Bakht / Mufti Bridges

Analysis, Design, Structural Health Monitoring, and Rehabilitation
2. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-17843-1
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 434 Seiten

This book offers a valuable guide for practicing bridge engineers and graduate students in structural engineering; its main purpose is to present the latest concepts in bridge engineering in fairly easy-to-follow terms.The book provides details of easy-to-use computer programs for:· Analysing slab-on-girder bridges for live load distribution.· Analysing slab and other solid bridge components for live load distribution.· Analysing and designing concrete deck slab overhangs of girder bridges under vehicular loads.· Determining the failure loads of concrete deck slabs of girder bridges under concentrated wheel loads.In addition, the book includes extensive chapters dealing with the design of wood bridges and soil-steel bridges. Further, a unique chapter on structural health monitoring (SHM) will help bridge engineers determine the actual load carrying capacities of bridges, as opposed to their perceived analytical capacities.The chapter addressing structures made with fibre-reinforced polymers will allow engineers to design highly durable, economical and sustainable structures. This chapter also provides guidance on rehabilitating deteriorated structures with these new materials.The book also deals with the philosophy of bridge design without resorting to complex equations.Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com

Aftab Mufti was the Editor in Chief of our Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring until December 2013.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bakht, Baidar

Mufti, Aftab

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;8
2;Contents;10
3;Chapter 1: Loads and Codes;17
3.1;1.1 Introduction;17
3.2;1.2 Vehicle Loads;18
3.2.1;1.2.1 Equivalent Base Length;19
3.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 Accuracy;20
3.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 W-Bm Space;22
3.2.2;1.2.2 Formulation of Design Live Loads;23
3.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Design Vehicle;25
3.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Computer Program;29
3.2.2.2.1;Data Input;30
3.2.2.2.2;Running of Program;31
3.2.2.2.3;Reviewing Results;31
3.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Multi-Presence in One Lane;31
3.2.2.4;1.2.2.4 Multi-Presence in Several Lanes;33
3.2.3;1.2.3 Accounting for Dynamic Loads;35
3.3;1.3 Design Philosophy;36
3.3.1;1.3.1 Probabilistic Mechanics;36
3.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Safety Index;39
3.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 Maximum Load Effects;42
3.3.1.3;1.3.1.3 Analogy Between Ties and Bridges;42
3.3.2;1.3.2 Limit States Design;43
3.3.3;1.3.3 Safety Factor;44
3.3.3.1;1.3.3.1 Comparison of Different Codes;44
3.3.3.2;1.3.3.2 Vehicle Weights;45
3.3.3.3;1.3.3.3 Resistance Factors;45
3.3.3.4;1.3.3.4 Dead Load Factors;46
3.3.3.5;1.3.3.5 Comparison of Live Loads;46
3.3.3.6;1.3.3.6 Adopting Codes of Other Countries;48
3.4;References;49
4;Chapter 2: Analysis by Manual Calculations;50
