Yang Novel Aspects of Diamond

From Growth to Applications
2. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-12469-4
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 121, 524 Seiten

Reihe: Topics in Applied Physics

This book is in honor of the contribution of Professor Xin Jiang (Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Germany) to diamond. The objective of this book is to familiarize readers with the scientific and engineering aspects of CVD diamond films and to provide experienced researchers, scientists, and engineers in academia and industry with the latest developments and achievements in this rapidly growing field. This 2nd edition consists of 14 chapters, providing an updated, systematic review of diamond research, ranging from its growth, and properties up to applications. The growth of single-crystalline and doped diamond films is included. The physical, chemical, and engineering properties of these films and diamond nanoparticles are discussed from theoretical and experimental aspects. The applications of various diamond films and nanoparticles in the fields of chemistry, biology, medicine, physics, and engineering are presented.

Dr. Nianjun Yang is working as a senior scientist and the leader of the Nanomaterials group at the Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Germany. He worked as the group leader of Biosensor team at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF) Germany from 2008 to 2014, as an invited researcher at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Japan from 2006 to 2008 and as a postdoctoral researcher at New Mexico State University, USA from 2005 to 2006. He received his PhD from the University of Fukui, Japan in 2005. His current research interests cover CVD growth of carbon and related materials as well as their applications for electrochemistry, biointerfaces, and sustainable chemistry. He has published more than 130 papers in peer-reviewed journals, edited 1 book series, 4 books, contributed 10 book chapters, and delivered 40 invited talks and 60 oral presentations at international conferences. He has been a program member of Hasselt Diamond Workshop since 2013 and the International conference of Diamond and Related Materials since 2014 as well as Nanodiamond and New Carbon (NDNC) in 2016. He is a guest-editor of nine journals (e.g., Small, Nanoscale, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Carbon, Diamond and Related Materials, Electroanalysis, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, and Physica Status Solidi A ), and an advisory member of the journals of Diamond and Related Materials as well as Scientific Reports. He has organized various 10 times carbon-related symposia at E-MRS Spring and Fall Meetings.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Yang, Nianjun

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Dedication to Xin Jiang;7
2;Preface;11
3;About This Book;13
4;Contents;14
5;Contributors;22
6;1 Homoepitaxial Diamond Growth by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition;25
6.1;Abstract;25
6.2;1.1 Introduction;25
6.3;1.2 Growth Mechanism;27
6.3.1;1.2.1 Hydrogen;27
6.3.2;1.2.2 Carbon;28
6.4;1.3 Growth Modes;30
6.5;1.4 Doping;32
6.6;1.5 Growth of Atomically Flat Diamond;34
6.6.1;1.5.1 Hillock-Free Surfaces;35
6.6.2;1.5.2 Step/Terrace Structures;38
6.6.3;1.5.3 Atomically Step-Free Surfaces;39
6.7;1.6 Conclusions;43
6.8;Acknowledgements;43
6.9;References;44
7;2 The Effect of Dopants on Diamond Surface Properties and Growth;54
7.1;Abstract;54
7.2;2.1 Introduction;54
7.3;2.2 Methods and Methodologies;55
7.4;2.3 General;56
7.4.1;2.3.1 Diamond Doping Using Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulphur or Boron;56
7.4.1.1;2.3.1.1 N-type Doping Using Nitrogen;56
7.4.1.2;2.3.1.2 N-type Doping Using Phosphorous or Sulphur;57
