Garbe / Handler / Jähne Transport at the Air-Sea Interface

Measurements, Models and Parametrizations
1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-36906-6
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 320 Seiten

Reihe: Environmental Science

One key uncertainty in predictions of future climate is caused by the lack of knowledge of transport processes in the air-water interface; this poses the main transfer resistance between oceans and atmosphere. This book reviews recent progress in the domains of experimental process studies as well as computer stimulation. It represents an early approach of merging insights gained in both fields and broadens our understanding of air-water gas and heat exchange.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jähne, Bernd

Garbe, Christoph S.

Handler, Robert A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
1.1;Contributions to International Workshop on Transport at the Air- Sea Interface ;7
2;Contents;11
3;List of Contributors;14
4;List of Reviewers;19
5;1 The Impact of Different Gas Exchange Formulations and Wind Speed Products on Global Air- Sea CO2 Fluxes;23
5.1;1.1 Introduction;23
5.2;1.2 Discussion;24
5.3;1.3 Conclusions;40
5.4;References;42
6;2 Turbulent Gas Flux Measurements near the Air- Water Interface in a Grid- Stirred Tank;46
6.1;2.1 Introduction;46
6.2;2.2 Experimental Set-Up;48
6.3;2.3 Results;50
6.4;2.4 Conclusion;60
6.5;References;60
7;3 Quantitative Imaging of CO2 Transfer at an Unsheared Free Surface;63
7.1;3.1 Introduction;63
7.2;3.2 Experimental Setup;64
7.3;3.3 Results;68
7.4;3.4 Analysis;74
7.5;3.5 Conclusions, Extensions, and Acknowledgements;75
7.6;References;75
8;4 Visualisation of Oxygen Concentration Fields in the Mass Boundary Layer by Fluorescence Quenching;78
8.1;4.1 Introduction;78
8.2;4.2 Visualisation by Oxygen Quenching;80
8.3;4.3 Experimental Set-up;81
8.4;4.4 Calculation of the Boundary-Layer Thickness;82
8.5;4.5 Gas-Transfer Velocity;84
8.6;4.6 Comparison with Other Measurement Techniques;86
8.7;4.7 Discussions and Outlook;88
8.8;References;89
9;5 Visualization of 2-D Divergence on the Free Surface and its Relation to Gas Transfer;92
9.1;5.1 Introduction;93
9.2;5.2 Experiments and Analysis;95
9.3;5.3 Results;96
9.4;5.4 Conclusions;103
9.5;References;105
10;6 The Air-Water Interface: Turbulence and Scalar Exchange;106
10.1;6.1 Introduction;107
10.2;6.2 Sheared Interfaces;110
10.3;6.3 Surface Divergence Model and Microbreaking;114
10.4;6.4 Conclusions;117
10.5;References;118
11;7 Turbulence Generation in the Wind- Driven Subsurface Water Flow;121
11.1;7.1 Introduction;121
11.2;7.2 Experimental Procedure;122
11.3;7.3 Overview of the Water Flow Structure;122
11.4;7.4 The Laminar Zone;127
11.5;7.5 The Laminar-Turbulent Transition;131
11.6;7.6 Concluding Remarks;133
11.7;References;134
12;8 Defining the Enhancement of Air-Water Interfacial Oxygen Exchange Rate due to Wind- Forced Microscale Waves;136
12.1;8.1 Introduction;137
12.2;8.2 Methodology;139
12.3;8.3 Results and Discussion;141
12.4;8.4 Conclusions and Recommendations;145
12.5;References;146
13;9 Momentum Flux and Energy Dissipation Associated with Breaking Waves;149
13.1;9.1 Introduction;149
13.2;9.2 Observations;151
13.3;9.3 Energy Dissipation and Momentum Fluxes;153
13.4;9.4 Conclusions;158
13.5;References;159
14;10 The Interaction of Ocean Surface Processes, Waves, and Turbulence in the Adjacent Boundary Layers;161
