Zhao / Baldauf Planning Chinese Characters

Reaction, Evolution or Revolution?
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-48576-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 9, 418 Seiten

Reihe: Language Policy

This book presents the most comprehensive synthesis and analysis of major developments in reforming programs in modernizing the Chinese writing system. It traces the language policy and planning related developments for Chinese characters, with particular emphasis on post-1950 period in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the more recent challenges that technology, and particularly the World Wide Web, have posed for the language.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zhao, Shouhui

Baldauf, Richard B. Jr.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;DEDICATION;6
2;Contents;7
3;Authors;9
4;Abbreviations;11
5;Preface;12
6;Foreword;14
7;PROLOGUE;19
7.1;1. THE ORIGINS OF HANZI;19
7.2;2. STRUCTURE EVOLUTION – FROM PICTURES TO SYMBOLS;21
7.3;2.1 Oracle Bone Inscription ( jiaguwen, jiaguwen, jiaguwen, jiaguwen, ).;22
7.4;2.2 Bronze Inscription ( jinwen, jinwen, jinwen, );23
7.5;2.3 Small Seal Script4 (xiaozhuan, xiaozhuan, xiaozhuan, );24
7.6;2.4 Clerical Script ( lishu, lishu, lishu, );25
7.7;2.5 Square Script (kaishu, kaishu, kaishu, );26
7.8;2.6 Summary of Historical Development;27
7.9;3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE HANZI;27
7.10;3.1 Abstraction: From Pictogram and Ideogram to Phonogram;27
7.11;3.2 Structural Complexity;30
7.12;3.3 An Open-Ended Number of Characters;33
7.13;3.4 Artistic Features: Writing Stylization, Print Fonts;35
7.14;4. PROLOGUE SUMMARY;39
8;Chapter 1 MAKING HANZI ACCESSIBLE;41
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;41
8.2;2. HANZI UNIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION IN DYNASTIC CHINA;42
8.2.1;2.1 One State, One Script – Qin Empire;43
8.2.2;2.2 Subsequent Developments Prior to Modern China;44
8.2.3;2.3 Standardization Summary;45
8.3;3. THE FIRST SIMPLIFICATION SCHEME IN 1935;46
8.3.1;3.1 Background Review;48
8.3.2;3.2 Exploring Reasons for Failure: Cultural Continuity;49
8.3.3;3.3 Implications for the Forthcoming Reforms;56
8.3.4;3.4 Government vs Individuals;56
8.3.5;3.5 Methodological Issues;58
8.4;4. SIMPLIFICATION MOVEMENTS IN THE 1950s AND 1960s;59
8.4.1;4.1 Dynamic Intervention from the State – Organizational Change;59
8.4.2;4.2 A Tentative Evaluation of the Table of Simplified Characters of 1956 – Periodic Success;63
8.5;5. SECOND SIMPLIFICATION SCHEME (SSS) ( 1977);69
8.5.1;5.1 Political Presence in Chinese Characters and Character Planning;70
8.5.2;5.2 Formalization and Implementation;72
8.5.3;5.3 Factors That Led to the Abandonment;82
8.5.4;5.4 Summarizing the Second Simplification Scheme;86
9;Chapter 2 REFLECTIONS ON NEW PERSPECTIVES;88
9.1;The Opening Up of Chinese Society;88
9.2;1. SCRIPT REFORM TRANSFORMED: REFLECTION AND RE- ORIENTATION;88
9.2.1;1.1 Adjustment to Meet the Needs of a New Society – NCLW ( 1986);89
9.2.2;1.2 Reflection on Past Experience;92
9.3;2. SOCIO-POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION;107
9.3.1;2.1 Chaotic Situation During Social Transition;107
9.3.2;2.2 A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Character Use;110
9.3.3;2.3 The Polemic (Debate) on hanzi’s Future;113
10;Chapter 3 NEW CHALLENGES FOR A DIGITAL SOCIETY;127
10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;127
10.2;2. DEALING WITH THE PROBLEMS OF A DIGITAL SOCIETY;128
10.2.1;2.1 Chinese Character’s Machine Applications;128
10.2.2;2.2 Three Streams of Input Schemes;133
10.3;3. INTERNET USE OF CHINESE CHARACTERS;143
10.3.1;3.1 Some Technical Issues in Encoding and Decoding Chinese Characters;144
10.3.2;3.2 Decoding Chinese Information on Web Pages;146
10.3.3;3.3 E-mail Use on Non-Chinese Language Computers;148
10.3.4;3.4 Summarizing the On-line Dilemma;150
11;Chapter 4 STANDARDIZATION AS A SOLUTION;152
11.1;Multiple Standards for Specific Purposes;152
11.2;1. INTRODUCTION;152
11.3;2. A NEW ROUND OF STANDARDIZATION: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC SOLUTION TO TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACT ;154
