Zaidi / Musarrat Microbial Strategies for Crop Improvement

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-01979-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 358 Seiten

With an ever-increasing human population, the demand placed upon the agriculture sector to supply more food is one of the greatest challenges for the agrarian community. In order to meet this challenge, environmentally unfriendly agroch- icals have played a key role in the green revolution and are even today commonly recommended to circumvent nutrient de?ciencies of the soils. The use of ag- chemicals is, though, a major factor for improvement of plant production; it causes a profound deteriorating effect on soil health (soil fertility) and in turn negatively affects the productivity and sustainability of crops. Concern over disturbance to the microbial diversity and consequently soil fertility (as these microbes are involved in biogeochemical processes), as well as economic constraints, have prompted fun- mental and applied research to look for new agro-biotechnologies that can ensure competitive yields by providing suf?ciently not only essential nutrients to the plants but also help to protect the health of soils by mitigating the toxic effects of certain pollutants. In this regard, the role of naturally abundant yet functionally fully unexplored microorganisms such as biofertilizers assume a special signi?cance in the context of supplementing plant nutrients, cost and environmental impact under both conventional practices and derelict environments. Therefore, current devel- ments in sustainability involve a rational exploitation of soil microbial communities and the use of inexpensive, though less bio-available, sources of plant nutrients, which may be made available to plants by microbially-mediated processes.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zaidi, Almas

Musarrat, Javed

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Microbial Strategies for Crop Improvement;2
1.1;Foreword;5
1.2;Preface;5
1.3;Contents;11
1.4;The Editors;13
1.5;Contributors;15
1.6;Chapter 1: The Use of Microorganisms to Facilitate the Growth of Plants in Saline Soils;19
1.6.1;Introduction;19
1.6.2;Mechanisms Used by Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria;21
1.6.3;Mechanisms Used by Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi;22
1.6.4;Amelioration of Salt Stress by Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria;26
1.6.5;Amelioration of Salt Stress by Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi;28
1.6.6;Examples of Generating Salt Tolerance with Bacteria and Mycorrhizae;31
1.6.7;Conclusion;33
1.6.8;References;33
1.7;Chapter 2: Recent Advances in Plant Growth Promotion by Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes;41
1.7.1;Introduction;41
1.7.2;Strategies for Isolation and Inoculant Development;43
1.7.3;Mechanisms of P-Solubilization: A General Account;45
1.7.3.1;Enzymatic Dissolution of Phosphates by Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes;48
1.7.4;Mechanism of Plant Growth Promotion by P-Solubilizing Microbes;49
1.7.4.1;Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes as Bio-Control Agent;50
1.7.5;Molecular Engineering of P-Solubilizing Bacteria;52
1.7.6;Crop Improvement by P-Solubilizing Microbes;54
1.7.6.1;Inoculation Effects of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria;54
1.7.6.2;Inoculation Effects of Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi;57
1.7.7;Conclusion;60
1.7.8;References;60
1.8;Chapter 3: Developing Beneficial Microbial Biofilms on Roots of Non legumes: A Novel Biofertilizing Technique;69
1.8.1;Introduction;70
