Hartard / Liebert Competition and Conflicts on Resource Use

2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-10954-1
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 46, 281 Seiten

Reihe: Natural Resource Management and Policy

This book reflects on the causes of resource-based conflicts and competition, and presents solutions for safely and sustainably providing resources with a focus on material flow management. The contributions from different disciplines highlight issues such as safe access to resources, conflicts over water and energy supplies, waste of strategic mineral resources, sustainable resource consumption, and renewable energy technologies.

Susanne Hartard is professor of Industrial Ecology at the Trier University of Applied Sciences, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld in Germany since 2008. She studied Agrobusiness and Ecological Environmental Safety Management at the University of Kassel. Her 20-year professional career includes environmental advisory activities in sustainable waste management and recycling projects and work on material flow management concepts. She worked as a researcher at the Universities of Kassel, Weimar and Darmstadt, Post-doc in the field of Industrial Material Cycles. Her actual research focuses on strategies of safe resources supply by regional concepts, circular economy and resilience strategies especially for producing companies.Wolfgang Liebert is professor at the Institute of Safety/Security and Risk Sciences (ISR), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (Universität für Bodenkultur, BOKU) in Vienna Austria since end of 2012. Before, he was scientific director of IANUS, the Interdisciplinary Research Group in Science, Technology and Security, at Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. Wolfgang Liebert has studied physics and philosophy in Düsseldorf and Frankfurt. His main fields of research and work currently are: nuclear non-proliferation and arms control, assessment of current and future nuclear technology, assessment of energy technology, prospective (science and) technology assessment, philosophy of science and technology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hartard, Susanne