4.1;2.1 Introduction;50
4.2;2.2 Distribution Coefficient Methods;51
4.3;2.3 Simplified Methods of North America;53
4.3.1;2.3.1 Old AASHTO Method;54
4.3.2;2.3.2 Concept of D Method;55
4.3.3;2.3.3 New AASHTO Method;56
4.3.4;2.3.4 Canadian Methods;56
4.3.4.1;2.3.4.1 Ontario Method I;56
4.3.4.2;2.3.4.2 CSA Method;57
4.3.4.3;2.3.4.3 Ontario Method II;58
4.3.5;2.3.5 CHBDC Method;59
4.4;2.4 Two Proposed Methods for Two-Lane Slab-On-Girder Bridges;64
4.4.1;2.4.1 Simplified Method for Indian Road Congress Bridge Design Loads;65
4.4.2;2.4.2 Simplified Method for HB Design Loads;72
4.5;2.5 Analysis of Two-Girder Bridges;76
4.5.1;2.5.1 Two-Girder Bridges;77
4.5.2;2.5.2 Calculation of Stiffnesses;80
4.5.3;2.5.3 Numerical Example;84
4.6;References;86
5;Chapter 3: Analysis by Computer;87
5.1;3.1 Introduction;87
5.2;3.2 The Semi-Continuum Method;87
5.2.1;3.2.1 2-D Assembly of Beams;88
5.2.2;3.2.2 Harmonic Analysis of Beams;91
5.2.3;3.2.3 Basis of the Method;95
5.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Distribution Coefficients;97
5.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Convergence of Results;99
5.2.4;3.2.4 Structures with Intermediate Supports;101
5.2.5;3.2.5 Shear-weak Grillages;102
5.2.6;3.2.6 Intermediate Diaphragms;104
5.3;3.3 Computer Program Secan;104
5.3.1;3.3.1 Installation;105
5.3.2;3.3.2 Input Data;105
5.3.3;3.3.3 Example of Use;105
5.3.4;3.3.4 Comparison with Grillage Analysis;109
5.3.5;3.3.5 Idealization of Loads;112
5.3.6;3.3.6 Example of Data Output by SECAN;113
5.4;3.4 The Orthotropic Plate Method;115
5.4.1;3.4.1 Basis of the Orthotropic Method;115
5.4.2;3.4.2 Computer Program PLATO;122
5.4.3;3.4.3 Data Input for PLATO;122
5.4.4;3.4.4 Example of Use;124
5.5;References;128
6;Chapter 4: Arching in Deck Slabs;130
6.1;4.1 Introduction;130
6.2;4.2 Mechanics of Arching Action;132
6.2.1;4.2.1 Model that Failed in Bending;132
6.2.2;4.2.2 Model that Failed in Punching Shear;133
6.2.3;4.2.3 Edge Stiffening;135
6.3;4.3 Internally Restrained Deck Slabs;135
6.3.1;4.3.1 Static Tests on Scale Models;135
6.3.2;4.3.2 Pulsating Load Tests on Scale Models;137
6.3.3;4.3.3 Field Testing;138
6.3.4;4.3.4 An Experimental Bridge;139
6.3.5;4.3.5 Ontario Code, First Edition;139
6.3.6;4.3.6 Research in Other Jurisdictions;140
6.3.7;4.3.7 Ontario Code, Second and Third Editions;141
6.3.8;4.3.8 Rolling Load Tests on Scale Models;143
6.3.9;4.3.9 Miscellaneous Recent Research;144
6.3.10;4.3.10 Role of Reinforcement on Deck Slab Strength;145
6.4;4.4 Externally Restrained Deck Slabs;147
6.4.1;4.4.1 First Experimental Study;148
6.4.2;4.4.2 Second Experimental Study;151
6.4.3;4.4.3 Reinforcement for Negative Transverse Moments;156
6.4.4;4.4.4 Static Tests on a Full-Scale Model;158
6.4.5;4.4.5 Rolling Wheel Tests on a Full-Scale Model;159
6.5;4.5 Fatigue Resistance of Deck Slabs;160
6.5.1;4.5.1 Wheel Loads Data;161
6.5.2;4.5.2 Number of Cycles Versus Failure Load;161
6.5.3;4.5.3 Fatigue Tests on Externally Restrained Deck Slabs;163
6.6;4.6 Bridges with Externally Restrained Deck Slabs;165
6.7;4.7 Proposed Design Method;168
6.7.1;4.7.1 Concrete Deck Slabs with Steel Reinforcement;169
6.7.2;4.7.2 Concrete Deck Slabs with FRP Reinforcement;170