7.4.1.3;2.3.1.3 P-Type Doping Using Boron;58
7.4.2;2.3.2 Growth Mechanism;58
7.4.3;2.3.3 H Abstraction Rates for Growth of Non-doped Diamond;59
7.5;2.4 Nitrogen-Induced Effect on Diamond Growth;61
7.5.1;2.4.1 Introduction;61
7.5.2;2.4.2 N Substitutionally Positioned into Various C Atomic Layers;63
7.5.3;2.4.3 N Substitutionally Positioned Within the C Atomic Layer 2;64
7.5.4;2.4.4 N Chemisorbed onto the Surface in the Form NH or NH2;64
7.6;2.5 Phosphorous- or Sulfur-Induced Effect on Diamond Growth;66
7.6.1;2.5.1 Introduction;66
7.6.2;2.5.2 Thermodynamics—H Abstraction Energies;66
7.6.3;2.5.3 Kinetics—H Abstraction Barriers;67
7.7;2.6 Boron-Induced Effect on Diamond Growth;68
7.7.1;2.6.1 Introduction;68
7.7.2;2.6.2 Thermodynamics—H Abstraction Energies;69
7.7.3;2.6.3 Kinetics—H Abstraction Barriers;69
7.8;2.7 Summary;71
7.9;Acknowledgements;72
7.10;References;72
8;3 Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Nanocrystalline Diamond;76
8.1;Abstract;76
8.2;3.1 Introduction;76
8.3;3.2 Method for Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Diamond;78
8.4;3.3 Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Diamond;79
8.4.1;3.3.1 Polishing of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films;80
8.4.2;3.3.2 Polishing of Single Crystal Diamond;83
8.4.3;3.3.3 Polishing with Ceria and Alumina;87
8.4.4;3.3.4 Abrasive Particle Size Dependence of Polishing;94
8.4.5;3.3.5 Effect of Redox Agents on the CMP of NCD Films;96
8.4.6;3.3.6 Possible Mechanism for Polishing;101
8.5;3.4 CMP of Superconducting NCD Thin Films;105
8.6;3.5 Conclusion;107
8.7;Acknowledgements;108
8.8;References;108
9;4 Single Crystal Diamond Micromechanical and Nanomechanical Resonators;113
9.1;Abstract;113
9.2;4.1 Introduction;113
9.2.1;4.1.1 Background of MEMS;113
9.2.2;4.1.2 Diamond for MEMS/NEMS;115
9.3;4.2 Fabrication of Single Crystal Diamond Mechanical Resonators;117
9.4;4.3 Structure of SCD Mechanical Resonators Fabricated by IAL Method;122
9.5;4.4 Nanoindentation of SCD Resonators;124
9.6;4.5 Mechanical Resonance Properties of SCD Mechanical Resonators;127
9.6.1;4.5.1 Resonance Frequency of the SCD Mechanical Resonators;128
9.6.2;4.5.2 Energy Dissipation in SCD Cantilevers and Quality Factor;131
9.6.3;4.5.3 Strategies Toward High Quality-Factors;135
9.7;4.6 Summary and Outlook;140
9.8;Acknowledgements;141
9.9;References;141
10;5 Nitrogen Incorporated (Ultra)Nanocrystalline Diamond Films for Field Electron Emission Applications;144
10.1;Abstract;144
10.2;5.1 Introduction;144
10.3;5.2 Nitrogen in Diamond;147
10.4;5.3 Nitrogen Ion Implanted UNCD Films;149
10.5;5.4 In situ Doping Using N2 in a CH4/H2 Plasma;152
10.6;5.5 Doping Using N2 in a CH4/Ar Plasma;154
10.7;5.6 Diamond Nanowire Films from a CH4/N2 Plasma;156
10.7.1;5.6.1 Substrate Temperature Effect;156
10.7.2;5.6.2 Localized Electron Emission;161
10.7.3;5.6.3 Hydrogen Treatment Effect;162
10.8;5.7 Bias-Enhanced Grown N-UNCD Films;164
10.9;5.8 Nanostructured Nitrogen Doped Diamond;167
10.9.1;5.8.1 Vertically Aligned Diamond Nanorods;167
10.9.2;5.8.2 Flexible N-UNCD Pyramidal Microtips;169
10.10;5.9 Nitrogen Doped Diamond-Based Heterostructures;170
10.10.1;5.9.1 N-UNCD Coated ZnO Core–Shell Heterostructured Nanorods;171
10.10.2;5.9.2 Combination of N-UNCD Films and CNTs;172
10.10.3;5.9.3 N-NCD-Graphene Hybrids;173
10.10.4;5.9.4 Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanowalls-N-NCD Heterostructures;174
10.11;5.10 Plasma Illumination Cathodic Device;176
10.12;5.11 Conclusions;178
10.13;Acknowledgements;178
10.14;References;179
11;6 Trends of Organic Electrosynthesis by Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes;193
11.1;Abstract;193
11.2;6.1 Introduction;193
11.3;6.2 BDD Features in Aqueous and Non-aqueous Media;195
11.4;6.3 Cathodic Synthesis on BDD Electrodes;197
