Atkinson Vector Biology, Ecology and Control

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-2458-9
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 260 Seiten

Mir S. Mulla joined the faculty of the Entomology Department at the University of California, Riverside in 1956, only two years after the Riverside campus was established as an independent campus within the University of California system. Prior to his appointment, Mir received his B.S. from Cornell University and then moved to the University of California, Berkeley to pursue his graduate studies. His Ph.D. from Berkeley, awarded in 1955, completed his formal American education which was the purpose of his immigration from his native Kandahar in Afghanistan. In his over 50 years at Riverside, Mir has made an incalculable impact on vector biology both within the United States and in developing countries throughout the world. Within Southern California, Mir's basic and applied research led to the rapid and sustainable control of mosquitoes and eye gnats in the Coachella Valley and so directly enabled this region to grow to the thriving, large community it is today. In 2006 his efforts in facilitating the development of the low desert of southern California were recognized through the dedication of the Mir S. Mulla Biological Control Facility by the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District. His success has been so profound that it remains somewhat cryptic to the many who now reside in, visit, and enjoy, this region of California, oblivious to the insect problems that severely restrained development until Mir and his students ?rst applied their expertise many decades ago.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Atkinson, Peter W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;Contributors;7
3;Introduction;10
4;Part I Global Perspectives on Vector-Borne Disease;12
4.1;The Role of Global Climate Patterns in the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Vector-Borne Disease;13
4.1.1; Introduction;13
4.1.2; Methods;14
4.1.3; Results and Discussion;15
4.1.3.1; Development of Climatic Conditions in Fall 2006;15
4.1.3.2; Forecasted and Reported Increased Disease Outbreaks;16
4.1.4; Conclusions;21
4.1.5;References;22
4.2;The DDT Story: Environmentalism Over Rights to Health and Life;24
4.2.1; Introduction;24
4.2.2; The First Uses of IRS;24
4.2.3; Impact of the Anti-insecticide Movement;26
4.2.4; Converging Ideologies;28
4.2.5; Failure of Public Health Advocacy;30
4.2.6; Failures of Malaria Control Policies;31
4.2.7; DDT, A Unique Public Health Tool and Still Needed;32
4.2.8; Failure to Find a DDT Substitute;33
4.2.9; Need for Advocacy for Public Health Use of Insecticides;33
4.2.10;References;34
4.3;Vector-Borne Diseases in the 21st Century: Counting Up or Counting Down?;35
4.3.1;References;41
5;Part II Emerging and Invasive Vector-Borne Diseases;44
5.1;The Global Threat of Emergent/Re-emergent Vector-Borne Diseases;45
5.1.1; Introduction;45
5.1.2; The Reemergence of Epidemic Vector-Borne Diseases As Public Health Problems;46
5.1.3; Parasitic Diseases;47
5.1.4; Bacterial Diseases;47
5.1.5; Arboviral Diseases;48
5.1.5.1; West Nile Virus;50
5.1.5.2; Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever;55
5.1.5.3; Yellow Fever;57
5.1.6; Why Has There Been Such a Dramatic Resurgence of Vector-Borne Diseases?;60
5.1.7; Lessons Learned and Challenges to Reverse the Trend;62
5.1.8;References;65
5.2;The Need for Synergy and Value Creation in Contemporary Vector Research and Control;69
5.2.1; Introduction;69
5.2.2; The Death of Creativity;71
5.2.3; Synergy and Value Creation;72
5.2.4; Architecture and Vector-Borne Disease Control;75
5.2.5; Genetically Modified Mosquitoes;75
5.2.6; Larval Control: Forgotten Successes;77
5.2.7; Synergy and Value Creation at Wageningen University;78
5.2.7.1; Identification of Attractants for Malaria Mosquitoes;79
5.2.7.2; Toward Biological Control of Adult Mosquito Vectors;81
5.2.7.3; The Achilles Heel of Malaria;82
5.2.8; Conclusions;82
5.2.9;References;83
5.3;Dramas Down-Under: Changes and Challenges in Australia;86
5.3.1; Introduction;86
5.3.2; Exotic Vectors;87
5.3.3; Exotic Pathogens;89
5.3.4; Emerging Indigenous Pathogens;94
5.3.4.1; The Alphaviruses: Barmah Forest Virus (BFV);94
5.3.5; Conclusions;96
5.3.6;References;97
6;Part III Arboviruses and Their Control in the Field;102
6.1;Novel Strategies to Control Aedes aegypti and Dengue;103
6.1.1; Introduction;103
6.1.2; Harnessing Vector Innate Immunity to Develop Dengue Resistant Ae. aegypti ;104
6.1.2.1; RNAi Conditions Arbovirus Infection in Mosquitoes;104
6.1.2.2; Association Mapping Links Vector Competence of Ae. aegyptito the Vector Immune Response;105
6.1.2.3; Exploitation of the RNAi Response to Generate Transgenic Mosquitoes Immunologically Refractory to Dengue Virus Infection;106
6.1.3; The Casa Segura (Safe Home) A Novel Approach to Protect the Home from Aedes aegypti ;108
6.1.4; A Dengue Decision Support System for Enhanced Vector Control and Prevention;109
