Bronner / Farach-Carson / Roach Bone and Development

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84882-822-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 6, 305 Seiten

Reihe: Topics in Bone Biology

This, the sixth volume in a series of reviews centered on a single major topic in osteopathy, examines pediatric bone development. It covers problematic aspects from basic skeletal growth to tooth mineralization, and synthesizes theory and practice.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bronner, Felix

Farach-Carson, Mary C.

Roach, Helmtrud I.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;11
3;Contributors;13
4;Abbreviations;18
5;Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Bone Development;27
5.1;1.1 Introduction;27
5.2;1.2 Overview of Human Genetic Disorders of Bone Development;27
5.3;1.3 Bone Development;28
5.4;1.4 Gene Expression in Osteoblast Development;29
5.5;1.5 Gene Expression in Osteoclast Development;31
5.6;1.6 Steroid Hormone Receptors in Skeletal Development;33
5.7;1.7 Primary Genetic Defects Affecting Bone Development;34
5.8;1.8 Epigenetic Regulation in Development;39
5.9;1.9 Summary and Conclusions;42
5.10;References;43
6;Tissue Interactions in Long Bone Development;50
6.1;2.1 Introduction;50
6.2;2.2 Cell Fate Decisions in Early Bone Development;50
6.3;2.3 Intrinsic Re gulation of Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis;51
6.4;2.4 Two-Way Interactions Between Cartilage and Bone;54
6.5;2.5 Four-Way Interactions Among Cartilage, Bone, Blood Vessels, and Matrix- Resorbing Cells;56
6.6;2.6 Are These Tissue Interactions Maintained During Postnatal Life?;58
6.7;2.7 Conclusion/Perspectives;59
6.8;References;59
7;The Epiphyseal Growth Plate;63
7.1;3.1 Introduction;63
7.2;3.2 Growth Plate Architecture, Disposition, and Fusion;64
7.3;3.3 Detailed Anatomy and Cellular Dynamics of the Growth Plate;65
7.4;3.4 Regulation of Growth Plate Development and Function;68
7.5;3.5 Mechanism of Growth-Plate Mineralization;75
7.6;3.6 Chondrocyte Metabolism Within the Growth Plate;76
7.7;3.7 Deletion of Chondrocytes from the Epiphyseal Growth Plate;77
7.8;3.8 Chondrocyte Survival vs. Death: Induction of Autophagy;80
7.9;3.9 Diseases of the Growth Plate;82
7.10;3.10 Summary;83
7.11;References;84
8;Hedgehog Signaling in Growth Plate and Bone Development;89
8.1;4.1 Introduction;89
8.2;4.2 The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway;90
8.3;4.3 Hh in Human Genetics/ Patterning;92
8.4;4.4 Hh in Skeletal Patterning and Craniofacial Development;93
8.5;4.5 Ihh in Endochondral Bone Formation;95
8.6;4.6 Hh in Joint Formation;98
8.7;4.7 Hh in Skeletal Homeostasis;99
8.8;Acknowledgments;100
8.9;References;100
9;Role of microRNA in Skeleton Development;105
9.1;5.1 What Are miRNAs?;105
9.2;5.2 Introduction to Bone Development and Mesenchymal Stem Cells;106
9.3;5.3 Mouse Models of Dicer- Dependent Inactivation of miRNA Activity in the early Limb Mesenchyme and the Growth Plate;107
9.4;5.4 Evaluation of miRNA Function in the Signaling Pathway that leads to Bone development;107
9.5;5.5 An Integrative Model for miRNA Activity in Limb Development;112
9.6;Acknowledgment;113
9.7;References;113
10;FGF/FGFR Signaling in Skeletal Dysplasias;116
10.1;6.1 Introduction;116
10.2;6.2 FGF Signaling in the Growth Plate;116
10.3;6.3 Implication of FGF/FGFR Signaling in Chondrodysplasias;118
10.4;6.4 FGF Signaling in Cranial Bone;119
10.5;6.5 Implication of FGF/FGFR Signaling in Craniosynostosis;120
10.6;6.6 Conclusion and Perspectives;122
10.7;Acknowledgments;122
10.8;References;123
11;The Role of Hypoxia-Induced Factors;129
11.1;7.1 Hypoxia and the Hif Family of Transcription Factors;129
11.2;7.2 Hifs and Chondrocytes;133
11.3;7.3 Hif-1s and Osteoblasts;137
11.4;7.4 Hifs and Osteoclasts ;139
11.5;7.5 Summary;139
11.6;References;139
12;BMP Signaling in Skeletogenesis;146
12.1;8.1 Introduction;146
12.2;8.2 The BMP Signaling pathway;146
12.3;8.3 BMP Signaling in Mesenchymal Cell Condensation and Commitment to Chondrogenic Lineage;147
12.4;8.4 BMP Signaling in Chondrogenesis;148
12.5;8.5 BMP Signaling in Osteogenesis;150
12.6;8.6 BMP Signaling in Adipogenesis and Energy Metabolism;152
12.7;8.7 Perspectives;153
12.8;References;153
13;Wnt Signaling in Bone Development;158
13.1;9.1 Introduction;158
13.2;9.2 Effects of LRP5 and LRP6 on Bone Formation and Development;159
13.3;9.3 Effects of Dkks on Bone Formation and Development;160
13.4;9.4 Effects of Kremens on Bone Formation and Development;162
13.5;9.5 Effects of SOST/sclerostin on Bone Formation and Development;162
