Apel / Donn Principles of Ocean Physics

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8805-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 38, 634 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: International Geophysics

In recent years, significant advances in both the theoretical and observational sides of physical oceanography have allowed the ocean's physical behavior to be described more quantitatively. This book discusses the physical mechanisms and processes of the sea, and will be valuable not only to oceanographers but also physicists, graduate students, and scientists working in dynamics or optics of the marine environment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Apel, John R.

Donn, William L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Principles of Ocean Physics;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface;6
6;Acknowledgments;8
7;Publisher's Credits;9
8;Chapter One. Physical Oceanography: An Overview;16
8.1;1.1 Introduction;16
8.2;1.2 The Evolution of Modern Physical Oceanography;18
8.3;Bibliography;27
9;Chapter Two. Forcing Functions and Responses;28
9.1;2.1 Introduction;28
9.2;2.2 Forcing Functions On and In the Sea;28
9.3;2.3 Gravitational and Rotational Forces;29
9.4;2.4 Radiative, Thermodynamic, and Related Forces;30
9.5;2.5 Zonal and Meridional Variations;36
9.6;2.6 Wind Stress;43
9.7;2.7 The General Circulation of the Ocean;47
9.8;2.8 The Wind-Driven Oceanic Circulation;52
9.9;2.9 Pressure Forcing;56
9.10;2.10 The Thermohaline Circulation;57
9.11;2.11 The Sea Floor and Its Dynamics;62
9.12;Bibliography;73
10;Chapter Three. Hydrodynamic Equations of the Sea;76
10.1;3.1 Introduction;76
10.2;3.2 The Convective Derivative and the Momentum Equation;77
10.3;3.3 Gravitational Forces;79
10.4;3.4 Effects of Spin;81
10.5;3.5 The Coriolis Force;85
10.6;3.6 More Gravity;96
10.7;3.7 Tidal Forces;97
10.8;3.8 Total Potential Caused by Gravity and Rotation;106
10.9;3.9 Internal Forces in a Viscous Fluid;106
10.10;3.10 Conservation Equations for Mass and Salinity;116
10.11;3.11 The Momentum Equation;121
10.12;3.12 Fluctuations, Reynolds Stresses, and Eddy Coefficients;126
10.13;3.13 Boundary Conditions in Fluid Dynamics;134
10.14;Bibliography;137
11;Chapter Four. Thermodynamics and Energy Relations;139
11.1;4.1 Introduction;139
11.2;4.2 Molecular Structure of H2O;140
11.3;4.3 Effects of Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure;143
11.4;4.4 Thermodynamics of Seawater;147
11.5;4.5 Additional Thermodynamic Equations;151
11.6;4.6 Heat Conduction Equation;156
11.7;4.7 Specific Volume and Salinity Equations;157
11.8;4.8 Equation of State;158
11.9;4.9 Combined Hydrodynamics and Thermodynamics;164
11.10;4.10 Energy Flow and Energy Equations;168
11.11;4.11 Total Energy Equations;173
11.12;Bibliography;175
12;Chapter Five. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics I: Waves and Tides;177
12.1;5.1 Introduction;177
12.2;5.2 Quasi-Steady Motions;178
12.3;5.3 Buoyancy and Stability;182
12.4;5.4 Surface Waves;186
12.5;5.5 Linear Capillary and Gravity Waves;191
12.6;5.6 Dispersion Characteristics of Surface Waves;198
12.7;5.7 Surface Gravity Waves;200
12.8;5.8 Surface Capillary Waves;202
12.9;5.9 Surface Wave Vorticity;205
12.10;5.10 The Stream Function;205
12.11;5.11 Energy Flow in Surface Waves;208
12.12;5.12 Statistical Descriptions of Surface Gravity Waves;210
12.13;5.13 Long-Wave, Shallow Water Equations;218
