Echekki / Mastorakos Turbulent Combustion Modeling

Advances, New Trends and Perspectives
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-94-007-0412-1
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 95, 490 Seiten

Reihe: Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications

Turbulent combustion sits at the interface of two important nonlinear, multiscale phenomena: chemistry and turbulence. Its study is extremely timely in view of the need to develop new combustion technologies in order to address challenges associated with climate change, energy source uncertainty, and air pollution. Despite the fact that modeling of turbulent combustion is a subject that has been researched for a number of years, its complexity implies that key issues are still eluding, and a theoretical description that is accurate enough to make turbulent combustion models rigorous and quantitative for industrial use is still lacking. In this book, prominent experts review most of the available approaches in modeling turbulent combustion, with particular focus on the exploding increase in computational resources that has allowed the simulation of increasingly detailed phenomena. The relevant algorithms are presented, the theoretical methods are explained, and various application examples are given. The book is intended for a relatively broad audience, including seasoned researchers and graduate students in engineering, applied mathematics and computational science, engine designers and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) practitioners, scientists at funding agencies, and anyone wishing to understand the state-of-the-art and the future directions of this scientifically challenging and practically important field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mastorakos, Epaminondas

Echekki, Tarek

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Contents;10
3;List of Contributors;18
4;Introductory Concepts;21
4.1;The Role of Combustion Technology in the 21st Century;22
4.1.1;Introduction;22
4.1.2;Sustainable Energy;25
4.1.3;Technology Forecasts;26
4.1.4;Implications for Combustion Technology;31
4.1.5;Prospects for Advanced Computer Modeling of Combustors;33
4.1.6;Concluding Remarks;36
4.1.7;References;36
4.2;Turbulent Combustion: Concepts, Governing Equations and Modeling Strategies;38
4.2.1;Introduction;38
4.2.2;Governing Equations;41
4.2.2.1;Conservation Equations;41
4.2.2.2;Constitutive Relations, State Equations and Auxiliary Relations;43
4.2.3;Conventional Mathematical and Computational Frameworks for Simulating Turbulent Combustion Flows;47
4.2.3.1;Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS);47
4.2.3.2;Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS);49
4.2.3.3;Large-Eddy Simulation (LES);51
4.2.4;Addressing the Closure Problem;54
4.2.5;Outline of Upcoming Chapters;55
4.2.6;References;56
5;Recent Advances and Trends in Turbulent Combustion Models;59
5.1;The Flamelet Model for Non-Premixed Combustion;60
5.1.1;Introduction;60
5.1.2;Fundamental Concepts;61
5.1.2.1;The Mixture Fraction;62
5.1.2.2;The Flamelet Solution;63
5.1.2.3;The Counterflow Diffusion Flame;64
5.1.2.4;Validity of the Flamelet Approach;65
