Epstein / Roberts / Beber Parsing the Turing Test

Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer
2009
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6710-5
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 517 Seiten

An exhaustive work that represents a landmark exploration of both the philosophical and methodological issues surrounding the search for true artificial intelligence. Distinguished psychologists, computer scientists, philosophers, and programmers from around the world debate weighty issues such as whether a self-conscious computer would create an internet 'world mind'. This hugely important volume explores nothing less than the future of the human race itself.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Epstein, Robert

Roberts, Gary

Beber, Grace

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Acknowledgments;8
3;Introduction;9
3.1;Building a Nest for the Coming World Mind;9
3.2;Turing’s Vision;10
3.3;Convergence of Multiple Technologies;12
3.4;Philosophical and Methodological Issues;14
4;Contents;17
5;About the Editors;20
6;Setting the Stage;21
6.1;The Quest for the Thinking Computer;22
6.1.1;1.1 Planning;22
6.1.2;1.2 The 1991 Competition;26
6.1.3;1.3 Speculations;30
6.1.4;Reference;31
6.2;Alan Turing and the Turing Test;32
6.2.1;2.1 Introduction;32
6.2.2;2.2 The Turing Machine;33
6.2.3;2.3 Intelligence and Intuition;34
6.2.4;2.4 Intelligent Machinery;35
6.2.5;2.5 The Imitation of Mind;37
6.2.6;2.6 After the Test;39
6.2.7;References;41
6.3;Computing Machinery and Intelligence;42
6.3.1;3.1 The Imitation Game;42
6.3.2;3.2 Critique of the New Problem;46
6.3.3;3.3 The Machines Concerned in the Game;49
6.3.4;3.4 Digital Computers;52
6.3.5;3.5 Universality of Digital Computers;55
6.3.6;3.6 Contrary Views on the Main Question;60
6.3.7;3.7 Learning Machines;77
6.4;Commentary on Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”;85
6.4.1;References;87
7;The Ongoing Philosophical Debate;89
7.1;The Turing Test;90
7.1.1;5.1 Background to the Debate;90
7.1.2;5.2 The Problem of Comprehending a Large Debate;90
7.1.3;5.3 Our Approach: Argumentation Mapping;91
7.1.4;5.4 Parts of the Debate Covered in this Chapter;92
7.1.5;5.5 Questions not Covered in this Chapter;92
7.1.6;5.6 Wider Debates Covered in Other Maps;93
7.1.7;5.7 Important Possibilities that Argumentation Mapping Provides;94
7.1.8;5.8 Understanding the Turing Test Itself;94
7.1.9;5.9 Conclusions;101
7.1.10;Notes;103
7.1.11;References;104
7.1.12;References Cited in the Figures;104
7.2;If I Were Judge;106
7.2.1;6.1 Introduction;106
7.2.2;6.2 Validity of the Turing Test in Declarative Form;107
7.2.3;6.3 My Strategies;110
7.2.4;References;118
7.3;Turing on the “Imitation Game”;120
7.3.1;References;123
7.4;On the Nature of Intelligence;124
7.4.1;8.1 The Classical Approach: Its Historical Background;124
7.4.2;8.2 The Classical Approach: Its Actual Performance;128
7.4.3;8.3 Turing’s Real Legacy;130
7.4.4;8.4 Reevaluating Turing’s Behavioral Test;132
7.4.5;References;134
7.5;Turing’s Test;135
7.5.1;9.1 Introduction: Turing and Machine Intelligence;135
7.5.2;9.2 The 1950 Presentation of the Turing Test;139
7.5.3;9.3 The 1952 Presentation of the Test;142
7.5.4;9.4 Objections to the Turing Test;144
7.5.5;9.5 Turing’s Predictions;152
7.5.6;References;153
7.6;The Turing Test: 55 Years Later;155
7.6.1;10.1 Different Ways of Construing the Turing Test;155
7.6.2;10.2 From Behaviorism to Strong Artificial Intelligence;158
7.6.3;10.3 The Refutation of Strong AI and Its Philosophical Implications;160
7.6.4;10.4 Why Was Anyone Ever a Behaviorist?;163
7.6.5;10.5 Giving Up the Strong Turing Test;164
7.6.6;References;166
7.7;Doing Justice to the Imitation Game;167
7.7.1;11.1 Clockwise Determinism: The Formalist Interpretation of the Imitation Game;168
