Zweig Principles, Methods, and General Applications

Analytical Methods for Pesticides, Plant Growth Regulators, and Food Additives, Vol. 1
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-2081-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 652 Seiten, Web PDF

Analytical Methods for Pesticides, Plant Growth Regulators, and Food Additives, Volume 1: Principles, Methods, and General Applications provides information on analytical techniques useful for the determination of pesticides, plant growth regulators, and food additives. The book discusses the potential hazard of minute residues to human and animal health; the principles of formulation and residue analyses; and the principles of food additive analysis. The text also describes the extraction and clean-up procedures; and the principles of toxicological testing methods. The methods for pesticide analysis in meat products; and the formulation and residue analysis in government laboratories are also considered. The book further tackles other methods, such as spectrophotometric methods, chromatography, isotope methods, enzymatic methods; and bioassay. Agricultural toxicologists and people studying pesticides and food additives will find the text invaluable.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zweig, Gunter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Principles, Methods, and General Applications;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME I;6
6;PREFACE;8
7;Chapter 1. Introduction;16
7.1;I. Regulatory Control;16
7.2;II. The Residue Chemist;18
7.3;III. The "Zero Tolerance";19
7.4;IV. Conclusions;19
7.5;References;20
8;Chapter 2. Principles of Formulation Analysis;22
8.1;I. Introduction;22
8.2;II. Philosophy of Formulation Analysis;23
8.3;III. Sample Handling and Storage;24
8.4;IV. Extraction and Separation Procedures;28
8.5;V. Types of Analysis;30
8.6;VI. Instrumentation;33
8.7;VII. Records and Reports;34
8.8;VIII. Future of Formulation Analysis;35
8.9;References;38
9;Chapter 3. Principles of Residue Analysis;40
9.1;I. Field Experiment;40
9.2;II. Pre-Analysis;43
9.3;III. Analytical Measurement;50
9.4;IV. Interpretations and Recommendations;57
9.5;References;59
10;Chapter 4. Principles of Food Additive Analysis;62
10.1;I. Introduction;62
10.2;II. General Considerations;64
10.3;III. Analysis of Direct Food Additives;65
10.4;IV. Analysis of Indirect Food Additives;68
10.5;Appendix I: Food Additives for Which Tolerances Are Established or Proposed;80
10.6;Appendix II: Summary of Polymer-Related F.D.A. Regulations;93
10.7;Appendix III: Examples of Analyses of Indirect Food Additives;98
10.8;References;100
11;Chapter 5. Extraction and Clean-Up Procedures;102
11.1;I. Introduction;102
11.2;II. Solvent Extraction;103
11.3;III. Evaluation of Clean-Up Procedures;109
11.4;IV. Universal Type of Clean-Up;112
11.5;V. General Separation Procedures;116
11.6;VI. Chromatography;119
11.7;References;123
12;Chapter 6. Principles of Toxicological Testing Methods;124
12.1;I. Introduction;124
12.2;II. General Principles in Toxicology;125
12.3;III. Specific Methodology;125
12.4;IV. Selection of Animals for Toxicological Studies;132
12.5;V. Interpretation of Results;134
12.6;VI. Future Trends in Toxicology;135
12.7;References;136
13;Chapter 7. The Pesticide Residue Laboratory;138
13.1;I. The Problem;138
13.2;II. The Pesticide Residue Laboratory;139
13.3;III. Personnel;145
14;Chapter 8. Spectrophotometric Methods;146
14.1;I. Ultraviolet and Visible;146
14.2;II. Infrared;164
14.3;III. Fluorescence;182
14.4;References;201
15;Chapter 9. Gas Chromatography;204
15.1;I. Introduction;204
15.2;II. Basic Principles;205
15.3;III. Apparatus;206
15.4;IV. Interpretation of Analytical Results;223
15.5;V. Analytical Applications to Pesticide Problems;227
15.6;VI. Conclusions;237
15.7;References;237
16;Chapter 10. Paper Chromatography;242
16.1;I. Insecticides;242
16.2;II. Fungicides;264
16.3;III. Herbicides;265
16.4;IV. Rodenticides;266
16.5;References;266
17;Chapter 11. Total Halide Analysis;268
17.1;I. Combustion Techniques;268
17.2;II. Schöniger Technique. Oxygen Flask Combustion Method;276
17.3;III. Sodium Reduction;283
17.4;IV. Total Bromide;288
17.5;References;294
18;Chapter 12. Neutron Activation Analysis;296