13.6;9.6 Effects of Wnts on Bone Formation and Development;163
13.7;9.7 Effects of sFRPs on Bone Formation and Development;165
13.8;9.8 Effects of Downstream Wnt Pathway Components on Bone Formation and Development;167
13.9;9.9 Summary and Conclusions;168
13.10;References;169
14;Development of the Craniofacial Complex;174
14.1;10.1 Introduction ;174
14.2;10.2 Development of the Craniofacial Skeleton;174
14.3;10.3 Development of the Mandible;176
14.4;10.4 Temporomandibular Joint;180
14.5;10.5 Palate Development;182
14.6;10.6 Tooth Development;189
14.7;10.7 Future Perspectives;194
14.8;Acknowledgment;194
14.9;References;195
15;Dentin and Bone: Similar Collagenous Mineralized Tissues;203
15.1;11.1 Odontogenesis;203
15.2;11.2 Osteogenesis;206
15.3;11.3 Cell Lines and Models of Osteoblast and Odontoblast Cultures;207
15.4;11.4 Transcriptional Control of Osteoblast and Odontoblast Differentiation;209
15.5;11.5 Composition of Matrix Synthesized by Osteoblasts and Odontoblasts;210
15.6;11.6 Genetic Syndromes and Diseases;213
15.7;11.7 Common Properties of Bone and Dentin;214
15.8;References;215
16;Evolution of Bone Proteins;221
16.1;12.1 Introduction;221
16.2;12.2 Gene Duplication;221
16.3;12.3 Collagens;222
16.4;12.4 BGP and MGP;224
16.5;12.5 Secretory Calcium-Binding Phosphoproteins;225
16.6;12.6 Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans;228
16.7;12.7 Directed Evolution of Apatite Binding Peptides;228
16.8;12.8 Value and Application of Evolutionary Studies;230
16.9;12.9 Conclusion;230
16.10;Acknowledgment;230
16.11;References;230
17;Osteogenesis Imperfecta;235
17.1;13.1 Introduction;235
17.2;13.2 Nosology and Biology;235
17.3;13.3 Clinical Approach;238
17.4;13.4 Differential Diagnosis;240
17.5;13.5 Testing for Osteogenesis Imperfecta;241
17.6;13.6 Biochemistry;242
17.7;13.7 Imaging;242
17.8;13.8 Histomorphometry;242
17.9;13.9 Medical Therapy;243
17.10;13.10 Management of Severely Affected Infants;246
17.11;13.11 Problems in Adulthood;246
17.12;13.12 Future Prospects;247
17.13;References;247
18;Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: Developmental Implications of a Novel Metamorphogene;252
18.1;14.1 Introduction;252
18.2;14.2 Clinical Features of Classic FOP;252
18.3;14.3 Diagnosis and Misdiagnosis of FOP;253
18.4;14.4 Epidemiologic, Genetic, and Environmental Factors in FOP;254
18.5;14.5 FOP and the BMP Signaling Pathway;254
18.6;14.6 The FOP Gene;254
18.7;14.7 Atypical FOP Phenotypes Caused by Novel Mutations in the FOP Gene;255
18.8;14.8 Protein Homology Mapping of the FOP Gene;255
18.9;14.9 FOP and Morphogenesis;259
18.10;14.10 FOP and Metamorphosis;260
18.11;14.11 FOP and Oncogenesis;261
18.12;14.12 FOP and Degenerative Joint Disease;263
18.13;14.13 Prevention and Treatment of Skeletal Metamorphosis in FOP;264
18.14;14.14 Conclusions;264
18.15;Acknowledgments;265
18.16;References;265
19;Bone-Mineral Homeostasis and Associated Pathologies;269
19.1;15.1 Introduction ;269
19.2;15.2 Physiological Aspects;269
19.3;15.3 Pathophysiological Aspects;271
19.4;15.4 Pathogenesis of Vitamin D and Calcium Insufficiency- Related Diseases;273
19.5;15.5 Conclusion;278
19.6;References;279
20;Interrelationship Between Bone and Other Tissues: Brain– Bone Axis and Bone- Adipo Axis;284
20.1;16.1 Introduction;284
20.2;16.2 Leptin and Bone;284
20.3;16.3 Regulation of Bone Remodeling by Leptin;285
20.4;16.4 Leptin and Bone Remodeling in Human Subjects;286
20.5;16.5 Leptin, the Sympathetic Nervous System, and Bone Remodeling;286
20.6;16.6 SNS and Bone Remodeling: Clinical Implications;287
20.7;16.7 Regulation of Bone Remodeling by Neuropeptides Affecting Appetite: Cocaine-and Amphetamine- Regulated Transcript ( Cart) and MC4R;287
20.8;16.8 The Melanocortin 4 Receptor;288
20.9;16.9 Neuromedin U;288
20.10;16.10 Npy ;289
20.11;16.11 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism by Bone Cells;289
20.12;16.12 Osteocalcin as a Potential Therapeutic for Diabetes;291
20.13;16.13 Leptin Regulates Glucose Metabolism Through Osteoblasts via the SNS;292
20.14;16.14 Clinical Implications of the Skeletal Regulation of Glucose Metabolism;292
20.15;16.15 Conclusions;293
20.16;References;293
21;Mechanobiology of Bone Development and Computational Simulations;296
21.1;17.1 Form and Function of Bone;296
21.2;17.2 Mechanobiological Regulation and Simulations of Bone Growth;299
21.3;17.3 Mechanobiological Regulation of Bone Remodeling and Bone Remodeling Simulations;302
21.4;17.4 Mechanobiological Regulation and Simulations of Bone Fracture Healing;305
21.5;17.5 Summary;308
21.6;Acknowledgments;309
21.7;References;309
22;Subject Index;313