7.7.2;11.2 Anticlockwise Determinism: Some Arguments Against the Formalist Viewpoint;177
7.7.3;11.3 Conclusion;183
7.7.4;References;184
8;The New Methodological Debates;186
8.1;How to Hold a Turing Test Contest;187
8.1.1;12.1 The Scope of the Contest;187
8.1.2;12.2 KISS;189
8.1.3;12.3 Selection of Finalists;190
8.1.4;12.4 The Communications Program;191
8.1.5;12.5 Finding Human Participants to Act as Judges and Confederates;192
8.1.6;12.6 Judging;192
8.1.7;References;193
8.2;The Anatomy of A.L.I.C.E.;194
8.2.1;13.1 Introduction;195
8.2.2;13.2 The Problem;196
8.2.3;13.3 The Psychiatrist;197
8.2.4;13.4 Politicians;199
8.2.5;13.5 Parties;200
8.2.6;13.6 The Professor;201
8.2.7;13.7 PNAMBIC;202
8.2.8;13.8 The Prize;203
8.2.9;13.9 The Portal;203
8.2.10;13.10 Penguins;204
8.2.11;13.11 Programs;205
8.2.12;13.12 Categories;206
8.2.13;13.13 Recursion;207
8.2.14;13.14 Context;210
8.2.15;13.15 Predicates;212
8.2.16;13.16 Person;212
8.2.17;13.17 Graphmaster;213
8.2.18;13.18 Matching;214
8.2.19;13.19 Targeting;215
8.2.20;13.20 Defaults;216
8.2.21;13.21 Philosophers;217
8.2.22;13.22 Pretending;218
8.2.23;13.23 Consciousness;220
8.2.24;13.24 Paradox;221
8.2.25;13.25 Conclusion;221
8.2.26;References;222
8.3;The Social Embedding of Intelligence;224
8.3.1;14.1 Social Tests for Intelligence;225
8.3.2;14.2 The Impossibility of a Universal Intelligence;227
8.3.3;14.3 The Social Construction of Individual Human Intelligence;229
8.3.4;14.4 Towards Producing a Socially Embedded Intelligence;232
8.3.5;14.5 Living with the Result;245
8.3.6;14.6 Conclusion;246
8.3.7;References;246
8.4;How My Program Passed the Turing Test;249
8.4.1;15.1 Introduction;249
8.4.2;15.2 The AI Program;250
8.4.3;15.3 The AI Program Online;252
8.4.4;15.4 The DRAKE Conversation;254
8.4.5;15.5 Internet Features;258
8.4.6;15.6 Discussion – How to Pass the Turing Test;261
8.4.7;15.7 Discussion – Is the Turing Test Important?;267
8.4.8;15.8 The Future of AI Online;269
8.4.9;References;271
8.5;Building a Machine Smart Enough to Pass the Turing Test;273
8.5.1;16.1 How Could we get a Machine to Pass the Turing Test?;274
8.5.2;16.2 What Should We Get It To Do (or Not Do)?;284
8.5.3;16.3 What Have We Done So Far with Cyc?;287
8.5.4;16.4 What Will We Do to Close the Gap?;291
8.5.5;16.5 Conclusion;293
8.5.6;References;294
8.6;Mind as Space;295
8.6.1;17.1 Introduction;296
8.6.2;17.2 Subcognition and the Turing Test;297
8.6.3;17.3 Evolving Artificial Intelligence;298
8.6.4;17.4 The Minimum Intelligent Signal Test;299
8.6.5;17.5 Automating the Turing Test;301
8.6.6;17.6 Semantic Geometry;303
8.6.7;17.7 Affective Geometry;306
8.6.8;17.8 The Generation Problem;308
8.6.9;17.9 The Body;308
8.6.10;17.10 Geometry of Artificial Consciousness;309
8.6.11;17.11 Conclusion;309
8.6.12;References;311
8.7;Can People Think? Or Machines?;312
8.7.1;18.1 Précis of “Animal Biology and Intelligence” by Tina Langur, First Published in 1950 in CPU 59(236): 433–460;313
8.7.2;18.2 International Court of Human Rights: Memorandum of Opinion by Judge Millie von Artow;316
8.7.3;18.3 Epilogue: Can People, or Machines, Think?;327
8.7.4;References;328
8.8;The Turing Hub as a Standard for Turing Test Interfaces;330
8.8.1;19.1 Observations;330
8.8.2;19.2 Indications;330
8.8.3;19.3 Considerations;331
8.8.4;19.4 Recommendations;331
8.8.5;19.5 Implementation;332
8.8.6;19.6 Conclusion;335
8.8.7;References;335
8.9;Conversation Simulation and Sensible Surprises;336
8.9.1;20.1 The Loebner Prize;336
8.9.2;20.2 The Chinese Room;340
8.9.3;20.3 The Guessing Game;345
8.9.4;20.4 The Child Machine;348
8.9.5;20.5 The Turing Test;353
8.10;A Computational Behaviorist Takes Turing’s Test;354
8.10.1;21.1 The Turing Test Is a Test of Behavior;354
8.10.2;21.2 Computational Behaviorism;355
