Edwards Red Sea

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8599-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 452 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Key Environment Series

The Red Sea is a unique and fragile environment. All but landlocked between Africa and Arabia, its peculiar oceanographic conditions, its geographical position and its geological history all conspire to make it particularly vulnerable to the side-effects of human civilization. In places, it is already a key environment under threat. What makes the Red Sea unique? What are the threats to this environment? Where should future research be directed? These are just three of the major questions addressed by the scientists contributing to this book.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Edwards, Alasdair J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Red Sea;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Chapter 1. Introduction;12
5.1;1.1. Geographical setting;12
5.2;1.2. Dimensions, structure and geological history of the Red Sea;14
5.3;1.3. Introduction to the ecology and inhabitants of the Red Sea;18
5.4;1.4. Biogeography of the Red Sea;23
5.5;1.5. History of exploration and research;25
5.6;1.6. The Red Sea as a key environment;31
6;Chapter 2. Geology and Palaeogeography of the Red Sea Region;33
6.1;2.1. Introduction: the origins of an ocean;33
6.2;2.2. Topography: the Red Sea depression;35
6.3;2.3. Foundations and early history;37
6.4;2.4. The middle period: the advancing sea;38
6.5;2.5. The great evaporation;42
6.6;2.6. The last 5 million years;45
6.7;2.7. Conclusions;53
7;Chapter 3. Climate and Oceanography;56
7.1;3.1. Introduction;57
7.2;3.2. Climate and weather;58
7.3;3.3. Pressure and winds;59
7.4;3.4. Air temperature;63
7.5;3.5. Humidity;65
7.6;3.6. Visibility;66
7.7;3.7. Cloud cover;66
7.8;3.8. Rainfall;67
7.9;3.9. Sea temperature;68
7.10;3.10. Salinity;72
7.11;3.11. Water movement and circulation;75
7.12;3.12. Chemical oceanography;78
8;Chapter 4. Hot Brines and the Deep Sea Environment;81
8.1;4.1. General introduction and history of research;81
8.2;4.2. The Red Sea brine pools;82
8.3;4.3. Metalliferous sediments;86
8.4;4.4. The brine pools, a toxic environment?;90
8.5;4.5. The surrounding deep sea environment;92
8.6;4.6. Planned mining operations;96
9;Chapter 5. Plankton and the Pelagic Environment;101
9.1;5.1. Introduction;101
9.2;5.2. The pelagic environment of the Red Sea;102
9.3;5.3. Ocean plankton;106
9.4;5.4. Plankton of coral reefs;116
9.5;5.5. Conclusions;119
10;Chapter 6. Benthos of the Deep Red Sea;123
10.1;6.1. Introduction;123
10.2;6.2. Sediments of the deep Red Sea;125
10.3;6.3. Fauna of the deep Red Sea;126
10.4;6.4. Functional characteristics of the deep benthos of the Red Sea;134
11;Chapter 7. Corals and Coral Reefs of the Red Sea;139
11.1;7.1. Introduction;139
11.2;7.2. Introduction to corals and their ecology;144
11.3;7.3. Scleractinian coral fauna of the Red Sea;147
11.4;7.4. Coral distribution on Red Sea reefs;149
11.5;7.5. Deep water reefs;157
11.6;7.6. Soft substrates of coral reefs;158
11.7;7.7. Conclusions;160
12;Chapter 8. Benthic Algae;163
12.1;8.1. Introduction;163
12.2;8.2. Factors affecting algal distribution;164
12.3;8.3. The significance of algae in the Red Sea;166
12.4;8.4. Species of the Red Sea;172
12.5;8.5. Standing crop and production — the influence of grazing;175
12.6;8.6. Conclusion;177
13;Chapter 9. Littoral and Shallow Subtidal Environments;180
13.1;9.1. Introduction;181
13.2;9.2. Physical environment;181
13.3;9.3. Rocky shores;183
13.4;9.4. High salinity environments;188
13.5;9.5. Sand beaches;189
13.6;9.6. Mangroves and mudflats;193
13.7;9.7. Shallow sublittoral communities;194
13.8;9.8. Seagrasses;195
13.9;9.9. Conclusion;202
14;Chapter 10. Molluscs of the Red Sea;205
