Zabeltitz Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates

Climate Conditions, Design, Construction, Maintenance, Climate Control
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-14582-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 363 Seiten

Crop production in greenhouses is a growing industry, especially in mild climates, and is very important for the population as a source of income and clean, fresh food. Greenhouses create optimal climate conditions for crop growth and protect crops from outside pests. At the same time greenhouse production increases water use efficiency and makes integrated production and protection (IPP) possible. This book provides technical instructions for practice (what to do and what not to do) and gives answers to the question: How to produce more clean crops and better quality with less water, less land and less pesticide. Suitable greenhouse constructions and their design, adapted to local climates in subtropical, tropical and arid regions and infrastructure conditions are presented. The necessary climate control measures - light transmittance, ventilation, cooling, heating, and CO2 enrichment - and physical measures for pest control, as well as methods for using solar energy to desalinate salty water are described. The results of theoretical research are transferred into methods for practical use, so that readers are equipped to solve their problems in practice as well as to get stimulation for further research and development.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zabeltitz, Christian von

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates;3
1.1;Preface;5
1.2;Contents;7
1.3;Chapter 1: Introduction;11
1.4;Chapter 2: Climate Conditions and Classification;15
1.4.1;2.1 The Climate Elements;15
1.4.1.1;2.1.1 Solar Radiation;15
1.4.1.2;2.1.2 Temperature;19
1.4.1.3;2.1.3 Precipitation;22
1.4.2;2.2 Classification of Climates;27
1.4.2.1;2.2.1 A. Tropical Humid Zones;27
1.4.2.2;2.2.2 B. Dry Zones;27
1.4.2.3;2.2.3 C. Subtropical Zones;29
1.4.2.4;2.2.4 D. Temperate Zones;31
1.4.2.5;2.2.5 E. Boreal;31
1.4.2.6;2.2.6 F. Polar;31
1.4.2.7;2.2.7 Tropical and Equatorial Zone;31
1.4.2.8;2.2.8 Subtropical Climate: C;33
1.4.2.9;2.2.9 Dry Climates: B;34
1.4.2.10;2.2.10 Highlands: H;34
1.5;Chapter 3: Crop Growth Requirements and Climate Control;38
1.5.1;3.1 Climate Requirements;38
1.5.2;3.2 Consequences for Greenhouse Construction;39
1.5.3;3.3 Measures for Climate Control;39
1.5.4;3.4 Tropical Regions;40
1.5.5;3.5 Subtropical Regions;42
1.5.6;3.6 Arid Regions;51
1.6;Chapter 4: Design Criteria for Greenhouses;53
1.6.1;4.1 Greenhouse Types;54
1.6.2;4.2 Site Selection;54
1.6.3;4.3 General Design Criteria;55
1.6.4;4.4 Loads for Greenhouse Structures;55
1.6.5;4.5 General Requirements;56
1.6.5.1;4.5.1 Ar: Tropical Wet Climates;56
1.6.5.1.1;4.5.1.1 Regions;56
1.6.5.1.2;4.5.1.2 Climatic Conditions;57
1.6.5.1.3;4.5.1.3 Greenhouse Structures;57
1.6.5.2;4.5.2 Aw: Tropical Wet and Dry Climates;57
1.6.5.2.1;4.5.2.1 Regions;57
1.6.5.2.2;4.5.2.2 Climatic Conditions;57