5.1.3;RANS Flamelet Modeling;66
5.1.3.1;Steady Flamelets;67
5.1.3.2;Transient Flamelets;70
5.1.3.3;Representative Interactive Flamelets (RIF) Model;72
5.1.3.4;Eulerian Particle Flamelet Model (EPFM);73
5.1.3.5;Flamelet–Progress Variable (FPV) Models;73
5.1.4;LES Flamelet Modeling;75
5.1.4.1;Subgrid Scale Modelling;75
5.1.5;Conclusion;76
5.1.6;References;76
5.2;RANS and LES Modelling of Premixed Turbulent Combustion;79
5.2.1;Introduction to Premixed Flames;79
5.2.2;Modelling Framework for RANS and LES;80
5.2.2.1;Introduction;80
5.2.2.2;Regimes of Premixed Turbulent Combustion;81
5.2.2.3;Averaging and Filtering;82
5.2.2.4;Modelling Principles;84
5.2.3;Transport Modelling for Premixed Turbulent Flames;86
5.2.4;Reaction Rate Modelling for Premixed Turbulent Flames;87
5.2.4.1;Simple Models;87
5.2.4.2;Flame Surface Density Modelling;89
5.2.4.3;G-equation Modelling;96
5.2.4.4;Scalar Dissipation Rate Modelling;99
5.2.4.5;Other Approaches;101
5.2.5;Future;102
5.2.6;References;103
5.3;The Conditional Moment Closure Model;107
5.3.1;Introduction;107
5.3.2;Methodological Developments in CMC;109
5.3.2.1;The CMC Equations;109
5.3.2.2;Advances in Second Order Closures;112
5.3.2.3;Advances in Doubly Conditioned Moment Closures;117
5.3.2.4;Premixed Combustion;123
5.3.2.5;Liquid Fuel Combustion;124
5.3.3;Application to Flows of Engineering Interest;125
5.3.3.1;Dimensionality of the CMC Equation;125
5.3.3.2;Numerical Methods;126
5.3.3.3;Applications and Outlook;128
5.3.4;Conclusion;130
5.3.5;References;130
5.4;Transported Probability Density Function Methods for Reynolds-Averaged and Large-Eddy Simulations;134
5.4.1;Introduction;134
5.4.2;A Baseline PDF Formulation;135
5.4.3;Recent Advances in PDF Methods;139
5.4.3.1;Mixing Models;139
5.4.3.2;Hybrid Lagrangian Particle/Eulerian Mesh Methods;140
5.4.3.3;Eulerian Field Methods;141
5.4.3.4;Multiscale, Multiphysics Modeling;143
5.4.3.5;Examples;144
5.4.4;PDF-Based Methods for Large-Eddy Simulation;147
5.4.4.1;Spatial Filtering, FDFs, and FDF Transport Equations;148
5.4.4.2;Equivalent Representations, Models, and Algorithms;149
5.4.4.3;An Alternative Interpretation;150
5.4.4.4;Examples;151
5.4.5;Summary and Conclusions;153
5.4.6;References;154
5.5;Multiple Mapping Conditioning: A New Modelling Framework for Turbulent Combustion;158
5.5.1;Introduction;158
5.5.2;The Basic MMC Framework;161
5.5.2.1;Context and Concepts;161
5.5.2.2;Mapping Functions;162
5.5.2.3;The Deterministic MMC Model;163
5.5.2.4;The Stochastic MMC Model;167
5.5.2.5;Qualitative Properties of MMC;169
5.5.2.6;Replacement of Reference Variables;169
5.5.3;Generalised MMC;171
5.5.3.1;Reference Variables in Generalised MMC;171
5.5.3.2;Features of Generalised MMC Models;172
5.5.3.3;MMC with Dissipation-like Reference Variables;174
5.5.3.4;DNS/LES Simulated Reference Variables;175
5.5.4;Examples;176
5.5.4.1;MMC in Homogeneous Turbulence;176
5.5.4.2;MMC with RANS;179
5.5.4.3;MMC with the Binomial Langevin Model;180
5.5.4.4;MMC with LES;182
5.5.5;Summary and Future Directions;185
5.5.6;References;186
6;Advances and Trends in Multiscale Strategies;189
6.1;The Emerging Role of Multiscale Methods in Turbulent Combustion;190
6.1.1;Motivation;190
6.1.2;The Multiscale Nature of Turbulent Combustion Flows;191
