Jaffee / Promisel The Science, Technology and Application of Titanium

Proceedings of an International Conference Organized by the Institute of Metals, the Metallurgical Society of Aime, and the American Society for Metals in Association with the Japan Institute of Metals and the Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R., and He...
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5881-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 1224 Seiten, Web PDF

The Science, Technology and Application of Titanium contains the proceedings of an International Conference organized by the Institute of Metals, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, and the American Society for Metals in association with the Japan Institute of Metals and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and held at the Royal Festival Hall in London, on May 21-24, 1968. The papers explore scientific and technological developments as well as applications of titanium and cover topics ranging from processing of titanium to its chemical and environmental behavior, physics, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Deformation and fracture, phase transformations and heat treatment, and alloying are also discussed. This book is comprised of 114 chapters and begins with an overview of the titanium industry in Europe and the United States. The reader is then introduced to primary and secondary fabrication of titanium; corrosion and oxidation; physical properties of titanium alloys; interaction of titanium with elements of the periodic system; and elastic interactions between dislocations and twin and grain boundaries in titanium. The crystallography of deformation twinning in titanium is also examined, along with superplasticity and transformation plasticity in titanium. The remaining chapters focus on interstitial strengthening of titanium alloys; mechanism of martensitic transformation in titanium and its alloys; phase relationships in titanium-oxygen alloys; strengthening of titanium alloys by shock deformation; and titanium hot forming. This monograph will be of interest to chemists and metallurgists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jaffee, R. I.

Promisel, N. E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Science, Technology and Application of Titanium;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;FOREWORD;18
6;PREFACE;20
7;SECTION I: INTRODUCTORY PAPERS;24
7.1;CHAPTER 1. OPENING ADDRESS;26
7.2;CHAPTER 2. TITANIUM IN U.S.A.;28
7.3;CHAPTER 3. TITANIUM IN EUROPE;34
7.3.1;EUROPE'S ENTRY INTO TITANIUM;34
7.3.2;SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY EUROPE TO TITANIUM;35
7.3.3;SOME OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE PROBLEMS;36
8;SECTION II: PROCESSING OF TITANIUM;42
8.1;PART A: PRIMARY FABRICATION;42
8.1.1;CHAPTER 4. APPLICATION OF SOLIDIFICATION THEORY TO TITANIUM ALLOYS;44
8.1.1.1;INTRODUCTION;44
8.1.1.2;DENDRITIC STRUCTURE;45
8.1.1.3;MICROSEGREGATION;46
8.1.1.4;MACROSEGREGATION;50
8.1.1.5;MEASUREMENTS;54
8.1.1.6;SUMMARY;55
8.1.1.7;REFERENCES;57
8.1.2;CHAPTER 5. RESEARCH ON THE QUALITY OF COMMERCIALLY PURE TITANIUM AND Ti–6A1–4V INGOTS;58
8.1.2.1;COMMERCIALLY PURE TITANIUM INGOTS;58
8.1.2.2;Ti–6A1–4V INGOTS;63
8.1.2.3;REFERENCES;64
8.1.3;CHAPTER 6. CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL MICROINHOMOGENEITY, DIFFUSION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN CONNECTION WITH PHASE TRANSFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS;66
8.1.3.1;REFERENCES;79
8.1.4;CHAPTER 7. CHOICE OF VACUUM-ARC MELTING PARAMETERS TO ENSURE INGOT CHEMICAL HOMOGENEITY;80
8.1.4.1;CONCLUSIONS;88
8.1.4.2;REFERENCES;88
8.1.5;CHAPTER 8. PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT SHAPES FORMED FROM ELECTROSLAG-MELTED TITANIUM;90
8.1.5.1;INTRODUCTION;90
8.1.5.2;PREPARATION OF INGOTS;90
8.1.5.3;FABRICATION;93
8.1.5.4;TESTS AND RESULTS;93
8.1.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;96
8.1.5.6;REFERENCES;97
