Amziane / Collet Bio-aggregates Based Building Materials

State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 236-BBM
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-94-024-1031-0
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 283 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering

The work of the RILEM Technical Committee (TC -236 BBM) was dedicated to the study of construction materials made from plant particles. It considered the question whether building materials containing as main raw material recyclable and easily available plant particles are renewable. This book includes a state-of-the-art report and an appendix. The state-of-the-art report relates to the description of vegetal aggregates. Then, hygrothermal properties, fire resistance, durability and finally the impact of the variability of the method of production of bio-based concrete are assessed. The appendix is a TC report which presents the experience of a working group. The goal was to define testing methods for the measurement of water absorption, bulk density, particle size distribution, and thermal conductivity of bio aggregates. The work is based on a first round robin test of the TC-BBM where the protocols in use by the different laboratories (labs) are compared.  p>

Autoren/Hrsg.

Amziane, Sofiane

Collet, Florence

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;9
3;TC 236-BBM Members;10
4;RILEM Publications;12
5;Contributors;21
6;List of Figures;22
7;List of Tables;29
8;1 Chemical Composition of Bio-aggregates and Their Interactions with Mineral Binders;30
8.1;Abstract;30
8.2;1.1 Introduction;30
8.3;1.2 Composition of Hemp Stem;31
8.4;1.3 Processing of Hemp Stem and Microstructure of Hemp Shiv;32
8.5;1.4 Cell Wall Components;33
8.5.1;1.4.1 Cellulose;34
8.5.2;1.4.2 Hemicellulose;34
8.5.3;1.4.3 Lignin;35
8.5.4;1.4.4 Pectin;36
8.5.5;1.4.5 Extractives;36
8.5.6;1.4.6 Ash;36
8.5.7;1.4.7 Water;37
8.6;1.5 Chemical Composition of Bio-aggregates;37
8.6.1;1.5.1 Chemical Composition of Bio-aggregates Measured by Indirect Methods;37
8.6.2;1.5.2 Other Methods to Characterize Biomass Chemical Composition;44
8.7;1.6 Surface Characterization of Bio-aggregates—Adhesion Between Lignocellulosic Aggregates and a Mineral Binder;48
8.8;1.7 Chemical Interactions Between Bio-aggregates and Mineral Binders;50
8.8.1;1.7.1 Short-Term Interactions Between Lignocellulosic Particles and Mineral Binders;50
8.8.2;1.7.2 Medium and Long-Term Chemical Interactions Between Plant Particles and Mineral Binder;56
8.8.3;1.7.3 Corrective Treatments to Enhance the Compatibility Between Lignocellulosic Materials and Mineral Binders;57
8.9;1.8 Conclusion;60
8.10;References;61
9;2 Porosity, Pore Size Distribution, Micro-structure;67
9.1;Abstract;67
9.2;2.1 Introduction;68
9.3;2.2 Techniques Used to Measure Porosity;69
9.3.1;2.2.1 Imaging Methods;69
9.3.1.1;2.2.1.1 Optical Microscopy;70
9.3.1.2;2.2.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy;73
9.3.1.3;2.2.1.3 X-Ray Computed Tomography;77
9.3.1.4;2.2.1.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance;80
9.3.2;2.2.2 Other Methods;82
9.3.2.1;2.2.2.1 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry;82
9.3.2.2;2.2.2.2 Thermoporometry;83
9.3.2.3;2.2.2.3 Physisorption;84
9.3.2.4;2.2.2.4 Nitrogen Adsorption and BET Analysis;87
9.3.2.5;2.2.2.5 Dynamic Vapour Sorption;90
9.3.2.6;2.2.2.6 Pycnometry and Envelope Density Analysis;92
9.4;2.3 Conclusion;95
9.5;References;96
10;3 Water Absorption of Plant Aggregate;100
10.1;Abstract;100
10.2;3.1 Introduction;100
10.3;3.2 Wetting of Porous, Heterogeneous Surfaces;101
10.3.1;3.2.1 Surface Tension and Interface Tension;101
10.3.1.1;3.2.1.1 Contact Angle and Wettability;102
10.4;3.3 Transfer Phenomena in a Porous Medium;103
10.4.1;3.3.1 Liquid Transfer in the Laminar Regime;103