6.1.4.1; Development of the Dengue Decision Support System (DDSS);110
6.1.4.2; Syndromic Surveillance for Improved Dengue Control;111
6.1.5; Conclusions;112
6.1.6;References;113
6.2;Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Thailand: Current Incidence and Vector Management;116
6.2.1; Introduction;116
6.2.2; Incidence of DHF;116
6.2.3; Distribution of Dengue Viruses;118
6.2.4; DHF Vectors;120
6.2.5; Current DHF Vector Management;121
6.2.6; Country Obstacles and Challenges;122
6.2.6.1; Difficulty in Mobilizing Community Participation in Vector Control;123
6.2.6.2; Insufficient Supply of Materials Used for Vector Control;124
6.2.6.3; Lack of Good Management in Vector Control;124
6.2.6.4; Lack of Systematic Monitoring of Larval and Adult Resistance to the Insecticides Used;125
6.2.7; Conclusion;125
6.2.8;References;126
6.3;Using Mullas Formula to Estimate Percent Control;129
6.3.1; Introduction;129
6.3.2; Mullas Formula;132
6.3.3; Examples;132
6.3.4; Summary;136
6.3.5;References;138
6.4;Longitudinal Field Studies Will Guide a Paradigm Shift in Dengue Prevention;140
6.4.1; Introduction;140
6.4.2; Dengue Epidemiology and Ecology;142
6.4.3; Dengue Control;143
6.4.3.1; Establishing Goals for Dengue Prevention Programs;145
6.4.4; Recommendations for Improved Vector Control;151
6.4.4.1; The Paradigm Shift from Top-Down Direction to Local Level Decision;152
6.4.5; Box 1 Key Questions for Development of Innovative, Sustainable, and Cost-Effective Dengue Prevention;151
6.4.5.1; Surveillance and Control of Adult Versus Immature Mosquitoes;153
6.4.5.2; Emphasis on Intradomicile Vector Control;154
6.4.5.3; Integrated Disease Prevention: Vector Control and Vaccines;155
6.4.6;References;156
6.5;Recombinant Bacterial Larvicides for Control of Important Mosquito Vectors of Disease;163
6.5.1; Introduction;163
6.5.2; Basic Biology and Mode of Action of Bt and Bti;164
6.5.3; Basic Biology and Mode of Action of Bacillus sphaericus (Bs);167
6.5.4; Current Usage;167
6.5.5; Genetic Regulation of Cry and Cyt Protein Synthesis;168
6.5.6; Construction of Recombinant Bacterial Larvicides;168
6.5.7; Safety Concerns About Wild Type and Recombinant Bacterial Insecticides;173
6.5.8; Conclusions;174
6.5.9;References;175
7;Part IV Pest Management and Outreach in Disease Endemic Regions and in the United States: Practical, Novel and Attainable Strategies for Vector Control;177
7.1;Current Prospects for the Control of the Vectors of Malaria and Filariasis;178
7.1.1; Introduction;178
7.1.2; The Personal Protection Provided by Insecticide Treated Nets Against Malaria Vectors;179
7.1.3; Impact of Extensive Use ITNs on Vector Populations and the Arguments for Free Provision;180
7.1.4; Indoor Residual Spraying Versus ITNs;183
7.1.5; The Threat of Pyrethroid Resistance;183
7.1.6; Control of Filariasis Vectors;184
7.1.7; Integration of Vector Control with Mass Anti-filarial Drug Administration;185
7.1.8; Biological Control of Tropical Vector Borne Diseases;186
7.1.9;References;187
7.2;Unraveling a Complex Transmission Cycle: Implications for Control;190
7.2.1;References;200
7.3;Sustainable Mosquito Control in California: A Template for the World;202
7.3.1; Introduction;202
7.3.2; Local Mosquito Control in California;202
7.3.3; California Department of Public Health;204
7.3.4; University of California;205
7.3.5;References;206
7.4;The Rhine Larviciding Program and Its Application to Vector Control;207
7.4.1; Introduction;207
7.4.2; The German Mosquito Control Association (GMCA) Kommunale Aktionsgemeinschaft Zur Bekmpfung Der Stechmckenplage (KABS);209
7.4.3; The Prerequisites for the Development of a Microbial Mosquito-Control Strategy;210
7.4.4; Routine Treatments;211
7.4.5; Geographic Information Systems (GIS);212
7.4.6; Monitoring the Program;213
7.4.7; The Application of Microbial Control Agents Against Vector Mosquitoes;214
7.4.8; Large-Scale Applications of Microbial Control Agents;215
7.4.9; Source Reduction;216
7.4.10;References;217
7.5;Integrated Malaria Management;218
7.5.1; Introduction;218
7.5.2; Background and History;221
7.5.3; The Medical Component of IMM;226
7.5.4; Personal Protection in IMM: Community Awareness and Personal Protection;227
7.5.4.1; Mosquito (Vector) Control or Integrated Vector Management (IVM);229
7.5.5; Community Focus: The Role of Mosquito and Vector Control Districts;233
7.5.6; Community Focus: Field Surveillance and Data Collection;234
7.5.7; Community Level Analysis, Feedback and Action;235
7.5.8; Training and Operational Support;235
7.5.9; Performance Metrics and Management Information the Cyberenvironment for Integrated Malaria Management (CE for IMM);235
7.5.10; Management Information is Important and Ubiquitous;239
7.5.11; Performance or Outcome Metrics;241
7.5.12; Data Flow Data Analysis Schematic;244
7.5.13; Cyberenvironment and Data Analysis: Data Logistics;248
7.5.14; This Analysis Complementary to the Cyberenvironment Data Analysis;249
7.5.15; Cost and Management Accounting for a IMM Program;250
7.5.16; Cost and Management Accounting Cost and Value;251
7.5.17;References;255
8;Index;257