1.8.2;Effects of Beneficial Microbial Biofilms;71
1.8.3;Developing Beneficial Biofilms on Roots of Non legumes;71
1.8.4;Effects of Biofilmed Biofertilizers on Plant Growth and Yield;74
1.8.5;Conclusion;78
1.8.6;References;79
1.9;Chapter 4: Role of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase in Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis;81
1.9.1;Introduction;82
1.9.2;Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis: An Overview;83
1.9.3;Effect of Ethylene on Symbiosis;85
1.9.4;Rhizobial Strategies for Decreasing Ethylene Levels;87
1.9.5;Genes Involved in the Synthesis of ACC Deaminase and Nodulation Enhancement;90
1.9.6;Performance of ACC Deaminase Containing Transgenic Plants/Rhizobia;92
1.9.7;Conclusion;94
1.9.8;References;95
1.10;Chapter 5: Strategies for Crop Improvement in Contaminated Soils Using Metal-Tolerant Bioinoculants;102
1.10.1;Introduction;102
1.10.2;Heavy Metals;103
1.10.3;Origin of the Contamination in Soils;103
1.10.4;Heavy Metal Toxicity to Plants;104
1.10.5;Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity in Microorganisms;105
1.10.6;Influence of Bacteria on Heavy Metal Bioavailability;106
1.10.7;Heavy Metal Resistance Systems in Bacteria;107
1.10.8;Heavy Metal Remediation;107
1.10.9;Bioremediation;108
1.10.9.1;Biosorption;109
1.10.9.1.1;Biosorption by Fungi;110
1.10.9.1.2;Biosorption by Algae;110
1.10.9.1.3;Biosorption by Bacteria;110
1.10.9.2;Bioaccumulation;111
1.10.9.3;Siderophores;112
1.10.10;Tracking the Insights of Bioremediation Using Proteomics/ Genomics;113
1.10.10.1;Proteomic Studies for the Cellular Responses to Cd2+ in Microorganism;113
1.10.10.2;Differential Gene Expression Under Cadmium Stress;115
1.10.11;Conclusion;115
1.10.12;References;117
1.11;Chapter 6: Functional Diversity Among Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Current Status;122
1.11.1;Introduction;122
1.11.2;Rhizosphere and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria;123
1.11.3;Search for Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria;124
1.11.4;Mechanism of Growth Promotion by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria;125
1.11.4.1;Plant Growth Regulators;128
1.11.4.1.1;Phytohormones;129
1.11.4.1.2;Biosynthesis of Indole Acetic Acid;129
1.11.4.2;Siderophores;130
1.11.4.2.1;Siderophore Production by Microorganisms;133
1.11.4.2.2;Chemical and Biological Properties of Siderophores;133
1.11.4.3;Mineral Phosphate Solubilizing Activity;135
1.11.4.4;Growth Modulation Enzyme;136
1.11.4.5;Antibiotics Production by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria;137
1.11.4.6;Hydrogen Cyanide Production;139
1.11.4.7;Production of Lytic Enzymes;139
1.11.5;Performance of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Metal-Contaminated Soils;140
1.11.6;Conclusion and Future Prospects;141
1.11.7;References;142
1.12;Chapter 7: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Sustainable Agriculture;150
1.12.1;Introduction;150
1.12.2;Mechanisms of Action;152
1.12.2.1;Fixation, Mobilization and Uptake of Nutrients;154
1.12.2.2;Production of Plant Growth-Regulating Substances;155
1.12.2.3;Biological Control;156
1.12.2.4;Multiple Mechanisms of Action;157
1.12.3;Application of PGPR in Agriculture;157
1.12.3.1;Effect of PGPR on Plant Growth;158
1.12.3.2;PGPR in Stress Agriculture;164
1.12.3.3;PGPR for Bioremediation;168
1.12.4;Formulations of Effective Biofertilizers;168
1.12.5;Conclusion;169
1.12.6;References;170
1.13;Chapter 8: Soil Health - A Precondition for Crop Production;178
1.13.1;Introduction;178
1.13.2;Soil Health Concept;180
1.13.3;Soil Health Indicators and Criteria for Selection;181
1.13.4;Significance of Soil Health Indicators;182
1.13.5;Approaches Used to Diagnose Soil Health;184
