Yoshikawa / Norman Infectious Disease in the Aging

A Clinical Handbook
2. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-60327-534-7
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten

Reihe: Infectious Disease

Because aging is accompanied by a steady decline in resistance to infectious diseases, the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases in the elderly is not only much more complex, but also often quite different from that for younger patients. In the second edition of Infectious Disease in the Aging: A Clinical Handbook, a panel of well known and highly experienced geriatric physicians and infectious disease experts review the most important common infections affecting the elderly and delineate their well-proven diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive techniques. Among the illnesses discussed are urinary tract infections, pneumonia, ocular infections, tuberculosis, and fungal and viral infections. In addition, there are detailed discussions of sepsis, infective endocarditis, intraabdominal infections, bacterial meningitis, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, and prosthetic device infections.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Norman, Dean

Yoshikawa, Thomas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface to the Second Edition;7
2;Acknowledgements;8
3;Contents;9
4;Contributors;12
5;Part I Concepts and Principles of Infections and Aging;16
5.1;Epidemiology of Aging and Infectious Diseases;17
5.1.1;Infectious Diseases and History of Mankind;17
5.1.2;Demographics of Aging;18
5.1.3;Epidemiology of Mortality, Infections, and Aging;19
5.1.4;Infection and Functional Assessment;21
5.1.5;References;21
5.1.6;Suggested Reading;23
5.2;Factors Predisposing to Infection;24
5.2.1;Infection Risk;25
5.2.2;References;30
5.2.3;Suggested Reading;31
5.3;Clinical Features of Infection;32
5.3.1;Overview;32
5.3.2;Clinical Manifestation of Illness;33
5.3.3;Fever in the Elderly;35
5.3.4;Baseline Temperature, Significance of Fever, and FUO;37
5.3.5;References;38
5.3.6;Suggested Reading;40
5.4;Role and Importance of Functional Assessment in Infections;42
5.4.1;The Importance of Functional Status in Older Patients;43
5.4.2;Pathophysiology of Functional Decline with Infections;44
5.4.3;Nonspecific Presentation of Infection;45
5.4.4;Functional Assessment;47
5.4.5;References;53
5.4.6;Suggested Reading;54
5.5;Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy;55
5.5.1;Introduction;55
5.5.2;Approach to Antimicrobial Therapy;56
5.5.3;Antimicrobial Resistance;58
5.5.4;Antimicrobial Pharmacology;58
5.5.5;Antimicrobial Agents;63
5.5.6;Summary;68
5.5.7;References;69
5.5.8;Suggested Reading;71
6;Part II Common Infections;72
6.1;Sepsis;73
6.1.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;73
6.1.2;Clinical Manifestations;77
6.1.3;Diagnostic Tests;80
6.1.4;Treatment;81
6.1.5;Prevention;87
6.1.6;References;87
6.1.7;Suggested Reading;90
6.1.8;Bronchitis and Pneumonia;91
6.1.9;Bronchitis;91
6.1.10;Pneumonia;94
6.1.11;References;103
6.1.12;Suggested Reading;105
6.2;Tuberculosis in Older Adults;106
6.2.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;106
6.2.2;Risk Factors and Clinical Manifestations of TB;109
6.2.3;Diagnostic Tests;112
6.2.4;Treatment;115
6.2.5;Prevention;117
6.2.6;Summary;118
6.2.7;References;118
6.2.8;Suggested Reading;119
6.3;Infective Endocarditis;120
6.3.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;120
6.3.2;Etiologic Pathogens;122
6.3.3;Clinical Manifestations;123
6.3.4;Diagnostic Tests;124
6.3.5;Antibiotic Treatment;125
6.3.6;Role of Surgery;128
6.3.7;Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis;129
6.3.8;Prevention;130
6.3.9;References;131
6.3.10;Suggested Reading;133
6.4;Intra-abdominal Infections;134
6.4.1;Appendicitis;135
6.4.2;Diverticulitis and Diverticulosis;137
6.4.3;Cholecystitis and Biliary Disease;139
6.4.4;Bowel Obstruction;141
6.4.5;Perforated Peptic Ulcer;145
6.4.6;Acute Mesenteric Infarction;146
6.4.7;References;148
6.4.8;Suggested Reading;150
6.5;Infectious Diarrhea;151
6.5.1;Introduction;151
6.5.2;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;152
6.5.3;Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Evaluation and Tests, and Treatment;155
6.5.4;General Treatment Considerations;157
6.5.5;Common Diarrheal Syndromes;158
6.5.6;Common Community-Acquired and Nosocomial Bacterial Causes of Infectious Diarrhea;160
6.5.7;Chronic Diarrhea Due to Parasitic Infections;167
6.5.8;References;169
6.5.9;Suggested Reading;171
6.6;Urinary Tract Infection;172
6.6.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;172
6.6.2;Clinical Manifestations;177
6.6.3;Diagnostic Tests;179
6.6.4;Treatment;181
6.6.5;Prevention;185
6.6.6;References;186
6.6.7;Suggested Reading;187
6.7;Bacterial Meningitis and Brain Abscess;188
6.7.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;189
