Ellis Vaccines

New Approaches to Immunological Problems
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6517-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 496 Seiten, Web PDF

Vaccines: New Approaches to Immunological Problems presents the advances in the range of strategies and approaches for producing vaccines. The book is comprised of 20 chapters that cover the properties of different vaccines. The coverage of the text includes vaccines for cholera, malaria, helminth, and influenza. The book also discusses topics about the key elements of modern technologies that can be applied to different vaccines, such as active immunization strategies using anti-idiotypic antibodies; passive immunoprophylaxis with human monoclonal antibodies; and immunological adjuvants and their mode of action. The text will be of great use to scientists involved in the research and development of vaccines, such as molecular biologists, biochemists, and virologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ellis, Ronald W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Vaccines: New Approaches to Immunological Problems;6
3;Copyright Page;7
4;Table of Contents;12
5;Preface;18
6;Chapter 1. Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccines;20
6.1;1.1 The Four Hib Conjugate Vaccines;21
6.2;1.2 Antibody Assays;25
6.3;1.3 Preclinical Immunogenicity;26
6.4;1.4 Clinical Studies;30
6.5;1.5 Future Directions;38
6.6;References;39
7;Chapter 2. Recent Advances in the Development of Pertussis Vaccines;42
7.1;2.1 Bordetella pertussis Toxins as Vaccine Candidates;45
7.2;2.2 Surface Proteins of B. pertussis as Vaccine Candidates;50
7.3;2.3 Clinical Studies of Acellular Pertussis Vaccines (ACPV);54
7.4;2.4 Future Directions;59
7.5;References;64
8;Chapter 3. Cholera Vaccines;72
8.1;3.1 Immunology of Cholera;72
8.2;3.2 Cholera Vaccine Development Using Older Technologies;74
8.3;3.3 Novel Technological Approaches;76
8.4;3.4 Summary;85
8.5;References;85
9;Chapter 4. Malaria Vaccines;88
9.1;4.1 The Life Cycle;89
9.2;4.2 Sporozoite and Liver Stage Vaccines;89
9.3;4.3 Transmission-Blocking Vaccines;93
9.4;4.4 Asexual Erythrocytic Stage Vaccines;97
9.5;4.5 Future Directions;105
9.6;References;111
10;Chapter 5. Helminth Vaccines;118
10.1;5.1 Vaccines for Human Helminths—The Problems;119
10.2;5.2 Schistosomiasis;119
10.3;5.3 Filariasis;135
10.4;5.4 Concluding Comments;144
10.5;References;144
11;Chapter 6. Influenza Vaccines;148
11.1;6.1 Immunology of Influenza Virus Infections;148
11.2;6.2 Pathogenesis of Influenza Virus Infection;150
11.3;6.3 Limitations of Current Vaccines;150
11.4;6.4 Approaches for Developing Live Attenuated Virus Vaccines;151
11.5;6.5 Preclinical and Clinical Results of Evaluations of Cold-Adapted Influenza Vaccines;153
11.6;6.6 Future Directions;159
11.7;References;163
12;Chapter 7. Approaches to Immunization against Respiratory Syncytial Virus;170
12.1;7.1 Statement of the Problem;170
12.2;7.2 Molecular Biology of RS Virus;172
12.3;7.3 Subgroups;172
12.4;7.4 Goals of Vaccine Development;176
12.5;7.5 Animal Models of RS Virus Disease;177
12.6;7.6 Previous Vaccine Attempts;178
12.7;7.7 Assessing the Role of Individual Proteins in Protection: Humoral Responses;180
12.8;7.8 The Role of T Cells: Assessing the Role of Individual Proteins;188
12.9;7.9 The Choice of Antigens for an RS Virus Vaccine;189
12.10;7.10 Future Directions;191
12.11;References;191
13;Chapter 8. Hepatitis B Vaccines: Blueprints for Vaccines of the Future;196
13.1;8.1 Introduction;196
13.2;8.2 Lessons Learned from the Licensed Vaccines;199
13.3;8.3 Potential Future Vaccines;207
13.4;8.4 PreS-Containing Vaccines;210
13.5;8.5 Synthetic Vaccines;214
13.6;8.6 Fusion Vaccines;214
13.7;8.7 Mixed Particle Vaccines;215
13.8;8.8 Combination Vaccines;216
13.9;8.9 Conclusions;217
13.10;References;217
14;Chapter 9. Poliovirus Vaccines;224
14.1;9.1 Pathogenesis of Poliovirus Infection;225
14.2;9.2 Existing Poliovaccines: IPV and OPV;226
14.3;9.3 Rational Design of New Poliovirus Vaccines;231
14.4;9.4 Future Directions;238
14.5;References;239
15;Chapter 10. Herpes Simplex Vaccines;242
15.1;10.1 History of HSV Infection;243
15.2;10.2 Infectious Agent of Herpes Simplex;246
15.3;10.3 Host-Virus Interactions;248
15.4;10.4 Relevant Animal Models for HSV Vaccine Development;249
15.5;10.5 Host Immunological Response;251
15.6;10.6 Evaluation of Human HSV Vaccines: The Problem;256