6.7.3;4.7.3 Externally Restrained Deck Slabs;171
6.8;4.8 Analytical Method for Predicting Failure Load;172
6.8.1;4.8.1 Formulation;175
6.8.2;4.8.2 Program PUNCH;176
6.9;4.9 Other Analytical Method for Predicting Failure Load;180
6.10;References;181
7;Chapter 5: Cantilever Slabs;184
7.1;5.1 Introduction;184
7.1.1;5.1.1 Definitions;184
7.1.2;5.1.2 Mechanics of Behaviour;186
7.1.3;5.1.3 Negative Moments in Internal Panel;188
7.1.4;5.1.4 Cantilever Slab of Semi-infinite Length;189
7.2;5.2 Methods of Analysis;191
7.2.1;5.2.1 Unstiffened Cantilever Slab of Infinite Length;191
7.2.2;5.2.2 Proposed Method of Analysis for Slabs of Infinite Length;195
7.2.3;5.2.3 Method of Analysis for Slabs of Semi-infinite Length;196
7.2.4;5.2.4 Program ANDECAS;198
7.3;5.3 Arching in Cantilever Slabs;214
7.4;References;218
8;Chapter 6: Wood Bridges;219
8.1;6.1 Introduction;219
8.2;6.2 Stress-Laminated Wood Decks;220
8.2.1;6.2.1 Design Specifications;223
8.3;6.3 Examples of SWDs;227
8.3.1;6.3.1 Decks with External Post-Tensioning;228
8.3.2;6.3.2 Decks with Internal Post-Tensioning;229
8.3.3;6.3.3 Prestress Losses;230
8.4;6.4 Steel: Wood Composite Bridges;233
8.5;6.5 Stressed-Log Bridges;234
8.6;6.6 Grout-Laminated Bridges;236
8.7;6.7 Stressed Wood Decks with FRP Tendons;237
8.8;6.8 Anchored Log Decks;238
8.9;References;239
9;Chapter 7: Soil-Steel Bridges;241
9.1;7.1 Introduction;241
9.2;7.2 Mechanics of Behaviour;244
9.2.1;7.2.1 Infinitely Long Tube in Half-Space;245
9.2.2;7.2.2 Third Dimension Effect;249
9.3;7.3 Geotechnical Considerations;252
9.4;7.4 Shallow and Deep Corrugations;253
9.5;7.5 General Design Provisions;255
9.5.1;7.5.1 Design Criteria;255
9.5.2;7.5.2 Dead Load Thrust;258
9.5.3;7.5.3 Live Load Thrust;259
9.5.4;7.5.4 Conduit Wall Strength in Compression;260
9.5.5;7.5.5 Longitudinal Seam Strength;262
9.6;7.6 Design with Deep Corrugations;263
9.7;7.7 Other Design Criteria;264
9.7.1;7.7.1 Minimum Depth of Cover;264
9.7.2;7.7.2 Deformations During Construction;264
9.7.3;7.7.3 Extent of Engineered Backfill;265
9.7.4;7.7.4 Differences in Radii of Curvature and Plate Thickness;265
9.7.5;7.7.5 Footings;265
9.8;7.8 Construction;266
9.8.1;7.8.1 Foundation;266
9.8.2;7.8.2 Bedding;267
9.8.3;7.8.3 Assembly and Erection;267
9.8.4;7.8.4 Engineered Backfill;268
9.8.5;7.8.5 Headwalls and Appurtenances;268
9.8.6;7.8.6 Site Supervision and Control;269
9.9;7.9 Special Features;270
9.9.1;7.9.1 Reduction of Load Effects;270
9.9.2;7.9.2 Reinforcing the Conduit Wall;271
9.9.3;7.9.3 Reinforcing the Backfill;273
9.10;7.10 Examples of Recent Structures;277
9.10.1;7.10.1 A Soil-Steel Bridge in the UK;278
9.10.2;7.10.2 An Animal Overpass in Poland;278
9.10.3;7.10.3 A Bridge for a Mining Road in Alberta, Canada;279
9.11;References;280
10;Chapter 8: Fibre Reinforced Bridges;282
10.1;8.1 Introduction;282
10.1.1;8.1.1 General;282
10.1.2;8.1.2 Definitions;284
10.1.3;8.1.3 Abbreviations;284
10.1.4;8.1.4 Scope of the Chapter;285
10.2;8.2 Fibre Reinforced Polymer;285
10.2.1;8.2.1 Structural Properties of Fibres;285
10.2.2;8.2.2 Design Considerations;286
10.2.3;8.2.3 The Most Economical FRP;287
10.3;8.3 Fibre Reinforced Concrete;288
10.3.1;8.3.1 FRC with Low Modulus Fibres;289
10.3.2;8.3.2 FRC with High Modulus Fibres;289