10.4.1.1;3.3.1.1 Capillary Transfer;103
10.4.1.2;3.3.1.2 Filtration Transfer in a Saturated Porous Medium;104
10.4.2;3.3.2 Transfer of Water Vapour, Particles or Ions by Diffusion;105
10.4.2.1;3.3.2.1 Fick’s Law;105
10.4.2.2;3.3.2.2 Einsteinian Laws;106
10.5;3.4 Analogy with Adhesion of Mortars to a Porous Support;106
10.5.1;3.4.1 Capillary Absorbency of a Porous Support;106
10.5.2;3.4.2 Transport of Particles During Filtration;108
10.6;3.5 Overview of the Processes of Binder/Wood Adhesion;108
10.6.1;3.5.1 Hygroscopic Behaviour When Immersed;109
10.6.2;3.5.2 Water Absorption/Adsorption by Immersion;109
10.6.3;3.5.3 Behaviour in Terms of Water Adsorption/Absorption;111
10.7;3.6 Conclusion;116
10.8;References;116
11;4 Particle Size Distribution;118
11.1;Abstract;118
11.2;4.1 Introduction;118
11.3;4.2 General Characteristics of Shiv Particles;119
11.3.1;4.2.1 Fibre Contents;120
11.3.2;4.2.2 Dust Content;121
11.3.3;4.2.3 Methods to Measure PSD;121
11.4;4.3 Sieving Methods;122
11.5;4.4 Image-Processing Methods;123
11.6;4.5 Image-Analysis;125
11.6.1;4.5.1 Size Estimation;126
11.6.2;4.5.2 Distributions;128
11.6.2.1;4.5.2.1 Frequency Distribution;128
11.6.2.2;4.5.2.2 Area Fraction Distribution (Projected Area);128
11.6.2.3;4.5.2.3 Mass Fraction Distribution;129
11.6.2.4;4.5.2.4 Average Flatness Estimation;131
11.6.3;4.5.3 Comparison with the Results Obtained by Sieving;131
11.7;4.6 Characterization of the PSD;132
11.7.1;4.6.1 Means and Standard Deviations;132
11.7.2;4.6.2 Distribution Models;133
11.7.2.1;4.6.2.1 Log-Normal Distribution;133
11.7.2.2;4.6.2.2 Rosin-Rammler Distribution;133
11.7.3;4.6.3 Fitting of the Distribution Laws;134
11.8;4.7 Conclusions;135
11.9;References;136
12;5 Bulk Density and Compressibility;138
12.1;Abstract;138
12.2;5.1 Introduction;138
12.3;5.2 Density and Porosity, Case of Hemp Shiv;139
12.4;5.3 Bulk Compressibility;140
12.4.1;5.3.1 Low Stress Compression in a Die;140
12.4.2;5.3.2 High Stress Compression in a Die;141
12.4.2.1;5.3.2.1 Measurements, Boundary Conditions and Stress;142
12.4.2.2;5.3.2.2 Compressibility;145
12.4.2.3;5.3.2.3 Effect of the Moisture Content;146
12.4.3;5.3.3 Unconfined Compression;147
12.5;5.4 Conclusions and Perspectives;149
12.6;References;149
13;6 Hygric and Thermal Properties of Bio-aggregate Based Building Materials;152
13.1;Abstract;152
13.2;6.1 Introduction;152
13.3;6.2 Hygric Properties;153
13.3.1;6.2.1 Moisture Storage: Sorption Isotherm;153
13.3.2;6.2.2 Moisture Transfer: Water Vapor Permeability, Capillarity, Moisture Diffusivity;155
13.3.3;6.2.3 Moisture Buffering: Moisture Buffer Value;159
13.4;6.3 Thermal Properties;161
13.4.1;6.3.1 Thermal Conductivity;161
13.4.1.1;6.3.1.1 Thermal Conductivity of Bio-aggregate Based Building Materials;161
13.4.1.2;6.3.1.2 Effect of Formulation and Manufacturing Method on Thermal Conductivity of Bio-Aggregate Based Building Materials;163
13.4.1.3;6.3.1.3 Effect of Water Content on Thermal Properties of Bio-aggregate Based Building Materials;166
13.4.2;6.3.2 Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity;167
13.4.2.1;6.3.2.1 Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity of Bio-aggregate Based Building Materials;168
13.4.2.2;6.3.2.2 Effect of Formulation and Manufacturing Method on Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity of Bio-Aggregate Based Building Materials;168
13.4.2.3;6.3.2.3 Effect of Water Content on Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity of Bio-Aggregate Based Building Materials;169
13.5;6.4 Concluding Remarks on Hygrothermal Behavior of Bio-aggregate Based Building Materials;170
13.6;References;171
14;7 Bio-aggregate Based Building Materials Exposed to Fire;175
14.1;Abstract;175
14.2;7.1 Introduction;175
14.3;7.2 Fire Reaction;177
14.3.1;7.2.1 European Class of Fire Reaction;177