15.7;10.7 Human HSV Vaccine Development;257
15.8;10.8 Conclusion;264
15.9;References;265
16;Chapter 11. Rotavirus Vaccines;274
16.1;11.1 The Potential Impact of a Rotavirus Vaccine;275
16.2;11.2 Aspects of Rotavirus Biology Relevant to Vaccine Development;277
16.3;11.3 Current Strategies for Rotavirus Vaccination;285
16.4;11.4 Alternative Approaches to Developing Rotavirus Vaccines;298
16.5;11.5 What Has Been Learned from Vaccine Trials?;301
16.6;11.6 Practical Issues Relevant to the Administration of Rotavirus Vaccines;302
16.7;References;303
17;Chapter 12. New Approaches to Flavivirus Vaccine Development;308
17.1;12.1 Medically Important Flaviviruses;309
17.2;12.2 Flavivirus Molecular Biology;311
17.3;12.3 Flavivirus Proteins that Subserve Protection;312
17.4;12.4 Recombinant Flavivirus Proteins as Candidate Vaccines;319
17.5;12.5 Future Directions;322
17.6;References;324
18;Chapter 13. Human Immunodeficiency Virus;328
18.1;13.1 AIDS Epidemiology;328
18.2;13.2 HIV-1 Biology;329
18.3;13.3 Anti-HIV-1 Immune Responses;331
18.4;13.4 HIV-1 Vaccines: Basic Studies;331
18.5;13.5 HIV-1 Vaccines: Clinical Studies;339
18.6;13.6 Basic Vaccine Studies with the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus;340
18.7;13.7 Summary and Conclusions;341
18.8;References;341
19;Chapter 14. Recent Advances in Antitumor Vaccines;346
19.1;14.1 Immunological Basis for Antitumor Vaccines;346
19.2;14.2 Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Approach;348
19.3;14.3 Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies as Tumor Vaccines;354
19.4;References;359
20;Chapter 15. Vaccinia Virus Vectors;364
20.1;15.1 Vaccinia Virus Replication Cycle;365
20.2;15.2 Construction of Recombinant Viruses;365
20.3;15.3 Expression of Foreign Genes;367
20.4;15.4 Determination of the Targets of Humoral Immunity;368
20.5;15.5 Determination of the Targets of Cell-Mediated Immunity;368
20.6;15.6 Protection against Experimental Virus Infections;371
20.7;15.7 Safety and Potential Problems;372
20.8;15.8 Current Status of Vaccinia Virus Vectors as Candidate Live Vaccines;374
20.9;15.9 Future Prospects;375
20.10;References;376
21;Chapter 16. Adenovirus-Based Expression Vectors and Recombinant Vaccines;382
21.1;16.1 Molecular Biology of Adenoviruses;383
21.2;16.2 Sites Available for Insertion into the Adenovirus Genome;386
21.3;16.3 Methodology;387
21.4;16.4 Human Adeno virus Expression Vectors;389
21.5;16.5 Gene Transfer Using Adenovirus Vectors;394
21.6;16.6 Adenoviruses as Recombinant Vaccines: Advantages and Disadvantages;395
21.7;16.7 Replication of Human Adenoviruses in Other Animal Species;400
21.8;16.8 Immunization and Protection of Animals with Human Adenovirus Vectors;402
21.9;16.9 Conclusions;403
21.10;References;404
22;Chapter 17. Active Immunization Strategies Using Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies;410
22.1;17.1 Historical Perspectives of the Id Network;411
22.2;17.2 Classification of Anti-Id;413
22.3;17.3 Idiotype Cascades and Active Immunization Principles;414
22.4;17.4 Concluding Remarks;419
22.5;References;420
23;Chapter 18. Passive Immunoprophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies;424
23.1;18.1 Strategies for the Production of Human MAbs;425
23.2;18.2 Activities of Human MAbs for Host Defense;434
23.3;18.3 Conclusion;442
23.4;References;443
24;Chapter 19. Immunological Adjuvants and Their Mode of Action;450
24.1;19.1 Affinities and Isotypes of Antibodies;451
24.2;19.2 Cell-Mediated Immunity;452
24.3;19.3 Undesirable Effects of Adjuvants;453
24.4;19.4 Mineral Oil Emulsions;455
24.5;19.5 Aluminum Salts;456
24.6;19.6 Saponin and ISCOMs;456
24.7;19.7 Muramyl Dipeptide and Analogs;458
24.8;19.8 Lipopolysaccharide and Monophosphoryl Lipid A;460
24.9;19.9 How Adjuvants Exert Their Effects;462
24.10;19.10 Selection by Adjuvants for the Production of Antibodies of High Affinity and Protective Isotypes;463
24.11;19.11 Role of Cytokines in Isotype Selection;464
24.12;19.12 Use of Adjuvants in Vaccines;465
24.13;19.13 Prospects;465
24.14;References;466
25;Chapter 20. Synthetic Peptides as Vaccines;470
25.1;20.1 Immunogenicity of Peptides;472
25.2;20.2 Humoral Responses Elicited by Peptide Immunogens;473
25.3;20.3 Cellular Responses Elicited by Peptides;477
25.4;20.4 MHC-Peptide Interactions;478
25.5;20.5 Introduction of T-Cell Responses;480
25.6;20.6 Summary;482
25.7;References;483
26;Index;486