8.1.6;CHAPTER 9. TITANIUM IN THE U.S.S.R.;98
8.1.6.1;REFERENCES;99
8.2;PART B: SECONDARY FABRICATION;100
8.2.1;CHAPTER 10. FORGINGS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS;102
8.2.1.1;BASIC METALLURGY;102
8.2.1.2;FORGING BEHAVIOUR;102
8.2.1.3;PROBLEMS WITH FORGING TITANIUM ALLOYS;105
8.2.1.4;PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM ALLOY FORGINGS;117
8.2.1.5;SUMMARY;118
8.2.2;CHAPTER 11. THE BETA FORGING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;120
8.2.2.1;INTRODUCTION;120
8.2.2.2;THE EFFECT OF BETA FORGING ON SEVERAL U.S. TITANIUM ALLOYS;120
8.2.2.3;THE EFFECT OF BETA FORGING ON SEVERAL BRITISH TITANIUM ALLOYS AND ONE NEW AMERICAN ALLOY;127
8.2.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;129
8.2.2.5;DISCUSSION;130
8.2.2.6;REFERENCES;132
8.2.3;CHAPTER 12. THE EFFECT OF BETA PROCESSING ON PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;134
8.2.3.1;BETA FORGING;135
8.2.3.2;BETA ROLLING;138
8.2.3.3;BETA HEAT TREATMENT;141
8.2.3.4;SUMMARY;142
8.2.4;CHAPTER 13. HEAVY PRESS FORGING OF LARGE TITANIUM ALLOY PARTS FOR AIRCRAFT AND AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS;144
8.2.4.1;FORGEABILITY OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;145
8.2.4.2;FORGED TITANIUM PARTS;150
8.2.4.3;EFFECTS ON MACHINE TOOL REQUIREMENTS;152
8.2.4.4;THE CASE FOR HIGHER AVAILABLE FORGING PRESSURES;153
8.2.4.5;REFERENCES;154
8.2.5;CHAPTER 14. THE MONO GRAF CASTING PROCESS;156
8.2.5.1;INTRODUCTION;156
8.2.5.2;MOLD PRODUCTION;156
8.2.5.3;CASTING;156
8.2.5.4;FINISHING;158
8.2.5.5;PROPERTIES;161
8.2.5.6;CONFIGURATIONS;163
8.2.5.7;SUMMARY;163
8.2.5.8;REFERENCES;163
8.2.6;CHAPTER 15. PRECISION CASTING OF TITANIUM;166
8.2.6.1;CASTING PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS;166
8.2.6.2;TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR CASTING;167
8.2.6.3;MOULD MATERIALS AND METHODS OF CASTING;167
8.2.6.4;SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF TITANIUM CASTINGS;167
8.2.6.5;FURNACES FOR TITANIUM CASTING;167
8.2.6.6;REFERENCES;170
8.2.7;DISCUSSION;172
8.2.8;DISCUSSION;174
9;SECTION III: CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR;176
9.1;PART A: GENERAL CORROSION AND OXIDATION;176
9.1.1;CHAPTER 16. HYDRIDING OF TITANIUM USED IN CHEMICAL PLANT AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES;178
9.1.1.1;INTRODUCTION;178
9.1.1.2;SERVICE FAILURES;179
9.1.1.3;LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS;185
9.1.1.4;DISCUSSION;192
9.1.1.5;PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS;193
9.1.1.6;REFERENCES;193
9.1.2;CHAPTER 17. ANODIZING OF TITANIUM EQUIPMENT;194
9.1.2.1;INTRODUCTION;194
9.1.2.2;PRECAUTIONS DURING FABRICATION;194
9.1.2.3;ANODIZING;195
9.1.2.4;LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS;195
9.1.2.5;ANODIZING PRACTICE;197
9.1.2.6;PRECAUTIONS;201
9.1.2.7;FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS;201
9.1.3;CHAPTER 18. REACTION RATE OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS WITH TITANIUM LOWER CHLORIDES;202
9.1.3.1;INTRODUCTION;202
9.1.3.2;APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE;203
9.1.3.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;204
9.1.3.4;REFERENCES;211
9.1.4;CHAPTER 19. THE OXIDATION OF TITANIUM FILMS;212
9.1.4.1;INTRODUCTION;212
9.1.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND THE NATURE OF THE TITANIUM FILMS;212
9.1.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;213
9.1.4.4;CONCLUSIONS;219
9.1.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;219
9.1.4.6;REFERENCES;220
9.1.5;CHAPTER 20. AIR CONTAMINATION AND EMBRITTLEMENT OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;222
9.1.5.1;INTRODUCTION;222
9.1.5.2;EXPERIMENTAL METHOD FOR AIR CONTAMINATION RATE DETERMINATION;222
9.1.5.3;MATERIALS AND TEST PROCEDURES;224
9.1.5.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;225
9.1.5.5;COMPARISON OF THE AIR CONTAMINATION RATES IN TITANIUM ALLOYS;227
