Hendler / Mulvehill Social Machines

The Coming Collision of Artificial Intelligence, Social Networking, and Humanity
1. ed
ISBN: 978-1-4842-1156-4
Verlag: Apress
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 182 Seiten

Will your next doctor be a human being-or a machine? Will you have a choice? If you do, what should you know before making it?This book introduces the reader to the pitfalls and promises of artificial intelligence (AI) in its modern incarnation and the growing trend of systems to 'reach off the Web' into the real world. The convergence of AI, social networking, and modern computing is creating an historic inflection point in the partnership between human beings and machines with potentially profound impacts on the future not only of computing but of our world and species.AI experts and researchers James Hendler-co-originator of the Semantic Web (Web 3.0)-and Alice Mulvehill-developer of AI-based operational systems for DARPA, the Air Force, and NASA-explore the social implications of AI systems in the context of a close examination of the technologies that make them possible. The authors critically evaluate the utopian claims and dystopian counterclaims of AI prognosticators. Social Machines: The Coming Collision of Artificial Intelligence, Social Networking, and Humanity is your richly illustrated field guide to the future of your machine-mediated relationships with other human beings and with increasingly intelligent machines.
What Readers Will LearnWhat the concept of a social machine is and how the activities of non-programmers are contributing to machine intelligence
How modern artificial intelligence technologies, such as Watson, are evolving and how they process knowledge from both carefully produced information (such as Wikipedia and journal articles) and from big data collections
The fundamentals of neuromorphic computing, knowledge graph search, and linked data, as well as the basic technology concepts that underlie networking applications such as Facebook and Twitter
How the change in attitudes towards cooperative work on the Web, especially in the younger demographic, is critical to the future of Web applications

Who This Book Is ForGeneral readers and technically engaged developers, entrepreneurs, and technologists interested in the threats and promises of the accelerating convergence of artificial intelligence with social networks and mobile web technologies.


James Hendler is the Director of the Institute for Data Exploration and Applications and the Tetherless World Professor of Computer, Web and Cognitive Sciences at RPI. He also serves as a Director of the UK's charitable Web Science Trust. Hendler has authored over 250 technical papers in the areas of Semantic Web, artificial intelligence, agent-based computing and high performance processing. One of the originators of the Semantic Web, Hendler was the recipient of a 1995 Fulbright Foundation Fellowship, is a former member of the US Air Force Science Advisory Board, and is a Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, the British Computer Society, the IEEE and the AAAS. He is also the former Chief Scientist of the Information Systems Office at the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and was awarded a US Air Force Exceptional Civilian Service Medal in 2002. He is also the first computer scientist to serve on the Board of Reviewing editors for Science. In 2010, Hendler was named one of the 20 most innovative professors in America by Playboy magazine and was selected as an Internet Web Expert by the US government. In 2012, he was one of the inaugural recipients of the Strata Conference Big Data awards for his work on large-scale open government data, and he is a columnist and associate editor of the Big Data journal. In 2013, he was appointed by the governor as the Open Data Advisor to New York State and in 2014, he won a prestigious IBM faculty award for his work on cognitive computing and artificial intelligence.
Alice M. Mulvehill is a research scientist and provides consulting through her company, Memory Based Research, LLC. She was previously a lead scientist at Raytheon/BBN Technologies where she led the development of several advanced decision support systems for the Air Force and DARPA.  Prior to joining BBN she worked for the MITRE Corporation as a researcher, specializing in knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, case-based reasoning, and planning.  While at MITRE she was part of early research teams that explored the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques for the development of planning and scheduling systems.  She was a participant in the DARPA/Rome Lab Planning Initiative and participated in the development of operationally-oriented AI-based systems for DARPA, the Air Force, and NASA.  She has authored or co-authored numerous technical papers in the areas of knowledge acquisition and representation, model development and adaptation; case-based reasoning; semantic web technology; and applications of these technologies to support logistics, planning and prediction. She is a senior member of the Association for Artificial Intelligence and a member of IEEE and ACM.  She currently provides consulting services to support the research and development of advanced information system technology and has an adjunct position at the University of Pittsburgh's School of Nursing, where she provides guest lectures on technology. Mulvehill took her PhD in Information Science from the University of Pittsburgh.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hendler, James

