E-Book, Englisch, 518 Seiten
Epstein / Roberts / Beber Parsing the Turing Test
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6710-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer
E-Book, Englisch, 518 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6710-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Parsing the Turing Test is a landmark exploration of both the philosophical and methodological issues surrounding the search for true artificial intelligence. Will computers and robots ever think and communicate the way humans do? When a computer crosses the threshold into self-consciousness, will it immediately jump into the Internet and create a World Mind? Will intelligent computers someday recognize the rather doubtful intelligence of human beings? Distinguished psychologists, computer scientists, philosophers, and programmers from around the world debate these weighty issues – and, in effect, the future of the human race – in this important volume.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Foreword;6
2;Acknowledgments;8
3;Introduction;9
3.1;Building a Nest for the Coming World Mind;9
3.2;Turing’s Vision;10
3.3;Convergence of Multiple Technologies;12
3.4;Philosophical and Methodological Issues;14
4;Contents;17
5;About the Editors;20
6;Setting the Stage;21
6.1;The Quest for the Thinking Computer;22
6.1.1;1.1 Planning;22
6.1.2;1.2 The 1991 Competition;26
6.1.3;1.3 Speculations;30
6.1.4;Reference;31
6.2;Alan Turing and the Turing Test;32
6.2.1;2.1 Introduction;32
6.2.2;2.2 The Turing Machine;33
6.2.3;2.3 Intelligence and Intuition;34
6.2.4;2.4 Intelligent Machinery;35
6.2.5;2.5 The Imitation of Mind;37
6.2.6;2.6 After the Test;39
6.2.7;References;41
6.3;Computing Machinery and Intelligence;42
6.3.1;3.1 The Imitation Game;42
6.3.2;3.2 Critique of the New Problem;46
6.3.3;3.3 The Machines Concerned in the Game;49
6.3.4;3.4 Digital Computers;52
6.3.5;3.5 Universality of Digital Computers;55
6.3.6;3.6 Contrary Views on the Main Question;60
6.3.7;3.7 Learning Machines;77
6.4;Commentary on Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”;85
6.4.1;References;87
7;The Ongoing Philosophical Debate;89
7.1;The Turing Test;90
7.1.1;5.1 Background to the Debate;90
7.1.2;5.2 The Problem of Comprehending a Large Debate;90
7.1.3;5.3 Our Approach: Argumentation Mapping;91
7.1.4;5.4 Parts of the Debate Covered in this Chapter;92
7.1.5;5.5 Questions not Covered in this Chapter;92
7.1.6;5.6 Wider Debates Covered in Other Maps;93
7.1.7;5.7 Important Possibilities that Argumentation Mapping Provides;94
7.1.8;5.8 Understanding the Turing Test Itself;94
7.1.9;5.9 Conclusions;101
7.1.10;Notes;103
7.1.11;References;104
7.1.12;References Cited in the Figures;104
7.2;If I Were Judge;106
7.2.1;6.1 Introduction;106
7.2.2;6.2 Validity of the Turing Test in Declarative Form;107
7.2.3;6.3 My Strategies;110
7.2.4;References;118
7.3;Turing on the “Imitation Game”;120
7.3.1;References;123
7.4;On the Nature of Intelligence;124
7.4.1;8.1 The Classical Approach: Its Historical Background;124
7.4.2;8.2 The Classical Approach: Its Actual Performance;128
7.4.3;8.3 Turing’s Real Legacy;130
7.4.4;8.4 Reevaluating Turing’s Behavioral Test;132
7.4.5;References;134
7.5;Turing’s Test;135
7.5.1;9.1 Introduction: Turing and Machine Intelligence;135
7.5.2;9.2 The 1950 Presentation of the Turing Test;139
7.5.3;9.3 The 1952 Presentation of the Test;142
7.5.4;9.4 Objections to the Turing Test;144
7.5.5;9.5 Turing’s Predictions;152
7.5.6;References;153
7.6;The Turing Test: 55 Years Later;155
7.6.1;10.1 Different Ways of Construing the Turing Test;155
7.6.2;10.2 From Behaviorism to Strong Artificial Intelligence;158
7.6.3;10.3 The Refutation of Strong AI and Its Philosophical Implications;160
7.6.4;10.4 Why Was Anyone Ever a Behaviorist?;163
7.6.5;10.5 Giving Up the Strong Turing Test;164