9.1.5.6;DUCTILITY CORRELATION WITH DEPTH OF AIR CONTAMINATION;229
9.1.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;230
9.1.5.8;REFERENCE;231
9.1.6;CHAPTER 21. CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM– 5% TANTALUM ALLOY IN HOT CONCENTRATED NITRIC ACID;232
9.1.6.1;INTRODUCTION;232
9.1.6.2;MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;232
9.1.6.3;RESULTS;233
9.1.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;238
9.1.6.5;REFERENCE;239
9.1.7;CHAPTER 22. UTILIZATION OF ANODIC BREAKDOWN OF TITANIUM ALLOYS AS A METHOD OF CHARACTERIZATION;240
9.1.7.1;DIRECT UTILITY;242
9.1.7.2;INDIRECT UTILITY;242
9.1.7.3;REFERENCES;246
9.1.8;CHAPTER 23. CORROSION TEST FOR EVALUATING THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM;248
9.1.8.1;INTRODUCTION;248
9.1.8.2;EVALUATION OF THE PASSIVE–ACTIVE TRANSITION;248
9.1.8.3;COMPARISON OF THE CORROSION RATES OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS;252
9.1.8.4;SUMMARY;255
9.1.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;255
9.1.9;CHAPTER 24. TITANIUM ELECTRODE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ELECTROLYTIC MANGANESE DIOXIDE;256
9.1.9.1;REFERENCE;259
9.2;PART B: STRESS CORROSION;260
9.2.1;CHAPTER 25. ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISM IN THE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;262
9.2.1.1;INTRODUCTION;262
9.2.1.2;EVIDENCE FOR HALIDE ION INTERACTION AT CRACK TIP;263
9.2.1.3;EVIDENCE FOR TiO2 AND SOLUBLE TITANIUM IONS;265
9.2.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;268
9.2.1.5;REFERENCES;268
9.2.2;CHAPTER 26. THE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF a-TITANIUM ALLOYS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE;270
9.2.2.1;INTRODUCTION;270
9.2.2.2;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;270
9.2.2.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;270
9.2.2.4;DISCUSSION;273
9.2.2.5;CONCLUSION;280
9.2.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;280
9.2.2.7;REFERENCES;280
9.2.3;CHAPTER 27. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUEOUS STRESS CORROSION IN TITANIUM ALLOYS† (SUMMARY‡);282
9.2.4;CHAPTER 28. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN Ti–8AI–IMo–1V;286
9.2.5;CHAPTER 29. STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS;290
9.2.5.1;INTRODUCTION;290
9.2.5.2;CRACKING OF TITANIUM IN FUMING NITRIC ACID;290
9.2.5.3;OBSERVATIONS ON THE HOT-SALT STRESS CORROSION CRACKING;292
9.2.5.4;OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN NITROGEN TETROXIDE;296
9.2.5.5;OBSERVATIONS ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN METHANOL;298
9.2.5.6;ACCELERATED CRACK PROPAGATION IN TITANIUM ALLOYS EXPOSED TO SEAWATER;299
9.2.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;302
9.2.5.8;REFERENCES;303
9.2.6;CHAPTER 30. STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF TITANIUM AND Ti–Al ALLOYS IN METHANOL–IODINE SOLUTIONS;306
9.2.6.1;INTRODUCTION;306
9.2.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL;306
9.2.6.3;RESULTS;307
9.2.6.4;DISCUSSION;312
9.2.6.5;CONCLUSIONS;313
9.2.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;313
9.2.6.7;REFERENCES;313
9.2.7;CHAPTER 31. EFFECTS OF HALOGEN-CONTAINING HYDROCARBONS UPON STRESSED Ti–6A1–4V ALLOY;316
9.2.7.1;INTRODUCTION;316
9.2.7.2;STRESS CORROSION;316
9.2.7.3;GENERAL CORROSION;320
9.2.7.4;FRACTURE MECHANICS;320
9.2.7.5;SUMMATION;321
9.2.7.6;REFERENCES;321
9.2.8;CHAPTER 32. CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS UNDER STRESS DURING OXIDATION IN AIR;322
9.2.8.1;SUMMARY;329
9.2.8.2;REFERENCES;329
9.2.9;CHAPTER 33. HOT-SALT STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;330
9.2.9.1;INTRODUCTION;330
9.2.9.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;331
9.2.9.3;DISCUSSION;331
9.2.9.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;343
9.2.9.5;REFERENCES;343
9.2.10;DISCUSSION;344
9.2.11;DISCUSSION;347
10;SECTION IV: PHYSICS, THERMODYNAMICS, AND KINETICS;352
10.1;CHAPTER 34. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;354