Mulvehill, Alice M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents at a Glance;5
2;Contents;6
3;About the Authors;9
4;About the Technical Reviewer;11
5;Acknowledgments;12
6;Chapter 1: Introduction: Why This Book?;15
6.1;Who Are the Authors?;16
6.2;Why Read This Book?;17
6.3;A Brief History of AI;19
6.4;Social Machines;21
6.5;Risks and Challenges;22
6.6;What Lies Ahead for the Reader;23
6.6.1;What This Book Is Not About;25
7;Chapter 2: Who Will Be Your Next Doctor?;27
7.1;Going to the Doctor;27
7.2;Could an Intelligent Computer Be Your Next Doctor?;29
7.2.1;The Situation Today;29
7.3;The Not Too Distant Future;29
7.3.1;Cognitive Computing Technology;30
7.3.2;From Individual to Network;33
7.3.3;Other AI Systems in Healthcare;34
7.3.3.1;Social Media and Trend Analytics;35
7.3.3.2;Web-Based (Healthcare) Applications;37
7.3.3.3;Personalized (Healthcare) Applications;38
7.4;So Who Will Be Your Next Doctor?;39
8;Chapter 3: The Games We Play;42
8.1;Obvious Differences?;42
8.1.1;Computers Play Chess;45
8.1.2;Starting Simple: Tic-tac-toe;47
8.1.3;From Tic-Tac-Toe to Chess;52
8.1.4;Why Computers Are Good at Chess;56
8.2;Go, the Current Challenge;59
8.2.1;Other Games;61
8.2.2;How Do Humans Play Games?;65
8.2.3;Beyond Games;68
9;Chapter 4: The Limits of Humans;70
9.1;Problem Solving;70
9.1.1;Memory and Aging;73
9.2;Emotion and Stress;75
9.2.1;Socialization and Mobility;78
9.2.1.1;Humans and Tools;79
9.3;Can Machines Augment Human Limits?;80
10;Chapter 5: What Computers Can’t Do–Yet;84
10.1;Getting Machines to Understand the Way People Use Language;85
10.1.1;Ambiguity in Language;88
10.1.2;Understanding the World We Live In;92
10.1.2.1;Encoding World Knowledge;93
10.1.2.2;Knowledge and Memory;96
10.2;Understanding What They Perceive;98
10.2.1;The Problem of Context;100
10.2.1.1;Procedural Systems;101
10.2.1.2;Declarative Systems;101
10.2.1.3;Learning Systems;103
10.3;What About Creativity?;107
11;Chapter 6: Augmenting Human Capabilities with AI;109
11.1;Human Enhancements: Now and the Near Future;109
11.1.1;Enhanced Problem Solving;110
11.2;Fatigue and Stress;111
11.3;Individualized Support Technology;113
11.4;Building User Interfaces;115
11.5;Human Enhancements: Near Future and Beyond;117
11.6;Personal Assistants;118
11.7;Enhancing Memory;120
11.7.1;Beyond the Individual;121
12;Chapter 7: Social Machines: Embracing the Blur;124
12.1;Human Computation;127
12.2;Games with a Purpose and Citizen Science;130
12.3;Wikipedia: The People’s Encyclopedia;135
12.4;Artificial Intelligence Needs Social Machines;140
12.4.1;Watson and Wikipedia;140
12.4.2;Deep Learning and Labeled Data;142
12.5;Social Machines Need AI;144
13;Chapter 8: Social Challenges for the Social Machine;148
13.1;The Technology Development Cycle;149
13.1.1;Technology for the Individual;150
13.1.2;AI Technology and Warfare;155
13.1.3;Managing Cognitive Support Technology;162
13.1.4;Extending and Maintaining Cognitive Computing Technology;165
13.1.5;The Limits of Learning;167
13.2;The Wisdom of the Crowd or the Madness of the Mob;170
14;Chapter 9: Conclusion: Social Machines and the New Future;173
15;Index;177