Upgrading Oilsands Bitumen and Heavy Oil

Erscheinungsjahr 2015
ISBN: 978-1-77212-035-6
Verlag: University of Alberta Press

Buch, Englisch, 512 Seiten, Format (B × H): 210 mm x 261 mm, Gewicht: 1408 g

"The emphasis throughout is to link the fundamentals of the molecules through to the economic drivers for the industry, because this combination determines the technology used for processing."-From the Introduction The high demand for quality petroleum products necessitates ongoing innovation in the science and engineering underlying oilsands extraction and upgrading. Beginning with a thorough grounding in the composition, fluid properties, reaction behaviour, and economics of bitumen and heavy oil, Murray Gray then delves into current processing technologies, particularly those used at full commercial scale. The tables of data on composition, yield, and behaviour of oilsands bitumen and heavy oil fractions are extensive. Though the focus is on bitumen from Alberta's oilsands-the largest resource in the world-the science applies to upgrading of heavy oil and petroleum residue feeds worldwide. Upgrading Oilsands Bitumen and Heavy Oil lays out the current best practice for engineers and scientists in the oilsands and refining industries, government personnel, academics, and students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gray, Murray R.

Fachgebiete

• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftssektoren & Branchen Energie- & Versorgungswirtschaft Öl- und Gasindustrie
• Technische Wissenschaften Sonstige Technologien | Angewandte Technik Ölförderung, Gasförderung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Acknowledgements
Introduction

I.1 Crude Oil and Bitumen Definitions
I.2 Canadian Oilsands Resources
I.3 International Bitumen and Heavy Oil Reserves
I.4 Upgrading Bitumen and Heavy Oil
I.5 Economic Incentives for Upgrading
I.6 Outline of This Book
References

1. Density and Phase Behaviour
1.1 Density and API Gravity
1.2 Distillation Curves and Boiling Ranges
1.3 Average Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution
1.4 Vapour–Liquid Equilibrium
1.5 Solids in Crude and Processed Oils
1.6 Density and Average Molar Mass of Asphaltenes
1.7 Solubility Parameters of the Petroleum, Bitumen and Asphaltene Fractions
1.8 Water in Hydrocarbons
Abbreviations
Notation
References

2. Transport and Thermal Properties
2.1 Liquid Viscosity
2.2 Thermal Conductivity
2.3 Diffusion Coefficient
2.4 Surface Tension
2.5 Melting Point of Vacuum Residues and Asphaltenes
2.6 Thermal Properties of Bitumen Fractions
2.7 Heats of Combustion
Notation
References

3. Chemical Composition
3.1 Origins of Alberta Bitumens
3.2 Elemental Composition
3.3 Class Fractionation
3.4 Coke-Forming Tendency
3.5 Chemical Structures in Bitumen
3.6 Asphaltene Composition and Structure
3.7 Quality Issues with Bitumen, Heavy Oils and Oilsands Products
Abbreviations
References

4. Upgrading Reactions and Kinetics
4.1 Thermodynamics of Cracking
4.2 Mechanisms of Cracking Hydrocarbons
4.3 Overall Kinetics of Bitumen Cracking
4.4 Liquid- versus Vapour-Phase Cracking of Bitumen Components
4.5 Catalytic Reactions in Upgrading
4.6 Formation of Solids and Coke
4.7 Basic Equations for Reactor Analysis at Steady State
Abbreviations
Notation
References

5. Marketing of Bitumen Products
5.1 Crude Oil Exports
5.2 Crude Oil Pricing
5.3 Transportation of Bitumen and Upgraded Products
5.4 Trade-Offs Between Upgrading Cost and Product Quality
5.5 Natural Gas Supply and Properties
5.6 Natural Gas Condensate
5.7 Sulfur Transport and Marketing
References

6. Production of Bitumen and Heavy Oil
6.1 Mineable Oilsands
6.2 In Situ Production of Oilsands Bitumen
6.3 Improvements to In Situ Production
6.4 In Situ Upgrading Schemes
References

7. Overview of Upgrading Processing and Economics
7.1 Sequences of Upgrading Processes
7.2 Operating Costs of Upgrading Bitumen and Heavy Oil
7.3 Benchmarking of Production and Upgrading Strategies
7.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Production and Upgrading Processes
7.5 Selection of a Primary Upgrading Technology
7.6 Relationships of Upgrading to Refining
7.7 Limits to Upgrading Heavy Oils and Bitumens
References

8. Separation Processes
8.1 Desalting
8.2 Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation
8.3 Solvent Deasphalting
References

9. Thermal Cracking and Coking Processes
9.1 Visbreaking: Thermal Viscosity Reduction
9.2 Delayed Coking
9.3 Fluid Coking
9.4 Fluid Coking with Coke Gasification
9.5 Limits on Yield and Density for Coking and Thermal Cracking Products
9.6 Coke Yield and Composition
9.7 Recycle in Coking Processes
9.8 Liquid-Phase Mass Transfer in Coking Processes
9.9 Additives to Control Coke Yield
9.10 Development of New Coking Processes
9.11 Control of Sulfur Emissions from Coking Processes
9.12 Kinetic Modelling of Thermal Cracking and Coking Processes
9.13 Heat of Reaction of Visbreaking and Coking
Notation
References

10. Residue Hydroconversion Processes
10.1 Fixed-Bed Catalytic Processes
10.2 Catalytic Ebullated-Bed Processes: LC-Fining and H-Oil
10.3 Additive-Based Processes: Slurries, Suspensions and Solutions
10.4 Roles of Hydrogen and Catalysts in Suppressing Coke Formation
10.5 Limits to the Performance of Hydroconversion Processes
10.6 Hydrogenation Reactions During Hydroconversion
10.7 Heat of Reaction for Hydroconversion
10.8 Catalyst Deactivation in Hydroconversion
10.9 Kinetic Models of Hydroconversion
Notation
References

11. Hydrotreating Processes
11.1 Hydrotreating of Distillate Fractions
11.2 Conversion of Diolefins
11.3 Hydrotreating for Aromatics Saturation
11.4 Hydrocracking of Gas Oils
11.5 Hydrogenation Reactions During Hydrotreating
11.6 Stoichiometry of Catalytic Hydrogenation
11.7 Heats of Reaction of Hydrotreating Reactions
11.8 Catalyst Properties
11.9 Catalyst Deactivation
Notation
References

12. Hydrogen Production and Gas Purification Processes
12.1 Hydrogen Production Processes
12.2 Cost of Hydrogen Production
12.3 Purification of Hydrogen-Rich Process Streams
12.4 Gas Recovery
12.5 Amine Treating
12.6 Sulfur Removal
References

Appendix A: Glossary and List of Acronyms
A.1 Glossary of Selected Terms Commonly Used in the
Oilsands Industry
A.2 Common Acronyms in the Oilsands Industry
References

Appendix B: Assay Data for Bitumen and Upgraded Products
Index

Über Autor(innen)

Gray, Murray R.
Murray R. Gray was the founding Director of the Institute for Oil Sands Innovation at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. His research as a professor of chemical engineering specialized in processing of oil sands bitumen and heavy oil.