14.3.2;7.2.2 Tests Methods;178
14.3.2.1;7.2.2.1 Non Combustibility Furnace [Test According to (ISO 1182 2010)] and Calorimeter [Test According to (ISO 1716 2010)];178
14.3.2.2;7.2.2.2 Single Burning Item, Fire Technical Testing of Building Products [Test Method (EN 13823 2013)];178
14.3.2.3;7.2.2.3 Cone Calorimeter [Test According to (ISO 5660 2015)];179
14.3.2.4;7.2.2.4 Reaction to Fire Tests for Floorings (ISO 9239 2010);179
14.3.2.5;7.2.2.5 Reaction to Fire Tests (ISO 11925-2 2010);180
14.3.3;7.2.3 Euroclass of Bio-agreggate Based Building Materials and Products;180
14.4;7.3 Fire Resistance;182
14.4.1;7.3.1 Fire Resistance Classes;182
14.4.2;7.3.2 Examples of Fire Tests Performed on Bio-aggregate Based Products;183
14.4.2.1;7.3.2.1 Straw Wall with Renders: Ecological Building Network (USA) (Intertek 2007a);183
14.4.2.2;7.3.2.2 Straw Wall with Timber Frame Structure: “Maison de Montholier”(France) (CEBTP 2004);185
14.4.2.3;7.3.2.3 Straw Ball Wall: Performed by Pavus (Czech) (Pavus 2011);186
14.4.2.4;7.3.2.4 Facade Element Made with Wood and Straw (France) (CSTB 2009);187
14.4.2.5;7.3.2.5 Wall Made with Hemp Concrete Blocks: BCB (France) (CSTB 2005);188
14.4.3;7.3.3 Fire Resistance of Bio-aggregate Based Products;189
14.5;7.4 Real Scale Fire Tests;190
14.6;7.5 Other Quaint Matter Fire Test;190
14.7;References;190
15;8 Durability of Bio-based Concretes;192
15.1;Abstract;192
15.2;8.1 Introduction;192
15.3;8.2 Accelerated Aging Protocols for Bio-based Construction Materials;195
15.3.1;8.2.1 Environmental Aging;195
15.3.2;8.2.2 Biological Aging;195
15.3.2.1;8.2.2.1 Description of the Microorganisms;195
15.3.2.2;8.2.2.2 Mechanisms of Biodegradation;196
15.3.2.3;8.2.2.3 Methods for Determination of Fungal Resistance of Construction Products;196
15.3.2.4;8.2.2.4 Proposal of a Fungal Resistance Test Development Tailored to Bio-based Insulation Materials;197
15.4;8.3 Aging of Bio-based Concretes;197
15.4.1;8.3.1 Natural Aging of Bio-based Concretes;197
15.4.2;8.3.2 Influence of Environmental Aging on the Mechanical Properties;199
15.4.2.1;8.3.2.1 Static Conditions;199
15.4.2.2;8.3.2.2 Dynamic Conditions;200
15.4.2.2.1;Wetting and Drying Cycles;201
15.4.2.2.2;Full Immersion in Water and Drying Cycles;201
15.4.2.2.3;Climatic Simulations;203
15.4.2.2.4;Accelerated Carbonation Test;204
15.4.2.2.5;Other Aging Tests;206
15.4.3;8.3.3 Microbial Aging;206
15.4.4;8.3.4 Conclusion;207
15.5;8.4 Aging of Natural Fibres-Cement Composites;208
15.5.1;8.4.1 Mineralisation of the Vegetal Fibres;209
15.5.2;8.4.2 Degradation Mechanisms of Vegetal Fibres;209
15.6;8.5 Concluding Remarks;210
15.7;References;210
16;9 Effect of Testing Variables (Method of Production);213
16.1;Abstract;213
16.2;9.1 Introduction;214
16.3;9.2 Materials and Methods;216
16.3.1;9.2.1 Manufacture (Mixing, Curing and Compaction);216
16.3.2;9.2.2 Compressive Strength;217
16.3.3;9.2.3 Microstructure;218
16.4;9.3 Results;218
16.4.1;9.3.1 Compressive Strength and Microstructure;218
16.4.2;9.3.2 Effect of Oven Drying on Compressive Strength;220
16.4.3;9.3.3 Effect of Curing at High RH on Strength;221
16.4.4;9.3.4 Effect of Retention in Moulds During Curing;222
16.4.5;9.3.5 Effect of Specimen Geometry on Strength;222
16.5;9.4 Conclusion;223
16.6;Acknowledgements;224
16.7;References;224
17;Appendix: Technical Committee Report—Rilem TC 236 BBM—Bio based Building Materials—Round Robin test for hemp shiv CHARACTERISATION;226
18;ROUND ROBIN TEST FOR HEMP SHIV CHARACTERISATION: PART 1: EVALUATION OF INITIAL WATER CONTENT AND WATER ABSORPTION;229
19;ROUND ROBIN TEST FOR HEMP SHIV CHARACTERISATION: PART II: BULK DENSITY AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION;246
20;ROUND ROBIN TEST FOR HEMP SHIV CHARACTERISATION: PART 3: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY;269