Doody Deep Space Craft

An Overview of Interplanetary Flight
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-89510-7
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 440 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Praxis Books

Deep Space Craft opens the door to interplanetary flight. It looks at this world from the vantage point of real operations on a specific mission, and follows a natural trail from the day-to-day working of this particular spacecraft, through the functioning of all spacecraft to the collaboration of the various disciplines to produce the results for which a spacecraft is designed. These results are of course mostly of a scientific nature, although a small number of interplanetary missions are also flown primarily to test and prove new engineering techniques. The author shows how, in order to make sense of all the scientific data coming back to Earth, the need for experiments and instrumentation arises, and follows the design and construction of the instruments through to their placement and testing on a spacecraft prior to launch. Examples are given of the interaction between an instrument's science team and the mission's flight team to plan and specify observations, gather and analyze data in flight, and finally present the results and discoveries to the scientific community. This highly focused, insider's guide to interplanetary space exploration uses many examples of previous and current endeavors. It will enable the reader to research almost any topic related to spacecraft and to seek the latest scientific findings, the newest emerging technologies, or the current status of a favorite flight. In order to provide easy paths from the general to the specific, the text constantly refers to the Appendices. Within the main text, the intent is general familiarization and categorization of spacecraft and instruments at a high level, to provide a mental framework to place in context and understand any spacecraft and any instrument encountered in the reader's experience. Appendix A gives illustrated descriptions of many interplanetary spacecraft, some earth-orbiters and ground facilities to reinforce the classification framework. Appendix B contains illustrated detailed descriptions of a dozen scientific instruments, including some ground-breaking engineering appliances that have either already been in operation or are poised for flight. Each instrument's range of sensitivity in wavelengths of light, etc, and its physical principle(s) of operation is described. Appendix C has a few annotated illustrations to clarify the nomenclature of regions and structures in the solar system and the planets' ring systems, and places the solar system in context with the local interstellar environment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Doody, Dave

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Table of Contents;5
2;List of Figures;11
3;Introduction;15
4;Author’s Preface;17
5;Acknowledgments;18
6;Foreword;19
7;1 Telepresence;21
7.1;1.1 On Location;21
7.1.1;1.1.1 A Busy Realtime Night;24
7.1.2;1.1.2 Realtime as Middle Ground;25
7.1.3;1.1.3 Wake-up Calls;26
7.1.4;1.1.4 Resolution;29
7.2;1.2 The Link With Earth;30
7.2.1;1.2.1 Spacecraft and the Deep Space Network;30
7.2.2;1.2.2 Microwaves;31
7.2.3;1.2.3 Antenna Gain;33
7.2.4;1.2.4 Power in the Link;35
7.2.5;1.2.5 All Things Considered;35
7.2.6;1.2.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio: SNR;39
7.2.7;1.2.7 Amplification;41
7.2.8;1.2.8 The HEMT Low-Noise Amplifier;44
7.2.9;1.2.9 The Maser Low-Noise Amplifier;44
7.2.10;1.2.10 LNA Bandwidth;46
7.2.11;1.2.11 Microwave Signals To Go;46
7.2.12;1.2.12 The Closed-Loop Receiver;46
7.2.13;1.2.13 The Open-Loop Receiver;48
7.2.14;1.2.14 Transporting Information;48
7.2.15;1.2.15 Modulation Schemes;49
7.2.16;1.2.16 Power in the Data;50
7.2.17;1.2.17 Error Detection and Correction;51
7.2.18;1.2.18 Telemetry in Lock;54
7.2.19;1.2.19 Data Compression;55
7.2.20;1.2.20 Pushing the Shannon Limit;56
7.2.21;1.2.21 Data Structure;57