1.13.5.1;Methodology for Selection of Master Indicators;184
1.13.5.1.1;Data screening, Representative Variables and Redundancy;184
1.13.5.1.2;MDS Validation and Indicator Transformation (Scoring);185
1.13.5.1.3;Indicator Integration Into Indices;185
1.13.6;Soil Health and Its Importance;185
1.13.6.1;Crop Production;185
1.13.6.2;Crop Quality;186
1.13.6.3;Production Sustainability;187
1.13.6.4;Human Health;187
1.13.6.5;Animal Health;188
1.13.6.6;Environmental Health;188
1.13.7;Problems in Agricultural Practices;189
1.13.7.1;Lack of Good Soil Husbandry;189
1.13.7.2;Agricultural Intensification and Inappropriate Cropping System;189
1.13.7.3;Blanket Application of Agrochemicals;190
1.13.7.4;Reduction in Agricultural Biodiversity/Monoculture;190
1.13.7.5;Heavy Vehicle Traffic and Indiscriminate Use of Sewage Sludge;190
1.13.7.6;Lack of Appropriate Soil Testing and Diagnostic Protocol;191
1.13.7.7;Insufficient Awareness Among Farmers About Soil Health;191
1.13.7.8;Lack of Proper Legislation and Contractual Farming;191
1.13.7.9;Government Policy;192
1.13.8;Soil Health Management;192
1.13.8.1;Crop Rotation and Organic Amendments;192
1.13.9;Cover crops and Tillage Conservation;193
1.13.9.1;Agricultural Diversification;194
1.13.9.1.1;Selection of Right Cropping System;194
1.13.9.1.2;Tailoring of Existing Cropping System;195
1.13.9.1.3;Farming System Diversification;195
1.13.9.2;Organic Husbandry;195
1.13.9.3;Soil-Based Fertilizer and Development of Farmer´s Friendly Indicator;196
1.13.9.4;Legislation for Soil Health Protection;196
1.13.10;Conclusion;197
1.13.11;References;197
1.14;Chapter 9: Recent Advances in Biopesticides;202
1.14.1;Introduction;202
1.14.2;Shade of Biopesticide;203
1.14.3;Types of Biopesticides;204
1.14.3.1;Microbial Pesticides;204
1.14.3.1.1;Bacteria;204
1.14.3.1.1.1;Mode of Action;205
1.14.3.1.2;Virus;206
1.14.3.1.2.1;Mode of Action;207
1.14.3.1.3;Entomopathogenic Fungi;207
1.14.3.1.3.1;Mode of Action;208
1.14.3.1.4;Nematodes;209
1.14.3.1.4.1;Mode of Action;209
1.14.3.1.5;Entomopathogenic Protozoa and Microsporida;210
1.14.3.2;Plant Incorporated Protectants;210
1.14.3.2.1;Botanicals;210
1.14.3.3;Biochemical Pesticides;211
1.14.3.3.1;Allellochemicals;211
1.14.3.3.2;Sex Pheromones;212
1.14.4;Potentials and Constraints of Biopesticides;212
1.14.4.1;Advantages of Using Biopesticides;213
1.14.4.2;Constraints in the Promotion of Biopesticides;214
1.14.4.2.1;Technological;214
1.14.4.2.2;Financial;214
1.14.4.2.3;Extension Related;214
1.14.4.2.4;Regulatory/Statutory;214
1.14.5;Biopesticides Global Scenario;214
1.14.6;Biopesticide Production;215
1.14.6.1;Use of Genetic-Engineering Technology;215
1.14.6.2;Engineering Biological Control Agents;215
1.14.6.3;Engineering Crop Plants;216
1.14.7;Biopesticide Regulations;216
1.14.8;Biopesticide Commercialization;216
1.14.9;Conclusion;218
1.14.10;References;219
1.15;Chapter 10: Benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Sustainable Crop Production;221
1.15.1;Introduction;221
1.15.2;Principles of Crop Responsiveness to Mycorrhiza;223
1.15.3;Mycorrhiza in Agro-ecosystems;226
1.15.3.1;Occurrence;226
1.15.3.2;Mycorrhiza-Friendly Management in Sustainable Plant-Soil Production Systems;227
1.15.3.3;Specifics of Mycorrhiza Applications in Horticultural Crop Production;230
1.15.4;Drawbacks and Potentials of Mycorrhizal Applications in Sustainable Agriculture;231
1.15.5;Conclusion;234
1.15.6;References;235
1.16;Chapter 11: Enhancement of Rhizobia-Legumes Symbioses and Nitrogen Fixation for Crops Productivity Improvement;242
1.16.1;Introduction;242
1.16.2;Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms Controlling the Symbiosis;245