11.3.1;2.1 Tackling the Total Number of Chinese Characters;154
11.3.2;2.2 Shape – Developing a Higher Standard for Physical Uniformity;171
11.3.3;2.3 Sound – Reducing Pronunciation Variation;177
11.3.4;2.4 Ordering – Standardizing the Referencing Methods;183
11.4;3. CURRENT STANDARDIZATION PROJECTS;189
11.4.1;3.1 Systematic Optimization and Modification: CTSC;190
11.4.2;3.2 Overhauling the Repertoire of Chinese Writing System: Corpus of Whole Chinese Characters;200
11.5;4. TENTATIVE SUMMARY;204
12;Chapter 5 INFLUENCING OUTCOMES;206
12.1;Sociolinguistic Analysis of Non-Character-based Issues;206
12.2;1. INTRODUCTION;206
12.3;2. LINGUISTIC RESEARCH AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF LP;208
12.3.1;2.1 New Functions for Pinyin and Putonghua;209
12.3.2;2.2 Implications of Linguistics Science;211
12.4;3. TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS A CATALYST ;216
12.5;3.3 The Outcome of Economic Development;218
12.6;4. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES;223
12.6.1;4.1 Widespread Literacy;223
12.6.2;4.2 Awareness of Democracy;226
12.6.3;4.3 Regionalism;227
12.6.4;4.4 Down to Reality;229
12.7;5. POLITICAL CLIMATE ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT;230
12.7.1;5.1 The Source of the Difference: Political Rift;230
12.7.2;5.2 Stability and Unification: From Maintaining the Status Quo to Moving Closer;232
12.7.3;5.3 Looking into the Future: Planning for Unification;233
12.8;6. POPULAR CULTURE – SHIFTING ATTITUDES TOWARDS CULTURE AND CHARACTERS;235
12.9;7. THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNAL POLITICAL CLIMATE;237
12.9.1;7.1 The Shift of the Party’s Propaganda Strategy;238
12.9.2;7.2 Leadership – Political Individual Involvement at the National Level;240
12.9.3;7.3 Integration of Ongoing Political Campaigns into LP Work;251
12.10;8. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT;254
12.10.1;8.1 International Comparison and Cooperation;254
12.10.2;8.2 Ideological Factors from a Historical Perspective;256
12.10.3;8.3 Coping with Recent Reality;257
12.10.4;8.4 National Interest;258
12.11;9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;261
13;Chapter 6 ENVISIONING THE FUTURE;263
13.1;Trends and Strategies;263
13.2;1. INTRODUCTION;263
13.3;2. TOWARD A PLURICENTRIC STANDARD MODEL;264
13.3.1;2.1 and Democratization The Socio- political Context: Diversification;265
13.3.2;2.2 Framework of a Pluricentric Standard;268
13.3.3;2.3 Deliberation on the Notion of Standardization;270
13.3.4;2.4 The Ongoing Exploration – Toward a Framework for the Future;277
13.4;3. LANGUAGE REFORM MODERNIZATION;281
13.4.1;3.1 Theoretical Framework;282
13.4.2;3.2 The Importance of Language Planners and Stakeholders Agreeing on a Standard;285
13.4.3;3.3 Challenging Existing Practices – Experiences and Realities;286
13.4.4;3.4 Looking for a Way Forward;294
14;Chapter 7 SOME CRITICAL ISSUES;300
14.1;Historical and Current;300
14.2;1. INTRODUCTION;300
14.3;2. ROMANIZATION – OLD QUESTION, NEW CHALLENGE;301
14.3.1;2.1 Renewed Interest in Romanization and Digraphia;302
14.3.2;2.2 Technological Impact and Technological Issues;307
14.3.3;2.3 Romanization or Hanzi? Still a Question;309
14.4;3. CRACKING THE HARD NUT: DEALING WITH THE RESCINDED SECOND SCHEME AND BANNED TRADITIONAL CHARACTERS ;312
14.4.1;3.1 Systematic Optimization and Modification:;312
14.4.2;3.2 Small Compromise for Big Convenience: Partial Re- Introduction of the Traditional Characters;320
14.4.3;3.3 Tentative Summary;324
14.5;4. ‘COMMON SCRIPT’ ACROSS CYBERSPACE;326
14.5.1;4.1 Han-Unification – Diversity and Difficulty;327
14.5.2;4.2 Socio-Political Dimensions;330
14.6;5. HANZI REFORM: A BATTLEFIELD FOR SOCIAL FORCES IN LANGUAGE PLANNING ;335
14.7;5.1 Rearticulating Some Underlying Issues;335
14.8;5.2 Evolution;336
14.9;5.3 Revolution;338
14.10;5.4 Reaction;339
14.11;5.5 Conclusion;340
15;Acknowledgments;342
16;Appendix;344
17;Notes;374
17.1;PROLOGUE;374
17.2;CHAPTER 1;375
17.3;CHAPTER 2;378
17.4;CHAPTER 5;382
17.5;CHAPTER 6;385
17.6;CHAPTER 7;387
18;References;389
19;Content Index;419
20;Author Index;426