7.2.22;1.2.22 Channelized Engineering data and Science data;58
7.2.23;1.2.23 CCSDS;60
7.2.24;1.2.24 Remote Control;61
7.2.25;1.2.25 Beacons in Space;63
7.3;1.3 More than Telepresence;65
7.4;Notes;65
7.5;References;67
8;2 Navigating the Depths;69
8.1;2.1 Martian Miscalculation;69
8.2;2.2 Choice of Flight Path;71
8.3;2.3 Orbit Determination and Guidance;73
8.3.1;2.3.1 Kepler; Newton and his Principia73
8.3.2;2.3.2 Models and Observables;75
8.3.3;2.3.3 Optical Navigation;76
8.3.4;2.3.4 Autonomous Navigation;77
8.4;2.4 Making Measurements;78
8.4.1;2.4.1 Coordinate Systems;79
8.4.2;2.4.2 Measuring the Doppler Shift;82
8.4.3;2.4.3 One, Two, Three Way;84
8.4.4;2.4.4 Measuring Range;86
8.4.5;2.4.5 VLBI — Very Long Baseline Interferometry;87
8.4.6;2.4.6 Putting it all together;90
8.5;2.5 Correction and Trim Maneuvers;91
8.5.1;2.5.1 The Target Plane;92
8.5.2;2.5.2 Maneuver Execution;95
8.6;2.6 Gravity Assist;98
8.6.1;2.6.1 A Grand Tour;99
8.6.2;2.6.2 How it works;100
8.7;2.7 A Familiar Connection Severed;101
8.8;Notes;102
8.9;References;104
9;3 Spacecraft Attitude Control;106
9.1;3.1 A Distant Rocking;106
9.2;3.2 The Attitude Control System;108
9.3;3.3 Intersecting Disciplines;112
9.4;3.4 Stability;115
9.4.1;3.4.1 Going for a Spin;115
9.4.2;3.4.2 Three-axis control;118
9.4.3;3.4.3 Hybrids;119
9.5;3.5 Attitude Control Peripherals;120
9.5.1;3.5.1 AACS Input Devices;120
9.5.2;3.5.2 AACS Output Devices;125
9.6;3.6 Scientific Experiments with AACS;133
9.7;3.7 AACS Faults and Protection;135
9.8;Notes;136
9.9;References;137
10;4 Propulsion;138
10.1;4.1 Liftoff;138
10.2;4.2 Newton’s Third Law;140
10.2.1;4.2.1 Water as Reaction Mass;140
10.2.2;4.2.2 Rocket Science;141
10.2.3;4.2.3 A Solid Rocket Example;142
10.2.4;4.2.4 Making Comparisons;143
10.3;4.3 Interplanetary Travel Becomes Possible;144
10.3.1;4.3.1 Nozzles;145
10.4;4.4 Propulsion System Designs;146
10.4.1;4.4.1 Solid Rocket Motors;146
10.4.2;4.4.2 Liquid Monopropellant Systems;148
10.4.3;4.4.3 Liquid Bipropellant Systems;151
10.4.4;4.4.4 Tanks in Free-fall;154
10.4.5;4.4.5 Dual Modes and Hybrids;155
10.4.6;4.4.6 Electrical Propulsion;155
10.5;4.5 Basic Systems;158
10.6;Notes;158
10.7;References;160
11;5 More Subsystems Onboard;161
11.1;5.0.1 Hierarchy;161
11.2;5.0.2 Spacecraft Bus;161
11.3;5.1 Electrical Power Subsystem;162
11.3.1;5.1.1 Voltage and Current;162
11.3.2;5.1.2 Solar Panels;163
11.3.3;5.1.3 Batteries;166
11.3.4;5.1.4 RTGs;168
11.3.5;5.1.5 Power Conditioning and Distribution;171
11.3.6;5.1.6 Power Margin;173
11.4;5.2 Structure Subsystem;173
11.4.1;5.2.1 Functions;173
11.4.2;5.2.2 Materials;174
11.4.3;5.2.3 Components;174
11.4.4;5.2.4 Examples;175
11.4.5;5.2.5 Pre-Launch Structural Testing;176
11.5;5.3 Command and Telemetry Subsystem;177
11.5.1;5.3.1 CTS Roles;177
11.5.2;5.3.2 Data Storage;177
11.5.3;5.3.3 Data Bus;178
11.5.4;5.3.4 Heater Control;178
11.5.5;5.3.5 Heartbeat;179
11.6;5.4 Fault Protection;179
11.6.1;5.4.1 Safing;180
11.6.2;5.4.2 Fault-Tolerant Architecture;180
11.6.3;5.4.3 Fault-Protection Monitors;181
11.6.4;5.4.4 Fault-Protection Responses;182
11.6.5;5.4.5 Critical Commands;182
11.6.6;5.4.6 Recovery from Safing;183
11.7;5.5 Thermal Control Subsystem;183
11.7.1;5.5.1 Radiative Heat Transfer;184
11.7.2;5.5.2 Heat Generation;186
11.7.3;5.5.3 Conductive Heat Transfer;186
11.7.4;5.5.4 Components;186
11.7.5;5.5.5 Atmospheric Entry;190
11.7.6;5.5.6 Thermal-Vacuum Testing;191
11.8;5.6 Mechanical Devices Subsystem;192
11.8.1;5.6.1 Release Devices;192
11.8.2;5.6.2 Extensible Booms;194
11.9;5.7 Science Instruments;195
11.10;Notes;195
11.11;References;196
12;6 Science Instruments and Experiments;198
12.1;6.1 Questions;199
12.2;6.2 Payload;200
12.3;6.3 Scientific Instruments;200
12.3.1;6.3.1 The Four Categories;200
12.3.2;6.3.2 The Questions and the Instruments;201
12.3.3;6.3.3 Imaging Science Instruments;203
12.3.4;6.3.4 Altimeters;217
12.3.5;6.3.5 Microwave Radiometers and Scatterometers;218
12.3.6;6.3.6 Optical Spectroscopic Instruments;219
12.3.7;6.3.7 Mass Spectrometers;229
12.3.8;6.3.8 Atmospheric Analysis Instruments;231
12.3.9;6.3.9 Active Spectrometers;232