1.6.5.2.3;4.5.2.3 Greenhouse Structures;57
1.6.5.3;4.5.3 Cf: Subtropical Humid;58
1.6.5.3.1;4.5.3.1 Regions;58
1.6.5.3.2;4.5.3.2 Climatic Conditions;58
1.6.5.3.3;4.5.3.3 Greenhouse Structures;58
1.6.5.4;4.5.4 Cs: Subtropical Dry Summer. Mediterranean;59
1.6.5.4.1;4.5.4.1 Regions;59
1.6.5.4.2;4.5.4.2 Climatic Conditions;59
1.6.5.4.3;4.5.4.3 Greenhouse Structures;59
1.6.5.5;4.5.5 H: Tropical Highlands;59
1.6.5.5.1;4.5.5.1 Regions;59
1.6.5.5.2;4.5.5.2 Climatic Conditions;59
1.6.5.5.3;4.5.5.3 Greenhouse Structures;59
1.6.5.6;4.5.6 B: Dry Climates;60
1.6.5.6.1;4.5.6.1 Regions;60
1.6.5.6.2;4.5.6.2 Climatic Conditions;60
1.6.5.6.3;4.5.6.3 Greenhouse Structures;60
1.6.6;4.6 General Design Requirements;60
1.6.6.1;4.6.1 A. Structure;60
1.6.6.2;4.6.2 B. Climate Control;64
1.6.6.3;4.6.3 C. Integrated Plant Production and Protection (IPP);65
1.7;Chapter 5: Greenhouse Structures;67
1.7.1;5.1 Round Arched Tunnel Greenhouses;70
1.7.1.1;5.1.1 Improvements for Tunnel Greenhouses;73
1.7.1.2;5.1.2 Dimensions;74
1.7.1.3;5.1.3 Pointed Arched Construction;76
1.7.1.4;5.1.4 Enlarged Tunnel Greenhouse;77
1.7.2;5.2 Multi-Span Greenhouses;79
1.7.3;5.3 Greenhouses for Tropical Lowlands;84
1.7.4;5.4 Greenhouses for Tropical Highlands and Subtropics;93
1.7.5;5.5 Greenhouse Constructions for Arid Regions;98
1.7.6;5.6 Screen and Shade Houses;101
1.7.7;5.7 Specific Greenhouses;108
1.7.7.1;5.7.1 Parral Type, Almeria;108
1.7.7.2;5.7.2 Greenhouses for Banana;112
1.7.7.3;5.7.3 Greenhouses for Terraces;112
1.7.7.4;5.7.4 Tent-type Construction;114
1.7.8;5.8 Life Cycle Assessment, LCA;119
1.7.8.1;5.8.1 Results;136
1.8;Chapter 6: Light Transmittance of Greenhouses;144
1.9;Chapter 7: Cladding Material;151
1.9.1;7.1 Materials;151
1.9.1.1;7.1.1 Ultra Violet Radiation (UV);153
1.9.1.2;7.1.2 Photosynthetic Active Radiation PAR or Visible Light;153
1.9.1.3;7.1.3 LongWave Radiation, Far Infrared FIR;154
1.9.2;7.2 Influence of Dust and Dirt;154
1.9.3;7.3 Influence of Selective Spectral Transmittance;155
1.9.3.1;7.3.1 Transmittance and Blocking of UV Radiation;158
1.9.3.1.1;7.3.1.1 Transmittance for UV-B Radiation;158
1.9.3.1.2;7.3.1.2 UV-Blocking of Cladding Material;158
1.9.3.2;7.3.2 Photoselective Plastic Films and Screens;163
1.9.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Blue part of PAR (400-500nm);163
1.9.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Red to Far Red Ratio;163
1.9.3.3;7.3.3 Near Infrared (NIR) Blocking and Reflecting Materials;165
1.9.3.4;7.3.4 Diffuse Light;168
1.9.3.5;7.3.5 Drop Condensation;168
1.10;Chapter 8: Greenhouse Components, Mounting, Installation and Maintenance;174
1.10.1;8.1 Foundation;174
1.10.2;8.2 Connections and Clamps;175
1.10.2.1;8.2.1 How to Do and How Not to Do the Clamp Connections;176
1.10.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 Welding;177
1.10.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 Gutters;179
1.10.3;8.3 Fastening and Stretching of the Cladding Material;179
1.10.4;8.4 Leaks;184
1.10.5;8.5 Windbreaks;190
1.11;Chapter 9: Ventilation;198