Liebert, Wolfgang

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Chapter 1: Preamble;8
2.1;References;17
3;Part I: Role of Resources for International Conflict Constellations;19
3.1;Chapter 2: Risks by Volatility and Peaks of Resources Market Prices;20
3.1.1;References;25
3.2;Chapter 3: Climate Change and Conflict;26
3.2.1;3.1 A More Peaceful World or Climate-Induced Carnage?;27
3.2.2;3.2 Climate Change;27
3.2.3;3.3 Environmental Security;28
3.2.4;3.4 Climate Change and Security;29
3.2.5;3.5 The Premise Providers;30
3.2.6;3.6 The Evidence;32
3.2.7;3.7 The Causal Chains;33
3.2.8;3.8 The Way Ahead;36
3.2.9;Concluding Remarks;38
3.2.10;References;39
3.3;Chapter 4: Forging War or Peace? The Role of the State in Extractive Economies of Sub-Saharan Africa;44
3.3.1;4.1 Natural Resource Wealth of Sub-Saharan Africa in Comparative Perspective;46
3.3.2;4.2 Mechanisms Linking Natural Resources and Violent Conflict;47
3.3.3;4.3 ``Conflict Resources´´: Greed;49
3.3.4;4.4 ``Resource Conflict´´ in the Niger Delta: The Role of the State;52
3.3.5;Conclusion;58
3.3.6;References;60
4;Part II: Conflicts on Fossil and Nuclear Energy Supply;63
4.1;Chapter 5: The Lifecycle of Oil: Problems and Conflicts;64
4.1.1;5.1 The Oil Basics;64
4.1.2;5.2 Oil as a Hydrocarbon;66
4.1.3;5.3 Geography of Oil;67
4.1.4;5.4 Oil as a Non-renewable Resource;68
4.1.5;5.5 Oil and Conflicts;69
4.1.6;5.6 Political Versus Market Instability;70
4.1.7;5.7 Limits of Conventional Oil Supply;74
4.1.8;Two Conclusions;76
4.1.9;References;76
4.2;Chapter 6: Nuclear Fuel Chain: Uranium Resources and Associated Risks;78
4.2.1;6.1 Current Status: Nuclear Energy and Uranium Usage and Resources;79
4.2.1.1;6.1.1 Secondary Uranium Resources;80
4.2.1.2;6.1.2 World Uranium Resources;81
4.2.2;6.2 Eight Risks Associated with Uranium Mining and Use;82
4.2.2.1;6.2.1 Security of Supply;82
4.2.2.2;6.2.2 Uranium Price and Nuclear Electricity Costs;83
4.2.2.3;6.2.3 Uranium Ore-grade Dependencies;84
4.2.2.4;6.2.4 Future Production and Exploration;85
4.2.2.5;6.2.5 Short- and Mid-term Supply;87
4.2.2.6;6.2.6 Nuclear Expansion Scenarios;88
4.2.2.7;6.2.7 Environmental and Human Health Impact;90
4.2.2.8;6.2.8 Proliferation Risks;91
4.2.3;Summary and Conclusions;92
4.2.4;References;94
4.3;Chapter 7: Conflicts on Nuclear Energy Use;96
4.3.1;7.1 Technical Background;96
4.3.2;7.2 Dependencies;98
4.3.3;7.3 New Nuclear Countries;100
4.3.4;7.4 Changing Times;101
4.3.5;Conclusions;102
5;Part III: Perspectives of Strategic Material Resources Management;104
5.1;Chapter 8: Closing the Loop for Rare Metals Used in Consumer Products: Opportunities and Challenges;105
5.1.1;8.1 Booming Metal Demand: Building the Mine Above Ground;105
5.1.2;8.2 The Debate on Potential Metal Scarcities;107
5.1.3;8.3 Dimensions of Resource Scarcity;108
5.1.4;8.4 Conflict Metals and Critical Raw Materials;112
5.1.5;8.5 Enhanced Recycling to Secure Metals Supply;114
5.1.6;8.6 The Challenge of Open Cycles;116
5.1.7;Conclusion;118
5.1.8;References;120
5.2;Chapter 9: Possible Resource Restrictions for the Future Large-Scale Production of Electric Cars;122
5.2.1;9.1 Introduction;122
5.2.2;9.2 Change of Materials Associated with the Shift from ICE to Electric Cars;124
5.2.3;9.3 Materials Needed for Electric Car Batteries;125
5.2.4;9.4 The Electric Motor: Rare Earth Elements;128
5.2.5;9.5 Further Electrical Components: Copper;129
5.2.6;Conclusion;130
5.2.7;References;131
6;Part IV: Sustainable Solutions for Resource Consumption;133
6.1;Chapter 10: Technological Innovation and Anthropogenic Material Flows;134
6.1.1;10.1 Introduction;134
6.1.2;10.2 Technological Innovation and Its Material Basis;135
6.1.3;10.3 Systems Analytical Approaches for the Assessment of Material Cycles;138
6.1.3.1;10.3.1 Systems of Material Flows;138
6.1.3.2;10.3.2 Material Flow Analysis;139
6.1.3.3;10.3.3 Life Cycle Assessment;140
6.1.4;10.4 Innovation and Material Flows: Case Studies;141
6.1.4.1;10.4.1 Material Flow Analyses of Strategic Metals: Global Lithium Flows;141
6.1.4.1.1;10.4.1.1 Motivation;141
6.1.4.1.2;10.4.1.2 Systems Definition and Analysis of Processes;142
6.1.4.1.2.1;Production;142
6.1.4.1.2.2;Manufacture;142
6.1.4.1.2.3;Use;143
6.1.4.1.2.4;Recycling and Waste Management;143
6.1.4.1.3;10.4.1.3 Schematic Modeling and Interpretation of Results;144
6.1.4.2;10.4.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Innovative Products: The Case of Lightweight Boards;145
6.1.4.2.1;10.4.2.1 Motivation;145
6.1.4.2.2;10.4.2.2 Goal and Scope;146
6.1.4.2.3;10.4.2.3 Inventory Analysis;146
6.1.4.2.4;10.4.2.4 Impact Assessment;147