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;354
10.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS;355
10.1.3;MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND LOW TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC HEAT OF Ti–Al ALLOYS;356
10.1.4;MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND LOW TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC HEAT OF Ti–Mo ALLOYS;363
10.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;368
10.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;370
10.1.7;REFERENCES;370
10.2;CHAPTER 35. THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF Ti Al;372
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;372
10.2.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;372
10.2.3;X-RAY THEORY;374
10.2.4;RESULTS;375
10.2.5;DISCUSSION;379
10.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;380
10.2.7;REFERENCES;380
10.3;CHAPTER 36. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE BODY-CENTERED CUBIC BETA-PHASE IN THE TITANIUM–COPPER AND THE TITANIUM–ALUMINUM SYSTEMS;382
10.3.1;TITANIUM–COPPER;382
10.3.2;TITANIUM–ALUMINIUM;382
10.3.3;ALLOYING BEHAVIOR OF TITANIUM;383
10.3.4;ALLOY DEVELOPMENT;383
10.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;383
10.4;CHAPTER 37. CALCULATION OF REGULAR SOLUTION PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR TITANIUM BASE BINARY SYSTEMS;384
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;384
10.4.2;EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN SOLUTION PHASES;384
10.4.3;COMPOUND PHASE INTRUSION;388
10.4.4;COMPARISON OF COMPUTED AND OBSERVED PHASE DIAGRAMS;390
10.4.5;EXTENSION TO HIGHER ORDER SYSTEMS;394
10.4.6;REFERENCES;394
10.5;CHAPTER 38. THE SINGLE CRYSTAL ELASTIC MODULI OF BETA-TITANIUM AND TITANIUM–CHROMIUM ALLOYS;396
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;396
10.5.2;PROCEDURE;397
10.5.3;RESULTS;399
10.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;403
10.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;404
10.5.6;REFERENCES;404
10.6;CHAPTER 39. COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS ON POINT DEFECT CONFIGURATIONS AND ENERGIES IN Ti–M SYSTEMS;406
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;406
10.6.2;COMPUTATIONAL METHOD;408
10.6.3;POINT DEFECT ENERGIES IN A B2 SUPERLATTICE;410
10.6.4;ANTIPHASE BOUNDARY ENERGIES;414
10.6.5;VACANCY MIGRATION IN AN ANTIPHASE BOUNDARY;414
10.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;415
10.6.7;REFERENCES;415
10.7;CHAPTER 40. BEHAVIOR OF HYDROGEN IN TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS BY INTERNAL FRICTION MEASUREMENT;416
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;416
10.7.2;EXPERIMENTAL;416
10.7.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;417
10.7.4;SUMMARY;423
10.7.5;REFERENCES;423
10.8;CHAPTER 41. STRESS-INDUCED DIFFUSION OF CARBON AND OXYGEN IN TITANIUM;424
10.8.1;INTRODUCTION;424
10.8.2;SPECIMEN PREPARATION;424
10.8.3;TITANIUM–OXYGEN ALLOYS;425
10.8.4;TITANIUM-CARBON ALLOYS;426
10.8.5;TITANIUM-ZIRCONIUM-OXYGEN ALLOYS;427
10.8.6;DISCUSSION;428
10.8.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;428
10.8.8;REFERENCES;428
10.9;INTERACTION OF TITANIUM WITH ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM;430
10.9.1;REFERENCES;440
10.10;DISCUSSION;442
11;SECTION V: DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE;446
11.1;CHAPTER 42. ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF DISLOCATIONS IN TITANIUM;448
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION;448
11.1.2;ANALYSIS;448
11.1.3;COMPUTATION;449
11.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;453
11.1.5;REFERENCES;454
11.2;CHAPTER 43. ELASTIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DISLOCATIONS AND TWIN AND GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN TITANIUM;456
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;456
11.2.2;DISLOCATION IMAGES IN ISOTROPIC MATERIALS;456