7.6.6;References;166
7.7;Doing Justice to the Imitation Game;167
7.7.1;11.1 Clockwise Determinism: The Formalist Interpretation of the Imitation Game;168
7.7.2;11.2 Anticlockwise Determinism: Some Arguments Against the Formalist Viewpoint;177
7.7.3;11.3 Conclusion;183
7.7.4;References;184
8;The New Methodological Debates;186
8.1;How to Hold a Turing Test Contest;187
8.1.1;12.1 The Scope of the Contest;187
8.1.2;12.2 KISS;189
8.1.3;12.3 Selection of Finalists;190
8.1.4;12.4 The Communications Program;191
8.1.5;12.5 Finding Human Participants to Act as Judges and Confederates;192
8.1.6;12.6 Judging;192
8.1.7;References;193
8.2;The Anatomy of A.L.I.C.E.;194
8.2.1;13.1 Introduction;195
8.2.2;13.2 The Problem;196
8.2.3;13.3 The Psychiatrist;197
8.2.4;13.4 Politicians;199
8.2.5;13.5 Parties;200
8.2.6;13.6 The Professor;201
8.2.7;13.7 PNAMBIC;202
8.2.8;13.8 The Prize;203
8.2.9;13.9 The Portal;203
8.2.10;13.10 Penguins;204
8.2.11;13.11 Programs;205
8.2.12;13.12 Categories;206
8.2.13;13.13 Recursion;207
8.2.14;13.14 Context;210
8.2.15;13.15 Predicates;212
8.2.16;13.16 Person;212
8.2.17;13.17 Graphmaster;213
8.2.18;13.18 Matching;214
8.2.19;13.19 Targeting;215
8.2.20;13.20 Defaults;216
8.2.21;13.21 Philosophers;217
8.2.22;13.22 Pretending;218
8.2.23;13.23 Consciousness;220
8.2.24;13.24 Paradox;221
8.2.25;13.25 Conclusion;221
8.2.26;References;222
8.3;The Social Embedding of Intelligence;224
8.3.1;14.1 Social Tests for Intelligence;225
8.3.2;14.2 The Impossibility of a Universal Intelligence;227
8.3.3;14.3 The Social Construction of Individual Human Intelligence;229
8.3.4;14.4 Towards Producing a Socially Embedded Intelligence;232
8.3.5;14.5 Living with the Result;245
8.3.6;14.6 Conclusion;246
8.3.7;References;246
8.4;How My Program Passed the Turing Test;249
8.4.1;15.1 Introduction;249
8.4.2;15.2 The AI Program;250
8.4.3;15.3 The AI Program Online;252
8.4.4;15.4 The DRAKE Conversation;254
8.4.5;15.5 Internet Features;258
8.4.6;15.6 Discussion – How to Pass the Turing Test;261
8.4.7;15.7 Discussion – Is the Turing Test Important?;267
8.4.8;15.8 The Future of AI Online;269
8.4.9;References;271
8.5;Building a Machine Smart Enough to Pass the Turing Test;273
8.5.1;16.1 How Could we get a Machine to Pass the Turing Test?;274
8.5.2;16.2 What Should We Get It To Do (or Not Do)?;284
8.5.3;16.3 What Have We Done So Far with Cyc?;287
8.5.4;16.4 What Will We Do to Close the Gap?;291
8.5.5;16.5 Conclusion;293
8.5.6;References;294
8.6;Mind as Space;295
8.6.1;17.1 Introduction;296
8.6.2;17.2 Subcognition and the Turing Test;297
8.6.3;17.3 Evolving Artificial Intelligence;298
8.6.4;17.4 The Minimum Intelligent Signal Test;299
8.6.5;17.5 Automating the Turing Test;301
8.6.6;17.6 Semantic Geometry;303
8.6.7;17.7 Affective Geometry;306
8.6.8;17.8 The Generation Problem;308
8.6.9;17.9 The Body;308
8.6.10;17.10 Geometry of Artificial Consciousness;309
8.6.11;17.11 Conclusion;309
8.6.12;References;311
8.7;Can People Think? Or Machines?;312
8.7.1;18.1 Précis of “Animal Biology and Intelligence” by Tina Langur, First Published in 1950 in CPU 59(236): 433–460;313
8.7.2;18.2 International Court of Human Rights: Memorandum of Opinion by Judge Millie von Artow;316
8.7.3;18.3 Epilogue: Can People, or Machines, Think?;327
8.7.4;References;328
8.8;The Turing Hub as a Standard for Turing Test Interfaces;330
8.8.1;19.1 Observations;330
8.8.2;19.2 Indications;330
8.8.3;19.3 Considerations;331
8.8.4;19.4 Recommendations;331
8.8.5;19.5 Implementation;332
8.8.6;19.6 Conclusion;335
8.8.7;References;335
8.9;Conversation Simulation and Sensible Surprises;336
8.9.1;20.1 The Loebner Prize;336
8.9.2;20.2 The Chinese Room;340
8.9.3;20.3 The Guessing Game;345
8.9.4;20.4 The Child Machine;348
8.9.5;20.5 The Turing Test;353
8.10;A Computational Behaviorist Takes Turing’s Test;354
8.10.1;21.1 The Turing Test Is a Test of Behavior;354
