Zohar Climate Change -

Environment and History of the Near East
2. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-69852-4
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 290 Seiten

When the ?rst edition of this book was published in 2004, the following year 2005 has happened to have been the warmest year since 1880, when the ?rst reliable worldwide instrumental records came into existance. Claiming no li- age between the publication of our book and the temperature record, yet this record demonstrates the trend of increase in the global surface temperatures during thepast20years,reinforcedbyevidenceofriseofatmosphere’sand oceans’ temperatures, and increased melting of ice and snow in the arctic and antarctic regions as well as on mountain tops. All these observations are par- leled by the increase in the quantity of heat trapping gases in the atmosphere, causing most probably, the global greenhouse effect. In order to try and predict, what might be the impact of this effect on the on the natural and human environments of the Near East, (Figs. 1–1d) the authors adopted the saying that the past is the key for the future. The practical conclusion of this principle says that the acquiring knowledge of the impact of past climate changes on the nature and human societies, may allow conclusions with regard to future possible impact of climate changes. By correlating proxy data of all types, paleo-sea and lake levels, paleo-hydrology, pollen pro?les, environmental isotopes as well as archaeological and historical documents, the authors tried to collect as much as possible of this knowledge.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zohar, Mattanyah

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;List of Illustrations;9
2.1;Figures;9
2.2;Plates;10
3;List of Tables;12
4;List of Abbreviations;13
5;Copyright and Authors Acknowledgements;14
6;Introduction;15
7;Acknowledgements;25
8;The Pendulum of Paradigms;26
9;Constructing the Jigsaw Puzzle of Palaeo- Climates;36
9.1;2.1 The Climatological and Historical Background ( Table 1);36
9.2;2.2 Time Series of Proxy-Data to Decipher Climates of the Past;39
10;The Near East: A Bridge from the Garden of Eden to the Fields of Toil;63
10.1;From the Palaeolithic to the end of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period ( From ca. 2 million to ca. 8000 years ago);63
10.2;3.1 The Password ‘Climate Change’ ( Table 2, Fig. 5);63
10.3;3.2 The Establishment of Agricultural Villages – The Pre Pottery Neolithic – ( 6000– 8000 B. C. E.);84
11;The Great Transition – From Farming Villages to Urban Centers;90
11.1;From the Pottery Neolithic to the Chalcolithic Period and the Beginning of the Early Bronze Age, ca. 6000 to 3000 B. C. E.;90
11.2;4.1 The Progress of Climate;91
11.3;4.2 The First Technological Revolution – The Pottery Neolithic Period ( 6000– 4500| 4000 B. C. E.) ( Fig. 5);96
11.4;4.3 TheMetallurgical Revolution – The Chalcolithic Period ( 4500| 4000– 3500| 3000 B. C. E.);106
11.5;4.4 From Copper to Bronze – The Beginning of the Early Bronze Age;119
12;The Urban Revolution and the Dawn of History;126
12.1;The Early Bronze Age, ca. 3100/3000 to 2400/2300 B.C.E.;126
12.2;5.1 The First Cities and a New Order ( Table 3);126
12.3;5.2 The Climate Background – When Cities Drowned and the Desert Bloomed;128
12.4;5.3 The Early Bronze Age in the Levant and Anatolia;129
12.5;5.4 The Great Civilizations;135
13;Dark Age, Renaissance, and Decay;157
13.1;From the Intermediate Bronze to the end of the Late Bronze Age, ca. 2400 to 1200 B. C. E.;157
13.2;6.1 The Crisis Years – The Climate Evidence;158
13.3;6.2 The Archaeological and Historical Evidence About the Intermediate Bronze Age;164
13.4;6.3 The ‘ Winning of the South’ – the Migration Southward;172
13.5;6.4 The Crisis Years in Egypt;176
13.6;6.5 The Late Bronze Age, ca. 1500 to 1200 B.C.E. ( Table 4);179
14;Migrations and Settlings;185
14.1;Fromthe end of the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age, ca. 1200 to 900 B.C.E.;185
14.2;7.1 The End of the Age of Bronze and the Beginning of a NewWorld ( Table 4);185
14.3;7.2 Focussing on the Impact of Climate on the Events at the End of the Second Millennium B. C. E.;187
14.4;7.3 TheWave Pattern of Migrations and the “Sea Peoples”;189
14.5;7.4 A Glance at Ugarit;198
14.6;7.5 The Aramaeans and the ‘ Wandering of the Israelites’;201
14.7;7.6 The Formative Years of the Israelite Nation;204
15;The Age of Iron and Empires;215
15.1;From ca. 900 B.C.E. to ca. 800 C.E.;215
15.2;8.1 The Aramaeans Occupy Center Stage;217
15.3;8.2 The Empires of Assyria and Babylon – A Brief and Brutal Performance;218
15.4;8.3 The Persian Empire and the First Unification of the Ancient Near East;223
15.5;8.4 Hellenism Dominates the Near East and Unites East andWest;227
15.6;8.5 Under the Boot of Rome and the Beginning of Christianity;230
15.7;8.6 The Arabs and Islam Emerge from the Desert;238
16;Crusaders, Mamluks, and Ottomans on the Eve of the Era of Industry ( ca. 800 C. E. to the Present);242
16.1;9.1 The Crusaders’ Interlude;243
16.2;9.2 The Slaves who Became Sultans – Mamluks, Mongols and Turks;247
16.3;9.3 The Ottoman Centuries: Peace and Stagnation;249
17;An Epilogue;255
17.1;The Near East Enters the Era of Technology and Global Change;255
18;Appendix I;258
18.1;Groundwater Use and the Evolution of Groundwater Exploitation Methods as a Function of Climate Changes;258
18.2;Water Harvesting (Fig. 15);268
19;Appendix II;272
19.1;Isotopic Tools in Palaeo-Hydrological Investigations;272
20;Appendix III;274
20.1;Pastoral Nomadism;274
21;Appendix IV;282
21.1;Middle Eastern Languages;282
22;Appendix V;292
22.1;Egyptian Chronology;292
23;Index;293