14.1;10.1. Introduction;205
14.2;10.2. The investigation of the Red Sea molluscs A historical review;206
14.3;10.3. The use of Red Sea molluscs by man;208
14.4;10.4. Zoogeography of the Red Sea molluscs;209
14.5;10.5. The characteristic sea shells of the Red Sea;211
15;Chapter 11. Echinoderms of the Red Sea;226
15.1;11.1. Introduction;226
15.2;11.2. Outline of echinoderm biology;227
15.3;11.3. Origins and character of the echinoderm fauna of the Red Sea;232
15.4;11.4. Ecology of echinoderms on coral reefs;235
15.5;11.5. Echinoderm ecology in lagoons and seagrass beds;240
15.6;11.6. Muddy substrates and mangroves;241
15.7;11.7. Conclusions;241
16;Chapter 12. Minor Invertebrate Groups;244
16.1;12.1. Introduction and review of phyla;244
16.2;12.2. Protozoa;245
16.3;12.3. Porifera — sponges;247
16.4;12.4. Cnidaria, Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa;248
16.5;12.5. Cnidaria, Anthozoa;249
16.6;12.6. Annelida, polychaete worms;252
16.7;12.7. Crustacea and other arthropods;253
16.8;12.8. Bryozoa;256
16.9;12.9. Conclusions;257
17;Chapter 13. Red Sea Fishes;262
17.1;13.1. Introduction;263
17.2;13.2. Sharks;264
17.3;13.3. Rays;266
17.4;13.4. Herrings, sardinellas and similar species;267
17.5;13.5. Surface-dwelling fishes;267
17.6;13.6. Tunas and mackerels;268
17.7;13.7. Jacks and horsemackerels;269
17.8;13.8. Commercial fishes from lagoons and marsas;270
17.9;13.9. Eels and catfishes;272
17.10;13.10. Other elongated fish species in the Red Sea;272
17.11;13.11. Groupers and their allies;273
17.12;13.12. Nocturnal Species: Soldierfishes, Squirrelfishes, Cardinalfishes And Goggle-Eyes;274
17.13;13.13. Bottom-living predators;275
17.14;13.14. Goatfishes;276
17.15;13.15. Snappers and fusiliers;276
17.16;13.16. Emperors, grunts, breams, chubs and porgies;277
17.17;13.17. Butterflyfishes and angelfishes;278
17.18;13.18. Damselfishes;280
17.19;13.19. Wrasses;281
17.20;13.20. Parrotfishes;282
17.21;13.21. Surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and rabbitfishes;283
17.22;13.22. Blennies;285
17.23;13.23. The gobies;286
17.24;13.24. Triggerfishes, pufferfishes and allies;287
17.25;13.25. Seahorses, pipefishes and other curious forms;289
17.26;13.26. Zoogeography of Red Sea fishes;290
18;Chapter 14. Turtles and Marine Mammals;299
18.1;14.1. Marine Turtles;299
18.2;14.2. Dugong;312
18.3;14.3. Cetaceans;316
19;Chapter 15. Sea Birds of the Red Sea;326
19.1;15.1. Introduction;326
19.2;15.2. Distribution and ecology of Red Sea seabirds;328
19.3;15.3. Status and distribution of species;333
19.4;15.4. Possible threats to seabirds;344
19.5;15.5. Conclusions, future information needs;347
20;Chapter 16. The Human Settlement of the Red Sea;350
20.1;16.1. Introduction;350
20.2;16.2. The emergence of traditional societies;351
20.3;16.3. The maritime trade of the Red Sea;356
20.4;16.4. The modern history of the Red Sea;368
21;Chapter 17. Red Sea Fisheries;374
21.1;17.1. General introduction;374
21.2;17.2. Problems of fisheries in coral seas;377
21.3;17.3. The Red Sea food fisheries;380
21.4;17.4. Minor non-food fisheries;387
21.5;17.5. Conclusions;391
22;Chapter 18. Pollution;394
22.1;18.1. Introduction;394
22.2;18.2. Non-living resources and sources of contamination;395
22.3;18.3. Living resources of the Red Sea and the biological effects of pollutants;401
22.4;18.4. Research, surveillance, monitoring and management;410
22.5;18.5. Conclusion;412
23;Chapter 19. Conservation and Management;416
23.1;19.1. Introduction;417
23.2;19.2. Rationale for protection and management;417
23.3;19.3. Human impacts in the Red Sea;420
23.4;19.4. Habitats and species;424
23.5;19.5. Management and conservation strategy;426
23.6;19.6. National developments;429
23.7;19.7. Concluding remarks;432
24;Postscript;435
25;Geographical Index;438
26;Subject Index;444