8.10.2;21.2 Computational Behaviorism;355
8.10.3;21.3 Computational Linguistics Versus Computational Behaviorism;356
8.10.4;21.4 Observe Behavior;357
8.10.5;21.5 Index Behavior for Retrieval;358
8.10.6;21.6 Write Answers;360
8.10.7;21.7 Will Computational Behaviorism Defeat Turing’s Test?;363
8.10.8;21.8 The Issue of Intelligence;365
8.10.9;References;367
8.11;Bringing AI to Life;369
8.11.1;22.1 Loebner Prize Contest Participation;369
8.11.2;22.2 Artful Intelligence as Friend;370
8.11.3;22.3 Algorithms;372
8.11.4;22.4 Data;374
8.11.5;22.5 Computational Hardware;376
8.11.6;22.6 Communications;376
8.11.7;22.7 Feature List;377
8.11.8;22.8 Programming Methods;380
8.11.9;22.9 Astrobot Ella — into the Cosmos;383
8.11.10;22.10 Privacy Concerns;384
8.11.11;22.11 Current Projects;384
8.11.12;22.12 Ultimate Goals;386
8.12;Laplace, Turing and the “Imitation Game” Impossible Geometry;387
8.12.1;23.1 Introduction;387
8.12.2;23.2 The Game, the Machine, and the Continuum;389
8.12.3;23.3 Between Randomness and Deterministic Chaos;394
8.12.4;23.4 Intermezzo 1 (Determinism and Knowledge);395
8.12.5;23.5 Logical, Physical, and Biological Machines;400
8.12.6;23.6 Intermezzo II (Machines and Deductions);402
8.12.7;23.7 Predictability and Decidability;405
8.12.8;23.8 Conclusion: Irreversible Versus Unrepeatable;408
8.12.9;23.9 Appendix: Continuous Versus Discrete Mathematics and Causal Regimes;412
8.12.10;References;419
8.13;Going Under Cover: Passing as Human;422
8.13.1;24.1 Where is the “Back Door” in the Turing Test?;422
8.13.2;24.2 AI: A Moving Target;423
8.13.3;24.3 Facing the Interrogator;424
8.13.4;24.4 Julia’s Real Background;425
8.13.5;24.5 Avoid “Artificial Stupidity”;429
8.13.6;24.6 Building Artificially Interesting Systems;434
8.13.7;24.7 Suggested Future Work;435
8.13.8;24.8 Guess What?;436
8.13.9;24.9 Summary;437
8.13.10;References;438
8.14;How not to Imitate a Human Being;439
8.14.1;25.1 The Turing Test;439
8.14.2;25.2 Approaches to Artificial Intelligence;440
8.14.3;25.3 Objections to Artificial Intelligence;446
8.14.4;25.4 Designing an Artificial Intelligence;450
8.14.5;25.5 Conclusion;452
8.14.6;References;454
8.15;Who Fools Whom?;455
8.15.1;26.1 Introduction;455
8.15.2;26.2 Categories of Judges;456
8.15.3;26.3 Logical Thinking;457
8.15.4;26.4 Sense of Humor;458
8.15.5;26.5 Language;460
8.15.6;26.6 Handicaped Issues;461
8.15.7;26.7 Association Game;461
8.15.8;26.8 Etiquette;462
8.15.9;26.9 Common Sense;462
8.15.10;26.10 What Is a “Program-That-Looks-Just-Like-a-Human” and Does It Have Anything in Common With “I-Could-Talk-to-This-Bot-Forever”?;463
8.15.11;26.11 What Does Your Bot Like to Speak About?;464
8.15.12;26.12 Context Understanding;464
8.15.13;26.13 Development of a Bot by Team;465
8.15.14;26.14 Conclusion;466
8.15.15;References;467
9;Afterthoughts on Thinking Machines;468
9.1;A Wager on the Turing Test;469
9.1.1;27.1 The Rules;469
9.1.2;27.2 Why I Think I Will Win;473
9.1.3;27.3 Why I Think I Will Win;478
9.1.4;27.4 Response to Mitchell Kapor’s “Why I Think I Will Win”;481
9.1.5;References;483
9.2;The Gnirut Test;484
9.2.1;28.1 Background;484
9.2.2;28.2 Participating Humans;485
9.2.3;28.3 Confederates;485
9.2.4;28.4 Ground Rules;486
9.2.5;28.5 Transcript;486
9.2.6;28.6 Winners and Losers;488
9.2.7;28.7 Conclusion;489
9.2.8;28.8 Postscript;489
9.3;The Artilect Debate;491
9.3.1;29.1 Introduction;491
9.3.2;29.2 Technology;492
9.3.3;29.3 Social Impact;494
9.3.4;29.4 The Cosmists;497
9.3.5;29.5 The Big Picture;498
9.3.6;29.6 Scientific Religion;499
9.3.7;29.7 Human Striving;501
9.3.8;29.8 Social Momentum;502
9.3.9;29.9 Military Momentum;504
9.3.10;29.10 The Terrans;505
9.3.11;29.11 Preserve the Human Species;506
9.3.12;29.12 Fear of Difference;507
9.3.13;29.13 Unpredictable Complexity;508
9.3.14;29.14 The Cyborgs;510
9.3.15;29.15 Conclusion;512
10;Name Index;514
