Held Carrier Ethernet

Providing the Need for Speed
Erscheinungsjahr 2008
ISBN: 978-1-4200-6040-9
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 224 Seiten

Facilitating high data transfers over long distances at a reasonable cost, Carrier Ethernet is solidifying its fundamental position as the core of next-generation networks. Since it first dazzled the IT world 40 years ago with its ability to move data over local networks, Ethernet has dramatically evolved in both form and function. And now, Carrier Ethernet, flexing its multi-gigabit muscle, is rapidly emerging as the undisputed technology of choice. As engaging as it is comprehensive, this volume— - Examines the differences between the so-called flavors of Ethernet

- Provides refreshers on virtual LANs (VLANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), and Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

- Details Carrier advantages over other modalities with regard to network performance

- Delves into Service Level Agreements, including ways to obtain a quality of service for the movement of voice and real-time video, as well as the creation of VLANs to facilitate the movement of data

- Describes various services that can be enabled over an Ethernet infrastructure

All You Need to Know about this Carrier-Class System Ensuring seamless migration to Carrier Ethernet from existing technologies, as well as integration with emerging services, this text provides readers with the expert guidance needed to make full use of Ethernet technology, both now and into the future.

Zielgruppe

Engineers, ISP, cable companies, and other communication service providers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Held, Gilbert

Fachgebiete

• Mathematik | Informatik EDV | Informatik Computerkommunikation & -vernetzung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introduction to Carrier Ethernet

Defining Carrier Ethernet

Overview

Rationale

Expanded Use of Ethernet LANs

Frame Compatibility

Low Cost

High Network Access Speeds

Mass Market for Technology

Business Continuity

Enabling Technologies

Copper and Fiber Infrastructure

ADSL

ADSL2 and ADSL2+

SHDSL

VDSL

VPNs

Types of VPNs

Protocols

Service Provider Provisioned VPNs

VLANs

Broadcast Domain Reduction

Facilitate Subnet Creation

Reduce Hardware Requirements

Traffic Control

Types of VLANs

MPLS

Overview

Architecture

Operation

Applications

Interconnecting Distributed Offices

Providing Real-Time Backup

Voice, Video, and Data Support

Challenges to Carrier Ethernet

Total Cost of Operation

Packet Overhead

Management and Troubleshooting

Reliability

Security

QoS

Data Networking Concepts

Transport Technologies

LANs

WANs

Characteristics

Wireless

Data Protocols

Ethernet

Evolution

IEEE Involvement

Network Interfaces

Network Equipment

Network Interface Cards

Hubs

Operation

Passive versus Intelligent

Hubs

Switches

Operation

Advantages

Evolution

Routers

Operation

Advantages

Capabilities

Firewall

Placement

Operation

VPN Appliances

Operation

Advantages

Combining Functions

Network Facilities

T1

The DSO Time Slot

T-Carrier Hierarchy

Channelized versus Non-Channelized

SONET

Optical Carrier Levels

Framing

Utilization

The Flavors of Ethernet

Metcalfe’s Original Design

Bus-Based Network Structure

The DIX Standard

DIX Version 2.0

IEEE 802.3 Standardization

Division of Effort

Physical Layer Effort

Network Layer Effort

Data Link Layer

IEEE Changes from DIX

802.3 Frame Format

Sub-Network Access Protocol

The CSMA/CD Protocol

Frame Size

Early Ethernet

The 10 Mbps Ethernet Family

10BASE-5

10BASE-2

10BROAD-36

10BASE-T

Network Characteristics

5-4-3 Rule

FOIRL and 10BASE-F

Fast Ethernet

100BASE-T

Layer Subdivision

100BASE-TX

Network Configuration

Coding

Repeaters

100BASE-T4

100BASE-T4 Repeater Hub

100BASE-T2

Auto-Negotiation

LIT Pulses

FLP Pulses

Parallel Detection Function

The Base Page

The Next Page Function

Extended Next Page Function

Priorities

Option Considerations

Fiber

100BASE-FX

100BASE-SX

100BASE-BX

Gigabit Ethernet

Fiber-Based Gigabit Ethernet

1000BASE-SX

1000BASE-LX

Fiber Auto-Negotiation

1000BASE-ZX and LH

Copper-Based Gigabit Ethernet

1000BASE-CX

1000BASE-T

Summary

10 Gigabit Ethernet

GbE versus 10 GbE

Layers and Interfaces

XGMII

XAUI

XGMII

MAC

PCS

PMA

PMD

WAN Physical Layer

10 GbE over Copper

10GBASE-CX4

10GBASE-T

Ethernet in the First Mile

Architectures

Physical Layer Interfaces

Applications

Advantages

Use of Dual Fibers

Use of Single Fibers

EPON

MPCP

Frame Formats

Basic Ethernet

The Ethernet II/DIX Frame

Preamble Field

Destination Address Field

Source Address Field

Type Field

Data Field

Frame Check Sequence Field

The 802.3 Frame

Length Field

Preamble Field Modification

Type/Length Field Values

The 802.2 Header

Subnetwork Access Protocol

LLC Header Operation

The SNAP Frame

IPX over Ethernet

Full Duplex and the Pause Frame

Advantages

Flow Control

PAUSE Frame

Overview

Frame Fields

VLAN Tagging

The 802.1Q Standard

Advantages

Frame Format

SNAP Frames

Frame Determination

Fast Ethernet

4B5B Coding

Delimiters

Interframe Gap

Gigabit Ethernet

Carrier Extension

Half-Duplex Use

Frame Bursting

Jumbo Frames

Operation

Length Rationale

Advantages

Problems and Solutions

Performance

Basic Ethernet

SNAP Frames

Gigabit Ethernet

Frame Rates

Mathematical Oddities

Frame Rate Computations

Gigabit Constraints

LAN Switches

Bridge Operations

Transparent and Translating Bridges

Plug-and-Play Operation

Bridge Operation

Intelligent Switching Hubs

Basic Components

Buffer Memory

Delay Times

Parallel Switching

Switch Operations

Switching Techniques

Cross-Point Switching

Operation

Latency

Store-and-Forward

Filtering Capability

Operation

Delay Time

Hybrid

Switch Port Address Support

Port-Based Switching

Segment-Based Switching

Applications

Considering Port Capability

Basic Switching

Multi-Tier Networking

Interconnecting Dispersed Offices

Virtual LANs

Characteristics

Construction Basics

Implicit versus Explicit Tagging

Using Implicit Tagging

Explicit Tagging

The IEEE 802.1Q Standard

Vendor Implementation

Carrier Ethernet Services

Overview

The Metro Ethernet Forum

Requirements for Use

VLAN Tagging

The 802.1P (Priority) Standard

Latency Considerations

Fiber Connectivity

Transporting Ethernet in a Service Provider Network

Operating over Other Transports

Comparison to Other Layer 2 Protocols

Ethernet Topologies

Carrier Ethernet Service Types

E-LINE

E-LAN

E-TREE

Encapsulation Techniques

VLAN Stacking

Service Level Agreements and Quality of Service

The Service Level Agreement

Metrics

Availability

Latency

Jitter

MTTR

Installation Time

Bandwidth Provisioning

Packet Loss

Guaranteed Bandwidth

SLA Problems

OAM Overview

OAM and Ethernet

Ethernet OAMs

Functions

Testing

Link-Layer OAM

Service OAM

Quality of Service Overview

Soft versus Hard QoS

Soft QoS

Hard QoS

QoS Actions

Classification

Policing

Queuing

Scheduling

Cisco ML-Series Card