14.1;10.1 Introduction;161
14.2;10.2 Coordinate Systems;163
14.3;10.3 Discussion;168
14.4;References;170
15;11 A Numerical Study on the Characteristic Flow Structures of a Micro- Breaking Wind Wave;175
15.1;11.1 Introduction;175
15.2;11.2 Numerical Simulation;176
15.3;11.3 Surface Structures;178
15.4;11.4 Underlying Vortical Structures;181
15.5;11.5 Concluding Remark;183
15.6;References;183
16;12 The E.ect of Raindrops on Interfacial Turbulence and Air- Water Gas Transfer;185
16.1;12.1 Introduction;185
16.2;12.2 Experiments;186
16.3;12.3 Results and Discussion;188
16.4;12.4 Conclusions;193
16.5;References;194
17;13 Air-Water Flux Reconciliation Between the Atmospheric CO2 Pro . le and Mass Balance Techniques;196
17.1;13.1 Introduction;197
17.2;13.2 Methods;197
17.3;13.3 Results and Discussion;200
17.4;13.4 Summary;205
17.5;References;206
18;14 Air-Water Interfacial Temperature Measurements;208
18.1;14.1 Introduction;208
18.2;14.2 Measurements;210
18.3;14.3 Results and Discussion;213
18.4;14.4 Conclusions;215
18.5;References;217
19;15 Observations of the Structure of the Surface Temperature Field at an Air- Water Interface for Stable and Unstable Cases;219
19.1;15.1 Introduction;219
19.2;15.2 Experimental Setup at the ASIST facility;220
19.3;15.3 Infrared Imagery;222
19.4;15.4 Summary and Conclusions;231
19.5;Appendix: Table of Parameters for Both the Warm and Cold Skin;234
19.6;References;234
20;16 Estimating the Viscous Shear Stress at the Water Surface from Active Thermography;237
20.1;16.1 Introduction;237
20.2;16.2 Motion Estimation for Active Thermography;240
20.3;16.3 Synthetic Data;246
20.4;16.4 Experimental Set-Up;247
20.5;16.5 Laboratory Measurements of Viscous Stress from Active Thermography;248
20.6;16.6 Conclusion;250
20.7;References;250
21;17 Estimation of Air-Sea Gas and Heat Fluxes from Infrared Imagery Based on Near Surface Turbulence Models;254
21.1;17.1 Introduction;254
21.2;17.2 Eddy Renewal Model and Surface Renewal Model;255
21.3;17.3 Heat Flux Estimates from the Two Models;260
21.4;17.4 Application to Real Infrared Images;262
21.5;17.5 Conclusion;265
21.6;References;267
22;18 The Influence of Intermittency on Air-Water Gas Transfer Measurements;268
22.1;18.1 Introduction;268
22.2;18.2 Intermittency of Air-Sea Gas Transfer;271
22.3;18.3 Averaging with Di.erent Techniques;273
22.4;18.4 Experimental Results from Active Thermography;280
22.5;18.5 Discussion and Conclusions;285
22.6;References;286
23;19 Micrometeorological Approaches to Measure Air- Water CO2 Fluxes;288
23.1;19.1 Introduction;288
23.2;19.2 Ocean-Atmosphere CO2 Flux Study Sites;290
23.3;19.3 Measurements;290
23.4;19.4 Discussion;295
23.5;19.5 Summary;298
23.6;References;298
24;20 Bias of CO2 Surface Fluxes Estimated by Eddy Covariance due to Adjustment Fluxes .;301
24.1;20.1 Introduction;301
24.2;20.2 Vertical Flux Gradient due to Di.erential Advection;303
24.3;20.3 Signi.cance of .F;305
24.4;20.4 Summary;307
24.5;References;308
25;21 Eddy Correlation Measurements of Sea Spray Aerosol Fluxes;309
25.1;21.1 Introduction;309
25.2;21.2 Micro-Meteorological Measurements at the FRF Field Research Facility in Duck, North Carolina ( USA);312
25.3;21.3 Sea Salt Flux Measurements;313
25.4;21.4 Results;317
25.5;21.5 Discussion;319
25.6;21.6 Conclusion;320
25.7;References;320
26;Author Index;324
27;Subject Index;325