1.11.1;9.1 Natural Ventilation;198
1.11.1.1;9.1.1 Air Exchange;199
1.11.1.2;9.1.2 Ventilation Opening Area;200
1.11.1.3;9.1.3 Ventilation Efficiency;204
1.11.2;9.2 Types of Natural Ventilation Openings;205
1.11.2.1;9.2.1 Side Wall Ventilation;205
1.11.2.2;9.2.2 Roof Ventilation;206
1.11.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 Examples;207
1.11.2.2.2;9.2.2.2 Greenhouses with Flap Ventilation;208
1.11.2.2.2.1;The Use of Deflectors or Baffles;218
1.11.2.3;9.2.3 Side Wall and Roof Ventilation;220
1.11.2.4;9.2.4 Ventilation of Specific Greenhouses;225
1.11.2.4.1;9.2.4.1 Round-Arched Tunnel Greenhouse;225
1.11.2.4.2;9.2.4.2 Parral-Type Greenhouses;227
1.11.2.4.3;9.2.4.3 Banana Greenhouse;232
1.11.2.4.4;9.2.4.4 Summary of Recommendations for Natural Ventilation;232
1.11.3;9.3 Forced Ventilation;233
1.12;Chapter 10: Insect Screening;237
1.12.1;10.1 Enlargement of Screened Vent Openings;239
1.12.2;10.2 Necessary Enlargement of Screened Vent Openings;241
1.12.2.1;10.2.1 Method of Sase and Christiansen (1990);241
1.12.2.2;10.2.2 Calculation of AS/AV by using methods of Bailey et al. (2003) and Teitel (2006);242
1.12.3;10.3 Climate Conditions and Pest Control;244
1.13;Chapter 11: Cooling;255
1.13.1;11.1 Fan and Pad Cooling;256
1.13.2;11.2 Pad Location;258
1.13.3;11.3 Vertical Pad System and Water Circulation;258
1.13.4;11.4 Horizontal Pads;259
1.13.5;11.5 Pad Efficiency;259
1.13.6;11.6 Pad Material and Thickness;261
1.13.6.1;11.6.1 Pad Area;264
1.13.6.2;11.6.2 Pad Installation and Maintenance;266
1.13.6.3;11.6.3 Operation of Fan and Pad System;267
1.13.7;11.7 Fans;268
1.13.7.1;11.7.1 Air and Water Flow Rate;269
1.13.8;11.8 Fog System;274
1.13.8.1;11.8.1 Upward Fogging;278
1.13.9;11.9 Spray Cooling;280
1.14;Chapter 12: Heating;288
1.14.1;12.1 Heat Requirement;289
1.14.2;12.2 Fuel Consumption;291
1.14.3;12.3 Heating Systems;293
1.14.4;12.4 Geothermal Energy for Greenhouse Heating;300
1.14.5;12.5 Solar Heating;304
1.15;Chapter 13: Crop Water Requirement and Water Use Efficiency;315
1.15.1;13.1 Crop Water Requirement;315
1.15.1.1;13.1.1 This Penman-Monteith Method Can Also Be Applied for Greenhouse Conditions, if the Parameters Are Adapted to Greenhouse .;316
1.15.1.2;13.1.2 Example 1: Almeria (Spain);318
1.15.1.3;13.1.3 Example 2: Bangkok (Thailand);318
1.15.1.4;13.1.4 Example 3: Antalya (Turkey) and Bangalore (India);318
1.15.2;13.2 Water Use Efficiency;319
1.16;Chapter 14: Rainwater Collection and Storage;322
1.16.1;14.1 Calculation of the Storage Volume;323
1.16.2;14.2 Example 1: Storage Volume for Climate Conditions in Bangalore (India);324
1.16.3;14.3 Example 2: Storage Volume for Climate Conditions in Antalya (Turkey);325
1.16.4;14.4 Design of Rainwater Storage Basins;325
1.17;Chapter 15: Desalination of Salty Water and Closed-System Greenhouses;329
1.17.1;15.1 Solar Desalination Systems;329
1.17.2;15.2 Closed-System Greenhouse;332
1.18;Chapter 16: CO2 Enrichment;340
1.19;Annexes;342
1.19.1;Annex A;342
1.19.2;Annex B;345
1.19.3;Annex C;346
1.20;References;348
1.21;Index;360