6.1.4.2.5;10.4.2.5 Interpretation;148
6.1.5;Conclusion;149
6.1.6;References;149
6.2;Chapter 11: Illicit trade with Coltan and Implications for Certification;153
6.2.1;11.1 Introduction;153
6.2.2;11.2 Profiling Coltan;154
6.2.3;11.3 Coltan Mining in the DRC;156
6.2.4;11.4 Coltan and International Trade: Dimension and Actors;159
6.2.5;Concluding Lessons for Conflict Analysis, Illicit Trade and Any Certification Scheme;166
6.2.6;Annex: International Initiatives and Coverage of the Value Chain of Coltan;170
6.2.7;References;173
6.3;Chapter 12: Certified Trading Chains in Mineral Production;174
6.3.1;12.1 Governance Systems for Assuring Standards;174
6.3.2;12.2 Certification of Mineral Resources;175
6.3.3;12.3 Certified Trading Chains: Background and Objectives;176
6.3.4;12.4 The CTC Principles and Standards;178
6.3.5;12.5 CTC in Practice;180
6.3.6;12.6 Outlook: Regional and International Integration;182
6.3.7;References;183
6.4;Chapter 13: Peace and Security by Resources Self-Subsistence Strategies;184
6.4.1;13.1 Characteristics of Resources Competition and Conflicts;184
6.4.2;13.2 Energy Security by Renewable Energy Self-Supply and Autarky;189
6.4.3;13.3 Local Responsibility for Energy Security by Cooperatives and Private Investments;192
6.4.4;References;195
6.5;Chapter 14: Responsible Material Flow Management: The Case of Waste Management in Developing Countries;197
6.5.1;14.1 Introduction;197
6.5.2;14.2 Methodology;198
6.5.3;14.3 Results;200
6.5.4;14.4 City of Damascus;202
6.5.5;14.5 Dhaka City;202
6.5.6;14.6 Assessment of the Investigated Scenarios;203
6.5.7;Conclusions;205
6.5.8;References;206
7;Part V: Water Conflict Prevention by Water Resource Management;207
7.1;Chapter 15: Water Gap: The Overuse of Fresh Water;208
7.1.1;15.1 Governance of Ground Water;209
7.1.2;15.2 River Diversion as a Means to Compensate for Inter-regional Conflicts of Use;211
7.1.3;15.3 Further Driving Forces Behind Water Shortages;213
7.1.4;15.4 Competition Between Water and Energy;214
7.1.5;15.5 Competition Between Water and Food;216
7.1.6;15.6 A Look at the Future of Agriculture;216
7.1.7;15.7 Water Reuse and Urban Growth;218
7.1.8;15.8 The Outlook;220
7.1.9;References;222
7.2;Chapter 16: The Management of Water Resources Under Conditions of Scarcity in Central Northern Namibia;225
7.2.1;16.1 Introduction;225
7.2.2;16.2 Integrated Water Resources Management;226
7.2.3;16.3 Central Northern Namibia;227
7.2.4;16.4 Proposed Water Supply Techniques;229
7.2.4.1;16.4.1 Rainwater Harvesting;229
7.2.4.2;16.4.2 Subsurface Water Storage;232
7.2.5;Conclusions;233
7.2.6;References;235
8;Part VI: Resource Aspects in Renewable Energy Technologies;237
8.1;Chapter 17: Sustainable Land Use: Food Production or Fuels;238
8.1.1;17.1 Introduction;238
8.1.2;17.2 Land: Availability of a Limited Resource;239
8.1.2.1;17.2.1 Current Land Use for Bioenergy;239
8.1.2.2;17.2.2 Future Land Availability for Bioenergy;239
8.1.3;17.3 Competing Uses of Land: Food and Biofuels;243
8.1.3.1;17.3.1 Land for Biofuels;243
8.1.3.2;17.3.2 Land for Food and Other Purposes;244
8.1.4;17.4 Land for Biofuels: Effects on GHG Emissions and Food Security;244
8.1.4.1;17.4.1 Mitigation or Increase of Global GHG Emissions Through Biofuels?;244
8.1.4.2;17.4.2 GHG Emissions from Direct Land-Use Changes (dLUC);245
8.1.4.3;17.4.3 GHG Emissions from Indirect Land-Use Changes;246
8.1.4.4;17.4.4 Policy Approaches to Address Direct and Indirect Land-Use Changes;247
8.1.4.5;17.4.5 Biofuels and Food Security;248
8.1.4.6;17.4.6 Impact of Biofuels on Food Prices;248
8.1.5;17.5 Policy Approaches to Address Food Security;249
8.1.6;Conclusions;249
8.1.7;References;250
8.2;Chapter 18: Strategic Resources for Emerging Technologies;252
8.2.1;18.1 Introduction and Definition of the Wording Resource and Emerging Technology;252
8.2.2;18.2 The Nexus of Technological Evolution and Resource Use;253
8.2.3;18.3 Emerging Technologies: A Selection;256
8.2.4;18.4 Summary;261
8.2.5;References;263
8.3;Chapter 19: Perspectives on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion: Dependency on Material Choices;266
8.3.1;19.1 Introduction;266
8.3.2;19.2 Technology and Cost Issues of Solar Cells: The Generation Concept of Solar Cells;267
8.3.3;19.3 Status and Perspectives of Different Photovoltaic Technologies;270
8.3.4;19.4 First Generation Technology: Crystalline Si Cells;272
8.3.5;19.5 Second Generation Technology: Thin Films;273
8.3.6;19.6 Third Generation Technology and Organic Solar Cells;276
8.3.7;Conclusions on the Perspectives of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion;278
8.3.8;References;280