11.4.1;6.3.1 Electrochemical Approaches for Reducing CO2;197
11.4.1.1;6.3.1.1 Electrochemical Reduction of CO2;198
11.4.1.2;6.3.1.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 on Metal Nanoparticles, Metal Oxides and Metal Complexes Using BBD Support Material;200
11.4.2;6.3.2 Reduction of Oximes;203
11.4.3;6.3.3 Reduction of Nitro Arenes;204
11.4.4;6.3.4 Reductive Carboxylation;205
11.4.5;6.3.5 Reductive Dimerization;206
11.5;6.4 Anodic Transformations on BDD Electrodes;207
11.5.1;6.4.1 Electrochemical C–H Amination;207
11.5.2;6.4.2 Clean Electrosynthesis;211
11.6;6.5 Conclusions;212
11.7;Acknowledgements;213
11.8;References;213
12;7 Diamond Films as Support for Electrochemical Systems for Energy Conversion and Storage;218
12.1;Abstract;218
12.2;7.1 Introduction;218
12.3;7.2 Modification Procedures of BDD Surfaces;219
12.4;7.3 Modified BDD Films as Electrocatalytic Surfaces for Fuel Cells;223
12.5;7.4 BDD-Electrochemical Capacitors;229
12.6;7.5 New Trends in Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage;231
12.6.1;7.5.1 Modification of BDD Surfaces for Fuel Cells;231
12.6.2;7.5.2 BDD Electrodes as Supercapacitors;234
12.7;7.6 Conclusions;236
12.8;Acknowledgements;236
12.9;References;236
13;8 Diamond Electrochemical Devices;242
13.1;Abstract;242
13.2;8.1 Introduction;242
13.3;8.2 Diamond Microelectrodes and Ultramicroelectrodes;244
13.3.1;8.2.1 Fabrication;244
13.3.2;8.2.2 Characterization;245
13.3.3;8.2.3 Applications;247
13.4;8.3 Diamond Microelectrode Arrays and Ultramicroelectrode Arrays;250
13.4.1;8.3.1 Fabrication;250
13.4.2;8.3.2 Characterization;252
13.4.3;8.3.3 Applications;255
13.5;8.4 Diamond Nanoelectrode Arrays;256
13.5.1;8.4.1 Fabrication;256
13.5.2;8.4.2 Characterization;259
13.5.3;8.4.3 Applications;263
13.6;8.5 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Tips;263
13.7;8.6 Summary and Outlook;265
13.8;Acknowledgements;266
13.9;References;266
14;9 Nanoparticle-Based Diamond Electrodes;276
14.1;Abstract;276
14.2;9.1 Introduction;276
14.3;9.2 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Coated Diamond Electrodes;279
14.3.1;9.2.1 Choice of Material;279
14.3.2;9.2.2 Methods of Deposition;284
14.3.2.1;9.2.2.1 Electrochemical Methods;285
14.3.2.2;9.2.2.2 Non-electrochemical Methods;288
14.3.2.3;9.2.2.3 Substrate;289
14.3.3;9.2.3 Surface Characteristics;292
14.3.3.1;9.2.3.1 Characterization Techniques;292
14.3.3.2;9.2.3.2 Nanoparticle Distribution;292
14.3.3.3;9.2.3.3 Nanoparticle Adhesion and Stability;293
14.3.3.4;9.2.3.4 Nucleation;295
14.3.3.5;9.2.3.5 Size;296
14.3.3.6;9.2.3.6 Shape;298
14.4;9.3 Diamond Nanoparticles as an Electrode Material;299
14.4.1;9.3.1 Background on Detonation Nanodiamond;299
14.4.2;9.3.2 Electrochemistry of Detonation Nanodiamond;300
14.4.3;9.3.3 Methods of Deposition/Incorporation into Electrode Form;301
14.4.3.1;9.3.3.1 Nanodiamond Composite Materials;302
14.4.3.2;9.3.3.2 DND in Electrolytes;304
14.4.4;9.3.4 Characterization of Diamond Nanoparticle-Based Electrodes;304
14.5;9.4 Nanostructured CVD-Grown Diamond Electrodes;304
14.6;9.5 Interactions at the Metal-Diamond Interface;305
14.7;9.6 Modern State-of-the-Art and Outlook;307
14.8;References;310
15;10 Diamond Nanowires: Theoretical Simulation and Experiments;332
15.1;Abstract;332
15.2;10.1 Introduction;333
15.3;10.2 Synthetic Strategies of Diamond Nanowires;334
15.3.1;10.2.1 Plasma-Assisted Reactive Ion Etching(RIE)Route;334
15.3.1.1;10.2.1.1 Mask-Needed Plasma-Assisted RIE Technology;335
15.3.1.2;10.2.1.2 Metal-Masked Plasma-Assisted RIE Technology;335
15.3.1.3;10.2.1.3 Oxides-Masked Plasma-Assisted RIE Technology;336
15.3.1.4;10.2.1.4 Diamond Nanoparticles-Masked Plasma-Assisted RIE Technology;337
15.3.1.5;10.2.1.5 Maskless Plasma-Assisted RIE Technology for Highly Doped Diamond Nanowires;337
