Eccles / Weber Common Cold

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-7643-9912-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 358 Seiten

Reihe: Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases

The common cold is unlike any other human disease because of two f- tors: firstly, it is arguably the most common human disease and, secondly, it is one of the most complex diseases because of the number of viruses that cause the familiar syndrome of sneezing, sore throat, runny nose and nasal congestion. These two factors have made a 'cure' for the common cold one of the most difficult scientific and clinical endeavours (a topic often d- cussed in the popular media, where comparisons are made with the ease of putting a man on the moon). The present book brings together a wide range of experts from epidemiologists to virologists and pharmacologists to look at recent advances in our knowledge of the common cold. In some respects the book is unique, as it focuses on the common cold, a syndrome so familiar to the layperson but one that receives little attention from the scientist and clinician. The common cold can be viewed from many different aspects as illustrated in Figure 1. The core knowledge for understanding the common cold must first come from virology and this is discussed in several chapters of the book. There have been major advances in this field because of the use of new methods of detecting viruses such as polymerase chain reaction techniques that have greatly aided our understanding of the epidemiology of viruses associated with common cold.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Eccles, Ronald

Weber, Olaf

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;List of contributors;8
3;Preface;10
4;A short history of the common cold;12
4.1;Abstract;12
4.2;Stone slabs and herbal arrows: Pre and early history;12
4.3;Needles and burning: China;13
4.4;Lead and honey: Egypt;15
4.5;Humors and medicine: Greco-Roman antiquity;16
4.6;Sparks and cauterizing irons: Arabia;17
4.7;When the soul sneezes and the stars blow their nose: The Middle Ages;19
4.8;A short digression: The Dreckapotheke (dirt pharmacy);21
4.9;Herbal books and good advice: The Early Modern period;22
4.10;With tobacco and emetics: The 18th century;23
4.11;Cold and electricity, infections and microbes: The 19th century;25
4.12;The rhinovirus: The 20th century;27
4.13;References;29
4.14;Abstract;33
4.15;Introduction;33
5;Mechanisms of symptoms of common cold and flu;33
5.1;Local symptoms;37
5.2;Systemic symptoms;46
5.3;References;51
6;Common respiratory infections diagnosed in general practice;56
6.1;Abstract;56
6.2;Introduction;56
6.3;The viruses;57
6.4;Microbiological aetiology;60
6.5;Respiratory infections;61
6.6;Hospital admissions;76
6.7;Deaths;77
6.8;References;78
7;Epidemiology;85
7.1;Abstract;85
7.2;Introduction;85
7.3;Epidemiology of viral causes of CFLIs;86
7.4;Factors affecting the circulation patterns and clinical impact of respiratory viruses;86
7.5;Methods of detecting viruses in CFLIs;89
7.6;Questions raised by the co-detection of viruses among CFLIs;94
7.7;Associations between acute virus infections and chronic respiratory disease;97
7.8;Impact and cost of the common cold;99
7.9;Conclusions;101
7.10;References;101
8;The role of viruses in the etiology and pathogenesis of common cold;115
8.1;Abstract;115
8.2;Introduction: The role of viruses in the etiology and pathogenesis of common cold;115
8.3;Rhinoviruses;116
8.4;Respiratory syncytial virus;123
8.5;Human parainfluenza virus;129
8.6;Adenovirus;131
8.7;Human metapneumovirus;134
8.8;Human bocavirus;135
8.9;Human Coronavirus;137
8.10;Influenza virus;140
8.11;References;142
9;Etiology of the common cold: Modulating factors;156
9.1;Abstract;156
9.2;Introduction;156
9.3;Results;164
9.4;Conclusions;179
9.5;References;180
10;Host defenses;194
10.1;Abstract;194
10.2;Introduction;194
10.3;Local defense mechanisms;195
10.4;Breastfeeding;196
10.5;Systemic immune response/symptoms;198
10.6;Environmental factors, exercise, co-infections;200
10.7;References;200
11;Transmission of colds;204
11.1;Abstract;204
11.2;Introduction;204
11.3;Virus must be deposited in the environment and able to survive;207
11.4;Virus deposited in the environment must reach the portal of entry;210
11.5;Interruption of the proposed route of transmission must reduce the;211
11.6;incidence of infection;211
11.7;Interruption of cold transmission in the home environment;213
11.8;Conclusion;215
11.9;References;215
12;Interventions to prevent transmission of the common cold;218
12.1;Abstract;218
12.2;Introduction;218
12.3;The model of the phenomenon – Theoretical considerations;218
12.4;Empirical evidence for ways of interrupting the transmission of respiratory virus infections;221
12.5;The Cochrane review: Physical methods of interrupting the spread of respiratory viruses;222
12.6;What is effective?;222
12.7;Implications for practice;224
12.8;References;225
13;Antivirals for the common cold;227
13.1;Abstract;227
13.2;Background;227
13.3;Interferons;229
13.4;Interferon inducers;232
13.5;Capsid-binding compounds;232
13.6;Methodological quality of studies mentioned in the chapter;236
13.7;What history and evidence tell us;239
13.8;References;240
14;Antibiotic use for common cold;243
14.1;Abstract;243
14.2;Antibiotics do not help patients with a common cold;243
14.3;Are there patients for whom an antibiotic is reasonable, or is needed?;244
14.4;GPs frequently prescribe antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections;246
14.5;Why do GPs prescribe antibiotics for the common cold?;248
14.6;Patient attitudes contribute to antibiotic use;248
14.7;Antibiotics may harm patients – Directly and indirectly;248
14.8;The need to identify effective and acceptable alternatives to antibiotics;249
14.9;Programmes to persuade doctors and patients to reduce antibiotic use;249
14.10;Delayed prescriptions – An intervention specifically with doctors;250
14.11;Pearls of wisdom offered to our medical colleagues: say No!;250
14.12;References;251
15;Over the counter medicines for colds;254
15.1;Abstract;254
15.2;Introduction;254
15.3;Analgesics;255
15.4;Nasal decongestants;259
15.5;Antitussives;262
15.6;Antihistamines;265
15.7;Expectorants;266
15.8;Mucolytics;268
15.9;Menthol;268
15.10;Sore throat lozenges and sprays;271
15.11;Placebo effect;271
15.12;Multi-symptom treatments;272
15.13;Hot drinks;272
15.14;References;273
16;Vitamins and minerals;279
16.1;Abstract;279
16.2;Introduction;279
16.3;Vitamin C;280
16.4;Vitamin E;287
16.5;-Carotene;289
16.6;Multivitamin and multimineral supplements;291
16.7;Zinc;294
16.8;Bias against vitamins and minerals;299
16.9;Conclusions;300
16.10;References;301
17;Herbal, traditional and alternative remedies;312
17.1;Introduction;312
17.2;Phytotherapy;313
17.3;Apitherapy/bee products (honey, propolis, pollen, royal jelly);329
17.4;Ayurvedic remedies for common cold;330
17.5;Homeopathic remedies;330
17.6;References;340
18;Index;351