1.16.3;Selection of Effective Symbiotic Rhizobia;248
1.16.4;Selection of Symbiotic Rhizobia from Crop and Wild Legumes;249
1.16.4.1;Rhizobia from Crop Legumes;249
1.16.4.2;Rhizobia from Wild Legumes;250
1.16.5;Selection of Symbiotic Rhizobia Tolerant to Various Abiotic Stresses;253
1.16.5.1;The Problem of Soil Salinity;253
1.16.5.2;Free-Living and Symbiotic Rhizobia Under Abiotic Stress;253
1.16.5.3;Symbiotic N2 Fixation of Legumes Under Abiotic Stresses;255
1.16.6;Improvement of Inoculation Technology;259
1.16.7;Breeding and Selection for Enhanced N2 Fixation in Crop Legumes;261
1.16.8;Conclusion;262
1.16.9;References;264
1.17;Chapter 12: Monitoring the Development of Nurse Plant Species to Improve the Performances of Reforestation Programs in ;270
1.17.1;Introduction;271
1.17.2;Impacts of ``Nurse Plant Species´´ on Soil Microbial Functionalities and AM Fungus Communities;272
1.17.3;Response of Cupressus sp. Growth to the ``Nurse´´ Plant Effects;275
1.17.4;Conclusion;277
1.17.5;References;277
1.18;Chapter 13: Pea Cultivation in Saline Soils: Influence of Nitrogen Nutrition;281
1.18.1;Introduction;281
1.18.2;Nitrogen Nutrition Under Salt Stress;282
1.18.2.1;Cell Ionic Status;282
1.18.2.2;Nitrogen as a Plant Macronutrient;283
1.18.2.2.1;Inorganic Nitrogen Nutrition;283
1.18.2.2.2;N2 Fixation and Plant Nutrition;284
1.18.2.2.3;N2 Fixation in Plants Under Salinity Stress;284
1.18.3;Plant Growth Under Salt Stress;286
1.18.3.1;Growth in Saline Conditions;286
1.18.3.2;Nitrogen Nutrition and Growth Under Salinity;287
1.18.4;Salinity and Nitrogen Nutrition Influence on Productivity;288
1.18.4.1;The Importance of Seeds;288
1.18.4.2;Seed Production;289
1.18.4.3;Seed Protein Content;290
1.18.5;Salinity Influence and Nitrogen Nutrition on Ion Accumulation;291
1.18.5.1;Vegetative Organs;291
1.18.5.2;Seeds;295
1.18.6;Conclusion and Future Prospects;296
1.18.7;References;297
1.19;Chapter 14: Plant Growth-Promoting Diazotrophs and Productivity of Wheat on the Canadian Prairies;301
1.19.1;Introduction;302
1.19.1.1;Wheat in Canada;302
1.19.1.2;Nitrogen Use in Wheat Production;302
1.19.2;Nitrogen Fixation and Non legume Plants;303
1.19.3;Plant Growth-Promoting Effects of Diazotrophs;304
1.19.4;Beneficial Effects of Rhizobia in Non legume Crops;305
1.19.5;Trials with A. caulinodans in Alberta, Canada;306
1.19.5.1;Monitoring of Introduced Microbes in Field Soils;309
1.19.6;Native Canadian Rhizobia and Wheat Production;310
1.19.7;Conclusion;312
1.19.8;References;312
1.20;Chapter 15: Factors Affecting the Variation of Microbial Communities in Different Agro-Ecosystems;315
1.20.1;Introduction;315
1.20.2;Microbial Community Structure and Functional Analysis;317
1.20.3;Factors Causing Change in Microbial Community Structure and Function;320
1.20.3.1;Rhizosphere, Root Exudates and Soil pH;321
1.20.3.2;Soil Management Practices;326
1.20.3.2.1;Tillage;326
1.20.3.2.2;Nutrient Management;327
1.20.3.3;Impact of Seasonal Variations;328
1.20.3.4;Pesticides;329
1.20.4;Resilience of Microbial Communities;330
1.20.5;Conclusion;331
1.20.6;References;332
1.21;Chapter 16: Strategies for Utilizing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Enhance;339
1.21.1;Introduction;340
1.21.2;Phosphate Fertilizer Management;341
1.21.3;Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Pi-Uptake;343
1.21.4;Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms;344
1.21.4.1;Mechanisms of Microbial Pi-Solubilization;347
1.21.4.2;Role of Organic Acids in Pi-Solubilization;350
1.21.5;Interactive Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes on Plant Pi-Uptake;352
1.21.6;Microbial Pi-Solubilization in Temperate and Tropical Soils;355
1.21.7;Conclusion;358
1.21.8;References;358
1.22;Index;366