6.1.3;The Case for Multiscale Strategies in Turbulent Combustion;193
6.1.3.1;Emerging Combustion Technologies;194
6.1.3.2;Emerging Multiscale Science;195
6.1.4;Multiscale Considerations for Turbulent Combustion;196
6.1.4.1;Basic Requirements for Multiscale Approaches in Turbulent Combustion;197
6.1.4.2;General Frameworks for the Governing Equations for Multiscale Models of Turbulent Combustion;198
6.1.5;Multiscale Approaches in Turbulent Combustion and Preview of Relevant Chapters;199
6.1.5.1;Time-Step Acceleration;199
6.1.5.2;Mesh Adaptive Methods;200
6.1.5.3;Flame Embedding Approaches;200
6.1.5.4;Hybrid LES-Low-Dimensional Models;201
6.1.6;Concluding Remarks;202
6.1.7;References;203
6.2;Model Reduction for Combustion Chemistry;206
6.2.1;Introduction;206
6.2.2;Traditional Methodologies for Reduction: QSSA and PEA;211
6.2.2.1;The QSSA;212
6.2.2.2;The PEA;213
6.2.2.3;Comments on the QSSA and PEA;214
6.2.2.4;A Common Set-up for the QSSA and PEA;214
6.2.2.5;The Need for Algorithmic Methodologies for Reduction;217
6.2.3;Reduction Algorithms;219
6.2.4;Interaction of Chemistry with Diffusion;221
6.2.5;Manifold Methods and Tabulation Strategies;222
6.2.5.1;Principles of Manifold Methods;222
6.2.5.2;Calculation of Low-Dimensional Manifolds;224
6.2.6;Tabulation;227
6.2.7;Concluding Remarks;229
6.2.8;References;229
6.3;The Linear-Eddy Model;234
6.3.1;Motivation;234
6.3.2;Triplet Map;235
6.3.3;Map Sizes and Frequency of Occurrence;236
6.3.4;Application to Passive Mixing;238
6.3.5;Application to Reacting Flows;239
6.3.6;Application to Reacting Flows as a Subgrid Model;241
6.3.6.1;The LEM Subgrid Model;244
6.3.6.2;Large-Scale Advection of the Subgrid Field;245
6.3.7;LEMLES Applications to Reacting Flows;250
6.3.8;Summary and Future Prospects;256
6.3.9;References;257
6.4;The One-Dimensional-Turbulence Model;261
6.4.1;Motivation;261
6.4.2;Constant-Property ODT;263
6.4.2.1;Model Formulation;263
6.4.2.2;Numerical Implementation;267
6.4.2.3;Generalizations and Couplings;267
6.4.2.4;Features of the ODT Representation of Turbulent Flow;268
6.4.3;Applications of ODT in Combustion;270
6.4.3.1;Governing Equations;270
6.4.3.2;Stand-Alone ODT Simulations;273
6.4.3.3;Hybrid ODTLES;277
6.4.4;Concluding Remarks;284
6.4.5;References;286
6.5;Unsteady Flame Embedding;289
6.5.1;Introduction;290
6.5.2;Historical Perspective on the Flame Embedding Concept;292
6.5.3;Elemental Flame Model Formulation;295
6.5.4;Numerical Solution for the Elemental Flame Model;298
6.5.5;UFE LES Sub-grid Combustion Model;300
6.5.6;Numerical Results;303
6.5.7;Conclusions;308
6.5.8;References;310
6.6;Adaptive Methods for Simulation of Turbulent Combustion;313
6.6.1;Introduction;313
6.6.2;Mathematical Formulation;314
6.6.3;AMR Basic Concepts;317
6.6.3.1;Creating and Managing the Grid Hierarchy;317
6.6.3.2;AMR Discretization;319
6.6.3.3;Hyperbolic Conservation Laws;319
6.6.3.4;Elliptic;323
6.6.3.5;Parabolic Systems;326
6.6.4;AMR for Low Mach Number Combustion;327
6.6.5;Implementation Issues and Software Design;331
6.6.5.1;Performance of Adaptive Projection;332
6.6.6;Application – Lean Premixed Hydrogen Flames;333
6.6.6.1;Background;333
6.6.6.2;Models and Setup;335
6.6.6.3;Simulation Results;336