8.10.3;21.3 Computational Linguistics Versus Computational Behaviorism;356
8.10.4;21.4 Observe Behavior;357
8.10.5;21.5 Index Behavior for Retrieval;358
8.10.6;21.6 Write Answers;360
8.10.7;21.7 Will Computational Behaviorism Defeat Turing’s Test?;363
8.10.8;21.8 The Issue of Intelligence;365
8.10.9;References;367
8.11;Bringing AI to Life;369
8.11.1;22.1 Loebner Prize Contest Participation;369
8.11.2;22.2 Artful Intelligence as Friend;370
8.11.3;22.3 Algorithms;372
8.11.4;22.4 Data;374
8.11.5;22.5 Computational Hardware;376
8.11.6;22.6 Communications;376
8.11.7;22.7 Feature List;377
8.11.8;22.8 Programming Methods;380
8.11.9;22.9 Astrobot Ella — into the Cosmos;383
8.11.10;22.10 Privacy Concerns;384
8.11.11;22.11 Current Projects;384
8.11.12;22.12 Ultimate Goals;386
8.12;Laplace, Turing and the “Imitation Game” Impossible Geometry;387
8.12.1;23.1 Introduction;387
8.12.2;23.2 The Game, the Machine, and the Continuum;389
8.12.3;23.3 Between Randomness and Deterministic Chaos;394
8.12.4;23.4 Intermezzo 1 (Determinism and Knowledge);395
8.12.5;23.5 Logical, Physical, and Biological Machines;400
8.12.6;23.6 Intermezzo II (Machines and Deductions);402
8.12.7;23.7 Predictability and Decidability;405
8.12.8;23.8 Conclusion: Irreversible Versus Unrepeatable;408
8.12.9;23.9 Appendix: Continuous Versus Discrete Mathematics and Causal Regimes;412
8.12.10;References;419
8.13;Going Under Cover: Passing as Human;422
8.13.1;24.1 Where is the “Back Door” in the Turing Test?;422
8.13.2;24.2 AI: A Moving Target;423
8.13.3;24.3 Facing the Interrogator;424
8.13.4;24.4 Julia’s Real Background;425
8.13.5;24.5 Avoid “Artificial Stupidity”;429
8.13.6;24.6 Building Artificially Interesting Systems;434
8.13.7;24.7 Suggested Future Work;435
8.13.8;24.8 Guess What?;436
8.13.9;24.9 Summary;437
8.13.10;References;438
8.14;How not to Imitate a Human Being;439
8.14.1;25.1 The Turing Test;439
8.14.2;25.2 Approaches to Artificial Intelligence;440
8.14.3;25.3 Objections to Artificial Intelligence;446
8.14.4;25.4 Designing an Artificial Intelligence;450
8.14.5;25.5 Conclusion;452
8.14.6;References;454
8.15;Who Fools Whom?;455
8.15.1;26.1 Introduction;455
8.15.2;26.2 Categories of Judges;456
8.15.3;26.3 Logical Thinking;457
8.15.4;26.4 Sense of Humor;458
8.15.5;26.5 Language;460
8.15.6;26.6 Handicaped Issues;461
8.15.7;26.7 Association Game;461
8.15.8;26.8 Etiquette;462
8.15.9;26.9 Common Sense;462
8.15.10;26.10 What Is a “Program-That-Looks-Just-Like-a-Human” and Does It Have Anything in Common With “I-Could-Talk-to-This-Bot-Forever”?;463
8.15.11;26.11 What Does Your Bot Like to Speak About?;464
8.15.12;26.12 Context Understanding;464
8.15.13;26.13 Development of a Bot by Team;465
8.15.14;26.14 Conclusion;466
8.15.15;References;467
9;Afterthoughts on Thinking Machines;468
9.1;A Wager on the Turing Test;469
9.1.1;27.1 The Rules;469
9.1.2;27.2 Why I Think I Will Win;473
9.1.3;27.3 Why I Think I Will Win;478
9.1.4;27.4 Response to Mitchell Kapor’s “Why I Think I Will Win”;481
9.1.5;References;483
9.2;The Gnirut Test;484
9.2.1;28.1 Background;484
9.2.2;28.2 Participating Humans;485
9.2.3;28.3 Confederates;485
9.2.4;28.4 Ground Rules;486
9.2.5;28.5 Transcript;486
9.2.6;28.6 Winners and Losers;488
9.2.7;28.7 Conclusion;489
9.2.8;28.8 Postscript;489
9.3;The Artilect Debate;491
9.3.1;29.1 Introduction;491
9.3.2;29.2 Technology;492
9.3.3;29.3 Social Impact;494
9.3.4;29.4 The Cosmists;497
9.3.5;29.5 The Big Picture;498
9.3.6;29.6 Scientific Religion;499
9.3.7;29.7 Human Striving;501
9.3.8;29.8 Social Momentum;502
9.3.9;29.9 Military Momentum;504
9.3.10;29.10 The Terrans;505
9.3.11;29.11 Preserve the Human Species;506
9.3.12;29.12 Fear of Difference;507
9.3.13;29.13 Unpredictable Complexity;508
9.3.14;29.14 The Cyborgs;510
9.3.15;29.15 Conclusion;512
10;Name Index;514