15.3.2;10.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method (CVD);339
15.3.2.1;10.2.2.1 Template-Assisted CVD Method;339
15.3.2.2;10.2.2.2 Nanowires-Templated CVD for Diamond Nanowires;339
15.3.2.3;10.2.2.3 AAO-Templated CVD;340
15.3.2.4;10.2.2.4 Template-Free CVD for Diamond Nanowires;342
15.3.2.5;10.2.2.5 Microwave Plasma Enhanced CVD (MPCVD) Method;342
15.3.2.6;10.2.2.6 Hot Cathode Direct Current Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Method (HCDC-PCVD);344
15.3.2.7;10.2.2.7 Catalyst-Assisted Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition;345
15.3.3;10.2.3 Diamond Nanowires Realized from Sp2 Carbon and Sp3 Diamondoid;346
15.3.3.1;10.2.3.1 Hydrogen Plasma Post-treatment of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) for Diamond Nanowires;348
15.3.3.2;10.2.3.2 Diamond Nanowires Grown from Fullerence (C60);349
15.3.3.3;10.2.3.3 Diamond Nanowires from Diamonoids;349
15.4;10.3 Structures and Properties;351
15.4.1;10.3.1 Structural Stability of Diamond Nanowires;351
15.4.2;10.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Diamond Nanowires;355
15.4.3;10.3.3 Density and Compressibility Properties of Diamond Nanowires;357
15.4.4;10.3.4 Phonon Optical Mode and Electronic Structure of Diamond Nanowires;358
15.4.5;10.3.5 Thermal Conductivity of Diamond Nanowires;360
15.5;10.4 Application of Diamond Nanowires;361
15.5.1;10.4.1 Field Emission from Diamond Nanowire;361
15.5.1.1;10.4.1.1 Electron Field Emission (EFE) from Planar Diamond Nanowire Film and a Single DNW;362
15.5.2;10.4.2 Photonic Quantum Applications from DNWs Embedded with Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) Centers;364
15.5.3;10.4.3 Diamond Nanowires for Highly Sensitive Matrix-Free Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Small Molecules;365
15.5.4;10.4.4 Suspended Single-Crystal Diamond Nanowires (SCD) for High-Performance Nano-Electromechanical Switches;367
15.5.5;10.4.5 Diamond Nanowires for Sensors;368
15.5.6;10.4.6 Other Applications of Diamond Nanowires;370
15.6;10.5 Conclusions and Outlook;371
15.7;Acknowledgements;371
15.8;References;371
16;11 Spectroscopy of Nanodiamond Surface: Investigation and Applications;382
16.1;Abstract;382
16.2;11.1 Introduction;382
16.3;11.2 Diamond Crystal Surface and Surface Spectroscopy;383
16.4;11.3 Characterization of Nanodiamond Surface and Structure;386
16.4.1;11.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy and ND Surface;386
16.4.2;11.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy;390
16.4.2.1;11.3.2.1 Raman in ND Surface Vibrational Study;390
16.4.2.2;11.3.2.2 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering on ND;391
16.5;11.4 Methods of Surface Functionalization of Nanodiamond;393
16.6;11.5 Role of the Surface, Surface Interactions and Their Effects on the Photoluminescence of Nanodiamond;396
16.6.1;11.5.1 Surface Functional Groups and Moieties on Photoluminescence;396
16.6.2;11.5.2 Effects of Surface-Attached Macromolecules on the PL of Nanodiamond;400
16.6.3;11.5.3 Fluorescence Lifetime for the Surface State and Surface Interactions Analysis;403
16.6.4;11.5.4 Nanodiamond Hybrid Structures with Controlled Photoluminescence;406
16.7;11.6 Bioapplications Using Surface Spectroscopic Properties of Nanodiamond;409
16.7.1;11.6.1 Spectroscopic Analysis of ND Surface Interaction with Bio-active Molecules in Bio-systems;410
16.7.2;11.6.2 Perspectives of the Use of ND’s Spectroscopic Properties for Bio-sensing;417
16.8;11.7 Conclusions;422
16.9;Acknowledgements;423
16.10;References;423
17;12 Surface Modifications of Nanodiamonds and Current Issues for Their Biomedical Applications;433
17.1;Abstract;433
17.2;12.1 Introduction;433
17.3;12.2 Production of Nanodiamonds;435
17.4;12.3 Characterization Tools;437
17.4.1;12.3.1 Diamond Core;437
17.4.2;12.3.2 Outer Shells and Surface Chemistry;439