18.1;I. Introduction;296
18.2;II. Theory of Neutron Activation;297
18.3;III. Neutron Activation Procedure;303
18.4;IV. Sensitivities for Thermal-Neutron Activation;312
18.5;V. Application of Neutron Activation Analysis;317
18.6;VI. Instrumentation and Neutron Sources;335
18.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;337
18.8;References;337
19;Chapter 13. Isotope Methods;340
19.1;I. Introduction;340
19.2;II. Definition of Terms;341
19.3;III. Establishing a Laboratory;342
19.4;IV. Selection of Compounds;348
19.5;V. Instrumentation;352
19.6;VI. Preparation of Samples;371
19.7;VII. Counting of Samples;378
19.8;VIII. Reporting Radioactive Data;381
19.9;IX. Special Techniques;383
19.10;Glossary;385
19.11;References;386
20;Chapter 14. Enzymatic Methods;388
20.1;I. Introduction;388
20.2;II. Kinetics of Cholinesterase Activity;389
20.3;III. Kinetics of Cholinesterase Inhibition;390
20.4;IV. Action of Cholinesterases;392
20.5;V. Methods of Measuring Cholinesterase Activity;396
20.6;VI. Activation of Cholinesterase Inhibitors;399
20.7;VII. Application of Cholinesterase Inhibition to Residue Analysis;406
20.8;VIII. Conclusions;410
20.9;References;411
21;Chapter 15. Bioassay–Insects;414
21.1;I. Introduction;414
21.2;II. Principle of Bioassay;415
21.3;III. Test Insects and Sensitivity;418
21.4;IV. Factors Affecting Bioassay;420
21.5;V. Qualitative and Semiquantitative Bioassay;422
21.6;VI. Macrobioassay;423
21.7;VII. Microbioassay;424
21.8;VIII. Specific Bioassay;432
21.9;IX. Integration between Bioassay and Physicochemical Analysis;433
21.10;X. Application and Operation;435
21.11;XI. Summary and Discussion;435
21.12;References;437
22;Chapter 16. Bioassay of Microbial Pesticides;440
22.1;I. Introduction;440
22.2;II. Microbial Pesticide Products and Federal Regulation;442
22.3;III. Quantitative Analytical Methods for Spore or Particle Determination;445
22.4;IV. Insect Bioassay of Microbial Pesticides;452
22.5;References;456
23;Chapter 17. Bioassay–Plants;458
23.1;I. Introduction;458
23.2;II. Extraction of Regulating Substances from Plants and Preparation of Extracts for Bioassay;459
23.3;III. Responses to Growth-Regulating Substances, Principles Involved, and Suitability of These Responses for Bioassay;466
23.4;IV. Identification of Regulating Substances with Plant Assays;479
23.5;V. Conclusions;482
23.6;References;483
24;Chapter 18. Screening Methods;486
24.1;I. The Selection of Methods;486
24.2;II. A Screening System for Insecticides Containing Chlorine and Those That Inhibit Cholinesterase;488
24.3;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;505
24.4;References;505
25;Chapter 19. Statistical Evaluation of Results and Sampling Procedures;506
25.1;I. Introduction;506
25.2;II. Frequency Curves;507
25.3;III. Analysis of Variance;514
25.4;IV. Linear Regression;534
25.5;V. Sampling;536
25.6;VI. Concluding Remarks;540
25.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;541
25.8;References;541
25.9;Appendix;542
26;Chapter 20. Residue Analysis in the Food Industry;546
26.1;I. Introduction;546
26.2;II. Prevention of Over-Tolerance Residues;548
26.3;III. Formulation of Sprays and Dusts;551
26.4;IV. Analysis of Food Crops;551
26.5;V. Pesticide Laboratory for the Food Industry;554
26.6;VI. Degradation of Pesticides;555
26.7;VII. General Methods of Analysis;556
26.8;VIII. Validity of Results;557
26.9;IX. Summary;558
26.10;References;559
27;Chapter 21. Residue Analysis in the Dairy Industry;560
27.1;I. The Place of Pesticides in Agriculture;560
27.2;II. Nature and Effects of Pesticides;563
27.3;III. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Fat in Milk;569
27.4;IV. Methods Available for Pesticide Analysis in Dairy Products;573
27.5;V. Interpretation of Analytical Results;581
27.6;VI. Control of the Pesticide Problem;583
27.7;References;584
28;Chapter 22. Methods for Pesticide Analysis in Meat Products;586
28.1;I. Sources of Residues in Meats;586
28.2;II. Residue Analysis in Meat and Meat Products— Problems Encountered;589
28.3;III. Screening Methods;590
28.4;References;595
29;Chapter 23. Formulation and Residue Analysis in Government Laboratories;598
29.1;I. Introduction;598
29.2;II. Formulation Analysis;602
29.3;III. Residue Analyses;617
30;Author Index;630
31;Subject Index;641