10.4;8.4 Earlier Case Histories;290
10.4.1;8.4.1 Bridges in Germany;291
10.4.2;8.4.2 Bridges in Japan;293
10.4.3;8.4.3 Bridges in North America;294
10.5;8.5 Design Provisions;295
10.5.1;8.5.1 Durability;296
10.5.2;8.5.2 Cover to Reinforcement;296
10.5.3;8.5.3 Resistance Factors;297
10.5.4;8.5.4 Fibre Reinforced Concrete;297
10.5.5;8.5.5 Protective Measures;298
10.5.6;8.5.6 Concrete Beams and Slabs;298
10.6;References;301
11;Chapter 9: Rehabilitation with FRPs;303
11.1;9.1 Introduction;303
11.2;9.2 Rehabilitation of Concrete Components with FRPs;303
11.2.1;9.2.1 Strengthening for Flexural Components;304
11.2.2;9.2.2 Strengthening of Compression Components;305
11.2.3;9.2.3 Strengthening for Shear;306
11.2.4;9.2.4 Case Histories of Column Rehabilitation;308
11.3;9.3 Rehabilitation of Timber Beams;310
11.3.1;9.3.1 General Requirements;311
11.3.2;9.3.2 Strengthening for Flexure;311
11.3.3;9.3.3 Strengthening for Shear;312
11.4;References;314
12;Chapter 10: Structural Health Monitoring;316
12.1;10.1 Introduction;316
12.2;10.2 Civionics;317
12.3;10.3 Truss Bridges;324
12.3.1;10.3.1 General Concepts;325
12.3.2;10.3.2 Buckling of Trusses;327
12.3.3;10.3.3 Case Histories;332
12.4;10.4 Slab-On-Girder Bridges;343
12.4.1;10.4.1 Designing of an SHM System;343
12.4.2;10.4.2 Case Histories Dealing with Boundary Conditions;346
12.4.3;10.4.3 Case Histories Dealing with Load Distribution;350
12.5;10.5 Summary;362
12.6;References;362
13;Chapter 11: Bridge Weighing-in-Motion;364
13.1;11.1 Introduction;364
13.2;11.2 State-of-the-Art;364
13.2.1;11.2.1 Ohio Method;365
13.2.2;11.2.2 Ontario Method;365
13.2.3;11.2.3 Australian Method;366
13.2.4;11.2.4 Japanese Reaction Force Method;366
13.2.5;11.2.5 A Variation of the Reaction Force Method;367
13.2.6;11.2.6 Connecticut Method;367
13.2.7;11.2.7 Other Methods;368
13.2.8;11.2.8 Accuracy;368
13.3;11.3 Manitoba Methods;369
13.3.1;11.3.1 Asymmetry Coefficient Method;369
13.3.2;11.3.2 Area Method;376
13.3.3;11.3.3 Two Stations Method;380
13.3.4;11.3.4 Beta Method;382
13.4;11.4 A Case History;383
13.4.1;11.4.1 Details of Bridge and Calibration Trucks;384
13.4.2;11.4.2 Calculation of Bridge Constant C;387
13.4.3;11.4.3 Calculation of Vehicle Speed;388
13.4.4;11.4.4 Observed Transverse Load Distribution;389
13.4.5;11.4.5 Smoothing of Raw Strains;391
13.4.6;11.4.6 Analysis for Load Distribution;394
13.4.7;11.4.7 Calculation of n for Asymmetry Method;398
13.5;11.5 GVW Estimation for High Speed Tests;398
13.5.1;11.5.1 The Asymmetry Method;398
13.5.2;11.5.2 The Two Stations Method;398
13.5.3;11.5.3 The Area Method;402
13.5.4;11.5.4 The Beta Method;402
13.6;11.6 BWIM: A Tool for Bridge Management;404
13.7;11.7 Concluding Remarks;404
13.8;References;407
14;Chapter 12: Bridge Aesthetics;408
14.1;12.1 Introduction;408
14.2;12.2 Theory of Numbers;408
14.3;12.3 Pythagorean Theory;409
14.4;12.4 The Golden Mean;410
14.5;12.5 Harmonizing Beauty, Utility and the Environment;413
14.6;12.6 Artists Who Work in 3-D Forms;416
14.7;12.7 Incorporation of a Cultural Motif;422
14.7.1;12.7.1 A Skyway Proposal for Karachi;423
14.7.2;12.7.2 Arches and Domes;425
14.7.3;12.7.3 The Karachi Skyway Project;428
14.8;12.8 Concluding Remarks;429
14.9;References;429
15;Index;430