17.5;12.4 Surface Modifications of Nanodiamonds;441
17.5.1;12.4.1 Surface Hydrogenation of Nanodiamonds;442
17.5.2;12.4.2 Oxidation of Nanodiamonds;445
17.5.3;12.4.3 Amination, Fluorination or Chlorination of Nanodiamonds;446
17.5.4;12.4.4 Surface Graphitization of Nanodiamonds;447
17.6;12.5 Colloidal Properties of Modified Nanodiamonds;449
17.6.1;12.5.1 Surface Reactivity of Modified NDs;451
17.6.2;12.5.2 Solubility, Stability in Colloids;451
17.6.3;12.5.3 Negatively Charged NDs;452
17.6.4;12.5.4 Positively Charged NDs;452
17.6.4.1;12.5.4.1 Presence of Graphitic Carbon at the NDs Surface;452
17.6.4.2;12.5.4.2 Chemically Induced Positive ZP;453
17.6.4.3;12.5.4.3 Specific Surface Properties of Hydrogenated Nanodiamonds;454
17.7;12.6 Nanodiamonds and Biomedical Applications;455
17.7.1;12.6.1 NDs Assets;455
17.7.1.1;12.6.1.1 NDs Toxicity and Biodistribution;455
17.7.1.2;12.6.1.2 Radiosensitization of Hydrogenated NDs;456
17.7.1.3;12.6.1.3 Grafting of Biological Moieties;457
17.7.1.4;12.6.1.4 Photoluminescent Centers;458
17.7.1.5;12.6.1.5 Tunable Size;459
17.7.2;12.6.2 Some Current Challenges;459
17.7.2.1;12.6.2.1 Labeling;459
17.7.2.2;12.6.2.2 Safer by Design;460
17.7.2.3;12.6.2.3 Multifunctional Platform for Drug Delivery;460
17.8;12.7 Conclusion;461
17.9;Acknowledgements;462
17.10;References;462
18;13 Surface-Modification of Nanodiamond by Amphiphilic Materials: Formation of Single Particle Layer and Polymer-Based Nanocomposite;479
18.1;Abstract;479
18.2;13.1 Introduction;479
18.3;13.2 Fabrication of Organo-Modified Nanodiamond;481
18.4;13.3 Topics of Research on Organo-Modification of Nanodiamond by Amphiphilic Materials;482
18.4.1;13.3.1 Mono-“Particle” Dispersion of Organo-Modified Nanodiamond in Fluoropolymer Matrix of Crystalline Transparent Films of Semifluorinated Polymer/Filler Nanocomposite [14];482
18.4.2;13.3.2 The Role of Modifying Molecular Chains in the Formation of Organized Molecular Films of Organo-Modified Nanodiamond [15];482
18.4.3;13.3.3 Fabrication of Transparent Nanohybrids with Heat Resistance Using High-Density Amorphous Formation and Uniform Dispersion of Nanodiamond [16];483
18.4.4;13.3.4 Spherulitic Formation and Characterization of Partially Fluorinated Copolymers and Their Nanohybrids with Functional Fillers [17];485
18.4.5;13.3.5 Dependency of Nanodiamond Particle Size and Outermost-Surface Composition on Organo-Modification [18];485
18.4.6;13.3.6 Nanodispersion in Transparent Polymer Matrix with High Melting Temperature Contributing to the Hybridization of Heat-Resistant Organo-Modified Nanodiamond [19];487
18.4.7;13.3.7 Nanodispersion of Fluorinated Phosphonate-Modified Nanodiamond in Crystalline Fluoropolymer Matrix to Achieve a Transparent Polymer/Nanofiller Composites [20];488
18.4.8;13.3.8 Thermal Stability of Ordered Multi-particle Layers of Long-Chain Phosphonate-Modified Nanodiamond with Superior Heat-Resistance [21];489
18.4.9;13.3.9 Correlation Between Nanodispersion of Organo-Modified Nanodiamond in Solvent and Condensed Behavior of Their Organized Particle Films [22];490
18.5;13.4 Summary;491
18.6;Acknowledgements;492
18.7;References;492
19;14 Electrochemical Applications of Conductive Diamond Powders;494
19.1;Abstract;494
19.2;14.1 Introduction;494
19.3;14.2 Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of BDDP;496
19.3.1;14.2.1 Preparation of BDDP;496
19.3.2;14.2.2 Characterization of BDDP;496
19.4;14.3 Application to Screen-Printed Electrodes;498
19.4.1;14.3.1 Fabrication and Electrochemical Properties of BDDP-Printed Electrodes;498
19.4.2;14.3.2 Application to Glucose Detection;500
19.4.3;14.3.3 Random Microelectrode Array Effect for Sensitive Electrochemical Detection;503
19.5;14.4 Application to Catalyst Support for Fuel Cells;507
19.6;14.5 Conclusions;510
19.7;References;510
20;Index;514