6.6.7;Summary;339
6.6.8;References;339
6.7;Wavelet Methods in Computational Combustion;342
6.7.1;Introduction;342
6.7.2;Wavelet Transforms;344
6.7.2.1;Orthogonal Wavelets;344
6.7.2.2;Biorthogonal Wavelet Transforms;346
6.7.2.3;Second Generation Wavelets;347
6.7.3;Wavelets as a Method for DNS;348
6.7.3.1;The Wavelet Representation of the Derivative;351
6.7.3.2;Higher Dimensional Discretizations;352
6.7.4;An Application of Wavelets to Reacting Flows;354
6.7.4.1;Governing Equations;354
6.7.5;Results;356
6.7.6;Conclusions;360
6.7.7;References;361
7;Cross-Cutting Science;363
7.1;Design of Experiments for Gaining Insights and Validating Modeling of Turbulent Combustion;364
7.1.1;Introduction;364
7.1.2;The Turbulent Combustion Domain;367
7.1.3;Basic Considerations;369
7.1.3.1;Design Issues;369
7.1.3.2;Operational Envelopes;371
7.1.3.3;Experimental Considerations;373
7.1.3.4;Numerical Considerations;375
7.1.4;Case Studies;376
7.1.4.1;The Swirl Stabilised Burner;376
7.1.4.2;The Premixed Burner in Vitiated Coflows;379
7.1.4.3;The Piloted Spray Burner;381
7.1.5;Concluding Remarks;384
7.1.6;References;386
7.2;Uncertainty Quantification in Fluid Flow;390
7.2.1;Introduction;390
7.2.1.1;Polynomial Chaos;393
7.2.1.2;Challenges in PC UQ Methods;398
7.2.2;Polynomial Chaos UQ in Fluid Flow Applications;401
7.2.2.1;Incompressible Flow;402
7.2.2.2;Reacting Flow;405
7.2.2.3;Compressible Flow;407
7.2.2.4;Turbulence;408
7.2.3;Closure;410
7.2.4;References;410
7.3;Computational Frameworks for Advanced Combustion Simulations;417
7.3.1;Introduction;417
7.3.2;Literature Review of Computational Frameworks;418
7.3.3;The Common Component Architecture;421
7.3.3.1;Features of the Common Component Architecture;422
7.3.4;Computational Facility for Reacting Flow Science;424
7.3.4.1;Numerical Methods and Capabilities;424
7.3.4.2;The Need for Componentization;425
7.3.5;Computational Investigations Using CCA;428
7.3.5.1;Fourth-order Combustion Simulations with Adaptive Mesh Refinement;429
7.3.5.2;Computational Singular Perturbation and Tabulation;433
7.3.6;Research Topics in Computational Frameworks;439
7.3.7;Conclusion;440
7.3.8;References;441
7.4;The Heterogeneous Multiscale Methods with Application to Combustion;446
7.4.1;The Heterogeneous Multiscale Method;446
7.4.1.1;The Basic Framework;447
7.4.1.2;The Seamless Algorithm;450
7.4.1.3;Stability and Accuracy;453
7.4.2;Capturing Macroscale Interface Dynamics;454
7.4.2.1;Macroscale Solver: The Interface Tracking Methods;454
7.4.2.2;Estimating The Macroscale Interface Velocity;455
7.4.3;HMM Interface Tracking of Combustion Fronts;458
7.4.3.1;Majda's Model;458
7.4.3.2;Reactive Euler Equations;461
7.4.4;Conclusions;463
7.4.5;References;464
7.5;Lattice Boltzmann Methods for Reactive and Other Flows;467
7.5.1;Introduction;467
7.5.2;The Boltzmann Equation;469
7.5.2.1;Basic Considerations;469
7.5.2.2;Lattice Boltzmann Model;471
7.5.2.3;Variations on the LBM Theme;476
7.5.2.4;Initial and Boundary Conditions;478
7.5.2.5;Computational Cost;479
7.5.3;Applications;479
7.5.3.1;Isothermal Flows;479
7.5.3.2;Non-Isothermal Flows;482
7.5.3.3;Multicomponent Mixtures;484
7.5.3.4;Reactive Flows;485
7.5.4;Conclusions;487
7.5.5;References;488
8;Index;493