12.14;5.14 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves;220
12.15;5.15 Deep Sea and Coastal Tides;225
12.16;5.16 Internal Wave Dynamics;235
12.17;5.17 The Two-Layer Fluid;247
12.18;5.18 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability;255
12.19;Bibliography;261
13;Chapter Six. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics II: Currents and Circulation;263
13.1;6.1 Introduction;263
13.2;6.2 Surface Wind Stress and Ekman Layer Dynamics;264
13.3;6.3 Inertial Oscillations;276
13.4;6.4. Vorticity: Relative, Planetary, Absolute, and Potential;286
13.5;6.5 Sverdrup Transport;298
13.6;6.6 Western Boundary Currents and Geostrophic Flow;300
13.7;6.7 Vorticity Balance in a Western Boundary Current;312
13.8;6.8 The Rossby Radius and the Western Boundary Current;327
13.9;6.9 Meanderings and Other Mesoscale Motions;330
13.10;6.10 Quasi-Geostrophic Motion and Rossby Waves;339
13.11;6.11 Equatorial Waves and El Nino;346
13.12;6.12 A Summary Dispersion Diagram;351
13.13;6.13 Large-Scale Circulation;353
13.14;Bibliography;361
14;Chapter Seven. Acoustical Oceanography;363
14.1;7.1 Introduction;363
14.2;7.2 Characteristics of Sound in the Sea;363
14.3;7.3 The Acoustic Wave Equation;365
14.4;7.4 The Speed of Sound;369
14.5;7.5 Mechanical Properties of Acoustic Waves;373
14.6;7.6 A Simple Solution to the Wave Equation;375
14.7;7.7 Ray Tracing and the Eikonal Equation;379
14.8;7.8 Propagation Loss;386
14.9;7.9 Reflection and Scattering from Ocean Surfaces;395
14.10;7.10 Reflection, Refraction, and Scattering at the Sea Floor;404
14.11;7.11 Reflection and Scattering by Bodies in the Water Column;409
14.12;7.12 Acoustics and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics;418
14.13;7.13 Underwater Noise;420
14.14;Bibliography;423
15;Chapter Eight. Electromagnetics and the Sea;425
15.1;8.1 Introduction;425
15.2;8.2 Maxwell's Equations and Constitutive Relations;426
15.3;8.3 Dielectric Function and Electrical Conductivity;429
15.4;8.4 Reflection at a Plane Surface;437
15.5;8.5 The Radar Equation for a Distributed Surface;446
15.6;8.6 Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation;449
15.7;8.7 Radar Scatter and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics;468
15.8;8.8 Synthetic and Real Aperture Imaging Radars;482
15.9;8.9 The Wave Action Equation;496
15.10;8.10 Emission from the Sea Surface;507
15.11;8.11 Induced EMF's and Currents;521
15.12;Bibliography;528
16;Chapter Nine. Optics of the Sea;531
16.1;9.1 Introduction;531
16.2;9.2 Optical Fields and Parameters;533
16.3;9.3 Surface Illumination: Sun, Sky, and Artificial;541
16.4;9.4 Surface Interactions: Reflection, Scattering, and Refraction;547
16.5;9.5 Subsurface Interactions: Pure Seawater;564
16.6;9.6 Subsurface Interactions: Particles, Plankton, and Gelbstoffe;568
16.7;9.7 Fluorescence and Bioluminescence;585
16.8;9.8 Radiative Transfer Beneath the Sea;590
16.9;9.9 Ocean Color; Underwater Imaging;605
16.10;9.10 Remote Sensing of Optical Parameters;611
16.11;9.11 Optics and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics;618
16.12;Bibliography;623
17;Appendix One: Fundamental Physical Constants;627
18;Appendix Two: Astronomical and Geodetic Parameters;628
19;Appendix Three: Representative Values for Oceanic and Atmospheric Parameters;629
20;Appendix Four: Electrical Parameters;632
21;Appendix Five: imensionless Numbers for Fluids;633
22;Index;635