6.7.2;Clinical Manifestations;191
6.7.3;Diagnostic Tests;193
6.7.4;Treatment;195
6.7.5;Prevention;199
6.7.6;Brain Abscess;199
6.7.7;Clinical Manifestations;202
6.7.8;Diagnostic Tests;202
6.7.9;References;204
6.7.10;Suggested Reading;206
6.8;Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis;207
6.8.1;Osteomyelitis;207
6.8.2;Septic Arthritis;215
6.8.3;References;222
6.8.4;Suggested Reading;223
6.9;Skin and Soft Tissues Infections;224
6.9.1;Skin Structure and Function;224
6.9.2;Infected Pressure Ulcers;226
6.9.3;Erysipelas;228
6.9.4;Cellulitis;229
6.9.5;Necrotizing Fasciitis;230
6.9.6;References;232
6.9.7;Suggested Reading;232
6.10;Herpes Zoster;233
6.10.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;233
6.10.2;Clinical Manifestations;235
6.10.3;Diagnostic Tests;237
6.10.4;Treatment;238
6.10.5;Prevention;241
6.10.6;References;244
6.10.7;Suggested Reading;245
6.11;Orofacial and Odontogenic Infections in the Elderly;246
6.11.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;247
6.11.2;Orofacial Infections;249
6.11.3;Metastatic Odontogenic Infection;265
6.11.4;References;270
6.11.5;Suggested Reading;272
6.12;Ocular Infections;273
6.12.1;Introduction;273
6.12.2;Adnexal and Ocular Surface Infections;274
6.12.3;Herpetic Eye Disease;278
6.12.4;Ocular Toxoplasmosis;286
6.12.5;Summary;290
6.12.6;References;291
6.12.7;Suggested Reading;292
6.13;Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Sinusitis;293
6.13.1;Otitis Media;297
6.13.2;Sinusitis;301
6.13.3;References;306
6.13.4;Suggested Reading;308
6.14;Prosthetic Joint Infections in Elderly Patients;309
6.14.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;309
6.14.2;Clinical Manifestations;310
6.14.3;Diagnostic Tests;311
6.14.4;Treatment;315
6.14.5;Summary;322
6.14.6;References;322
6.15;Staphylococcal and Enterococcal Infections;328
6.15.1;Staphyloccoci;329
6.15.2;Enterococci;341
6.15.3;Conclusions;344
6.15.4;References;344
6.15.5;Suggested Reading;346
6.16;Fungal Infections;347
6.16.1;Introduction;348
6.16.2;Opportunistic Fungal Infections;348
6.16.3;Endemic Mycoses;356
6.16.4;References;364
6.16.5;Suggested Reading;366
6.17;Viral Infections;367
6.17.1;Respiratory Viruses;367
6.17.2;Hepatitis Viruses;376
6.17.3;Gastroenteritis Viruses;379
6.17.4;Herpes Virus Infections;380
6.17.5;References;381
6.17.6;Suggested Reading;384
7;Part III Unique Infectious Disease Problems;385
7.1;Infections in the Long-Term Care Setting;386
7.1.1;Significance of Infection in the Long-term Care Setting;386
7.1.2;Clinical Manifestations;388
7.1.3;Diagnosis;388
7.1.4;General Principles of Antimicrobial Treatment and Prophylaxis in the LTCF Resident;390
7.1.5;Clinical Infectious Syndromes;393
7.1.6;References;404
7.1.7;Suggested Reading;407
7.2;Infection Control Programs in Nursing Homes;408
7.2.1;Background;408
7.2.2;Infection Control and Care Transitions;409
7.2.3;Infection Control in Nursing Homes: Challenges;409
7.2.4;Infection Control and Prevention: Functions and Elements;411
7.2.5;Infection Control in Home Care Settings;419
7.2.6;Resources for Infection Control Practitioners;419
7.2.7;References;420
7.2.8;Suggested Reading;421
7.3;Infections in Diabetics;422
7.3.1;Background and Epidemiology;422
7.3.2;Aging, DM, and Immunity;423
7.3.3;Unique Aspects of Infection in Elderly Diabetics;425
7.3.4;References;431
7.3.5;Suggested Reading;433
7.4;Vaccinations;434
7.4.1;Introduction: Aging, the Immune Response, and Vaccination;434
7.4.2;Improving Vaccination Utilization;435
7.4.3;Tetanus–Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine;436
7.4.4;Influenza Vaccines;438
7.4.5;Pneumococcal Vaccines;440
7.4.6;Vaccinations of Health Care Workers;449
7.4.7;Summary;450
7.4.8;References;450
7.4.9;Suggested Reading;452
7.5;Nutrition and Infection;453
7.5.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;454
7.5.2;Clinical Manifestations;457
7.5.3;Nutritional Therapy for Prevention of Infection;458
7.5.4;Nutritional Therapy During Established Infection;461
7.5.5;Nutritional Therapy During Convalescence After Infection;462
7.5.6;Conclusions and Recommendations;462
7.5.7;References;463
7.5.8;Suggested Reading;464
7.6;Sexually Transmitted Diseases;465
7.6.1;Introduction;465
7.6.2;Syphilis;468
7.6.3;Herpes Simplex Virus, Type II (HSV-2);470
7.6.4;Chlamydia;472
7.6.5;Gonorrhea;473
7.6.6;Vaginitis;474
7.6.7;References;475
7.6.8;Suggested Reading;476
7.7;Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome;477
7.7.1;Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance;477
7.7.2;Clinical Manifestations;482
7.7.3;Diagnostic Tests;484
7.7.4;Prevention;490
7.7.5;Conclusion;491
7.7.6;References;492
7.7.7;Suggested Reading;494
7.8;SARS and West Nile Virus;495
7.8.1;Introduction;495
7.8.2;Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome;496
7.8.3;West Nile Virus;500
7.8.4;References;503
7.8.5;Suggested Reading;504
8;Index;505