12.3.10;6.3.10 Magnetometers;233
12.3.11;6.3.11 Radio and Plasma Wave Detectors;234
12.3.12;6.3.12 Impact and Dust Detectors;234
12.3.13;6.3.13 Charged Particle Detectors;235
12.3.14;6.3.14 Summary;236
12.4;6.4 In-Flight Science Experiments;236
12.4.1;6.4.1 Solar and Stellar Occultations;236
12.4.2;6.4.2 Radio Science Occultations;237
12.4.3;6.4.3 Radio Science Celestial Mechanics Experiments;239
12.4.4;6.4.4 Superior Conjunction Experiments;240
12.4.5;6.4.5 Radio Science Gravitational Radiation Searches;241
12.4.6;6.4.6 Bistatic Radio Science Observations;242
12.4.7;6.4.7 Gravity Field Surveys;242
12.4.8;6.4.8 Calibrations and Ground Truth;243
12.5;6.5 Science Data Pipeline;244
12.5.1;6.5.1 Television, Radio, and Newspapers;245
12.5.2;6.5.2 WWW Media;245
12.5.3;6.5.3 Peer-Reviewed Journals;246
12.5.4;6.5.4 Meetings of Scientific Institutions;247
12.5.5;6.5.5 Hands on the Data;248
12.5.6;6.5.6 An Expanding Presence;249
12.6;Notes;249
12.7;References;251
13;7 Mission Formulation and Implementation;258
13.1;7.1 Announcement of Opportunity;258
13.1.1;7.1.1 Financial Perspective;259
13.1.2;7.1.2 About Scout;259
13.1.3;7.1.3 AO Responses;259
13.2;7.2 Spacecraft Classifications;260
13.2.1;7.2.1 Engineering Demonstration Spacecraft;260
13.2.2;7.2.2 Observatory Spacecraft;261
13.2.3;7.2.3 Flyby Spacecraft;261
13.2.4;7.2.4 Orbiter Spacecraft;262
13.2.5;7.2.5 Atmospheric Spacecraft;262
13.2.6;7.2.6 Lander and Penetrator Spacecraft;262
13.2.7;7.2.7 Rover Spacecraft;262
13.2.8;7.2.8 Communications and Navigation Spacecraft;263
13.2.9;7.2.9 Size and Complexity;263
13.3;7.3 Making a Mission;263
13.3.1;7.3.1 Decadal Surveys;264
13.3.2;7.3.2 Competed Missions;264
13.3.3;7.3.3 Assigned Missions;265
13.3.4;7.3.4 Administration;265
13.3.5;7.3.5 Mission Phases;268
13.3.6;7.3.6 Reviews;269
13.3.7;7.3.7 Pre-phase A: Concept studies;270
13.3.8;7.3.8 Phase A: Concept and Technology Development;276
13.3.9;7.3.9 Phase B: Preliminary Design and Technology Completion;276
13.3.10;7.3.10 Phase C: Final Design and Fabrication;279
13.3.11;7.3.11 Phase D: Assembly, Integration and Test, Launch;279
13.4;7.4 Flying a Mission;283
13.4.1;7.4.1 Phase E: Flight Operations and Data Analysis;283
13.4.2;7.4.2 Phase F: Closeout;293
13.5;Notes;295
13.6;References;296
14;8 Onward;297
14.1;8.1 Spacecraft Bus Technologies;297
14.2;8.2 Science;301
14.2.1;8.2.1 Gravitational Wave Astronomy;301
14.2.2;8.2.2 Earth-mass Exoplanet Discoveries;301
14.2.3;8.2.3 SETI;302
14.2.4;8.2.4 Habitat Identification;302
14.2.5;8.2.5 Improving Sensor Capability;302
14.3;8.3 Print and Electronic Media;303
14.4;8.4 Human Journeys;304
14.5;8.5 Earth-Protective Measures;304
14.6;8.6 Earthbound Dividends;305
14.7;Notes;307
14.8;References;307
15;Appendix A: Typical Spacecraft;308
15.1;The Voyager Spacecraft;309
15.2;The New Horizons Spacecraft;311
15.3;The Spitzer Space Telescope;313
15.4;The Chandra X-Ray Observatory;315
15.5;The Galileo Spacecraft;317
15.6;The Cassini Spacecraft;319
15.7;The Messenger Spacecraft;321
15.8;The Huygens Spacecraft;323
15.9;The Phoenix Spacecraft;325
15.10;Mars Science Laboratory Spacecraft;327
15.11;The Deep Impact Spacecraft;329
15.12;The Deep Space 1 Spacecraft;331
16;Appendix B: Typical Instruments;333
16.1;Solid-State Imager;334
16.2;High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment;335
16.3;Radar;336
16.4;Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter;337
16.5;Infrared Spectrograph;338
16.6;Chemistry and Camera;339
16.7;Magnetometers;340
16.8;Atmospheric Structure Instrument;341
16.9;Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer;342
16.10;Mini-M¨ossbauer Spectrometer;343
16.11;Stellar Reference Unit;344
16.12;Deep Space Station 55;345
17;Appendix C: Space;346
17.1;References;348
18;Appendix D: The Electromagnetic Spectrum;353
18.1;Notes;354
19;Appendix E: Chronology;358
19.1;Notes;379
20;Appendix F: Units of Measure, Abbreviations, Greek Alphabet;380
20.1;Units of Measure;380
20.2;Conversions;382
20.3;Abbreviations;383
20.4;The Greek Alphabet;388
21;Glossary;389
22;Index;435