research Activities for Access Networks Operator Cooperation Management of WLANs Hardware Techniques
Future Architectures De-coupling of System Information and User Data Coverage Extension by Multihop Relaying Network Coding
Summary and Outlook
Energy Efficient Communications in MIMO Wireless Channels; Vineeth S. Varma, E. Veronica Belmega, Samson Lasaulce and Merouane Debbah
Introduction
On the Design of Energy-Efficient MIMO Single-User Communications General De nition of the Energy-Efficiency Performance Criterion Optimizing the Total Transmit Power and Power Allocation in MIMO Channels with Perfect CSI Static Links Fast Fading Links Slow Fading Links Energy Efficient Communication in MIMO Channels with Imperfect CSI Power Control Optimizing Training Sequence Length Optimizing the Number of Transmit Antennas Cross Layer Design in Energy-Efficient Communications
On the Design of Energy-Efficient MIMO Multi-User Communications A Discussion on the Performance Criterion Power Control in Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems The Case of Specific Transmitter and Receiver Structures, Multiplexing and Diversity Gain Non-Cooperative Resource Allocation in Multi-User MIMO Systems Optimizing Transmit Power with a Matched Filter Optimizing the Choice of Linear Receiver Optimizing the Beamforming Vector
Concluding Remarks and Open Issues
Glossary
Minimising Power Consumption to Achieve More Efficient Green Cellular Radio Base Station Designs; John S. Thompson, Peter M. Grant, Simon Fletcher, and Tim O'Farrell
Introduction Explosive Traffic Growth Cellular Scenarios Energy Metrics
Energy Reduction Techniques for High Traffic Load Scenarios
Energy Reduction Techniques for Low Traffic Load Scenarios
Other Energy Reduction Techniques
Conclusion
Energy Conservation of Mobile Terminals in Multi-cell TDMA Networks; Liqun Fu, Hongseok Kim, Jianwei Huang, Soung Chang Liew, and Mung Chiang
Introduction Challenges and Our Solution Related Work
System Model Power Consumption Model Inter-Cell Interference Dynamic User Sessions
Problem Formulation and Decoupling Property Power Minimization in Multi-Cell Networks Intra-Cell Average Power Minimization Decoupling Property
The DSP Algorithm DSP Algorithm When d = 0 DSP Algorithm When d > 0
Simulation results Power Consumption Improvement Reduction of the Inter-Cell Interference Power Level Convergence Performance
Potential Research Directions
Conclusion
Energy Efficiency for Wireless Relay Systems; Jinho Choi, Duc To, Weixi Xing, Ye Wu, and Shugong Xu
Introduction
Background HARQ and Energy-Delay Tradeoff Wireless Relay Systems
One-Way Relay Systems EDT with Amplify-and-Forward Protocol EDT with Decode-and-Forward Protocol Analysis and Numerical Results
Two-Way Relay systems EDT with Analog Network Coding EDT with Physical-Layer Network Coding Analysis and Numerical Results
Conclusions
Holistic Approach to Green Wireless Communications Based on Multicarrier Technologies; Hanna Bogucka, Adrian Kliks, Pawe l Kryszkiewicz, and Oliver Holland
Introduction
Efficient Use of Natural Resources in Wireless Multicarrier Energy-and-Spectrum Efficient OFDM Adaptive Transmission OFDM Energy-Wastage Minimization
Reducing the Electromagnetic Pollution OFDM Out-of-Band Radiation Reduction Holistic View On Reduction of Non-Linear Distortions In OFDM
Spectrum Recycling in Future Multicarrier NC-OFDM Spectrum Access with Taxation
Concluding Remarks
Green Video Streaming over Cellular Networks; Yingsong Huang, Shiwen Mao, and Yihan Li
Introduction
Green Video Communications Video Communication System Overview Energy Efficiency in Video Coding Energy Efficiency in Video Transmission Joint Video Coding and Transmission Design Video over Emerging Wireless Networks
Energy Efficient Downlink VBR Video Streaming Overview System Model Network and Video Source Model Power-Aware Transmission Scheduling Inequality and Theory of Majorization Majorization Preliminaries Schur-convexity of Problem (23.10) Power Allocation Algorithms Optimal Algorithm for Problem (23.10) Power Minimization Algorithm Optimality Proof Multiuser Video Transmissions Performance Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Directions
FOCUS ON WIRELINE COMMUNICATIONS
Trading off Energy and Forwarding Performance in Next-Generation Network Devices; Raffaele Bolla, Roberto Bruschi, Franco Davoli, and Paolo Lago
Introduction
The Devices' Internal Sources of Energy Consumption
Power Scaling Techniques
A Theoretical Model of the Trade-Off Between Energy Consumption and Quality of Service Introducing Energy-Aware Parameters The Traffic Arrival Process Model The Queuing System Model Model Validation
Conclusions
Energy Efficient VI Planning over Converged Optical Network and IT Resources; Anna Tzanakaki, Markos Anastasopoulos, Konstantinos Georgakilas, Shuping Peng, Reja Nejabati, Eduard Escalona, and Dimitra Simeonidou
Introduction
Energy Consumption Models for the Physical Infrastructure Optical Network Elements Energy Consumption Models for Computing Resources Energy Aware VI Planning VI Problem Formulation VI Planning With Resilience Considerations
Numerical Results and Comparisons
Conclusions
Energy Aware Techniques In IP-Over-WDM Backbone Networks; Antonio Cianfrani, Angelo Coiro, Vincenzo Eramo, and Marco Listanti
Introduction
Power Aware Network Topology Design Power Aware Virtual Topology Design (PA-VTD) Power Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment (PA-RWA)
Energy Aware Traffic Engineering EA-TE Overlay Strategies EA-TE Integrated Strategies
Energy-Aware Network Management and Content Distribution; Luca Chiaraviglio and Ibrahim Matta
Introduction
Problem Formulation Classical Design Centralized Green Model
Distributed Algorithms Dual Green Algorithm Benders Green Algorithm
Performance Evaluation Centralized Model Impact of Cooperation Impact of QoS Constraints Impact of CP Location Distributed Algorithms Comparison Sensitivity Analysis
Discussion
Related Work
Conclusions
Energy Saving Strategies in Fixed Access Networks; Bjorn Skubic, Alexander Lindstrom, Einar In de Betou, Ioanna Pappa
Introduction
Technology Equipment Models System Specific Contributions Per-Line Comparison
Architecture
Dynamic Power Management Sleep Mode
Conclusions
Glossary
Index