11.2.3;PLANE BOUNDARIES IN ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS;457
11.2.4;THE "SOFT" AND "HARD" BOUNDARIES IN hcp METALS;458
11.2.5;TWIN BOUNDARIES IN TITANIUM;461
11.2.6;CONCLUSION;463
11.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;463
11.2.8;REFERENCES;463
11.3;CHAPTER 44. STRAIN DISTRIBUTION IN OXIDIZED ALPHA TITANIUM CRYSTALS;464
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;464
11.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL;465
11.3.3;RESULTS;467
11.3.4;DISCUSSION;470
11.3.5;SUMMARY;474
11.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;474
11.3.7;REFERENCES;474
11.4;CHAPTER 45. THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF DEFORMATION TWINNING IN TITANIUM;476
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;476
11.4.2;SOME POSSIBLE TWINNING MODES IN TITANIUM;476
11.4.3;TWINNING SHUFFLES AND OPERATIVE TWINNING MODES IN TITANIUM;477
11.4.4;TWINNING DISLOCATIONS IN TITANIUM;479
11.4.5;REFERENCES;481
11.5;CHAPTER 46. SLIP MODES AND DISLOCATION SUBSTRUCTURES IN TITANIUM AND TITANIUM–ALUMINUM SINGLE CRYSTALS;482
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;482
11.5.2;EXPERIMENTAL;483
11.5.3;DATA AND OBSERVATIONS;484
11.5.4;DISCUSSION;495
11.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;499
11.5.6;REFERENCES;499
11.6;CHAPTER 47. INTERSTITIAL STRENGTHENING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;502
11.6.1;INTRODUCTION;502
11.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL DATA: THERMALLY ACTIVATED DEFORMATION;502
11.6.3;INTERACTION BETWEEN DISLOCATIONS AND INTERSTITIAL SOLUTES;507
11.6.4;CONCLUSION;510
11.6.5;REFERENCES;510
11.7;CHAPTER 48. EFFECTS OF INTERSTITIAL CONTENT AND GRAIN SIZE ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ALPHA TITANIUM BELOW 0.4Tm;512
11.7.1;INTRODUCTION;512
11.7.2;MATERIALS AND TESTING PROCEDURE;512
11.7.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;513
11.7.4;DISCUSSION;522
11.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;524
11.7.6;REFERENCES;524
11.8;CHAPTER 49. ATHERMAL PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN COMMERCIAL PURITY TITANIUM;526
11.8.1;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;529
11.8.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;531
11.8.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;538
11.8.4;REFERENCES;538
11.9;CHAPTER 50. EFFECT OF CYCLIC STRESSES ON UNALLOYED POLYCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM;540
11.9.1;INTRODUCTION;540
11.9.2;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE;541
11.9.3;RESULTS;541
11.9.4;DISCUSSION;545
11.9.5;CONCLUSIONS;556
11.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;557
11.9.7;REFERENCES;557
11.10;CHAPTER 51. FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF ALPHA-TITANIUM AND ALPHA-TITANIUM–HYDROGEN ALLOYS;558
11.10.1;INTRODUCTION;558
11.10.2;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES;558
11.10.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;559
11.10.4;DISCUSSION;561
11.10.5;CONCLUSIONS;566
11.10.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;566
11.10.7;REFERENCES;566
11.11;CHAPTER 52. DEFORMATION-ASSISTED NUCLEATION OF TITANIUM HYDRIDE IN AN ALPHA–BETA TITANIUM ALLOY;568
11.11.1;INTRODUCTION;568
11.11.2;EXPERIMENTAL;569
11.11.3;RESULTS;571
11.11.4;DISCUSSION;577
11.11.5;CONCLUSIONS;578
11.11.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;578
11.11.7;REFERENCES;578
11.12;CHAPTER 53. THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR IN ALPHA–TITANIUM-HYDROGEN ALLOYS;580
11.12.1;REFERENCE;583
11.13;CHAPTER 54. HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS;584
11.13.1;INTRODUCTION;584
11.13.2;1. NATURE OF EMBRITTLEMENT OF THE FIRST TYPE;585
11.13.3;2. HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF THE SECOND TYPE;588
11.13.4;CONCLUSIONS;598
11.13.5;REFERENCES;598
11.14;CHAPTER 55. HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF TITANIUM AS A PART OF THE PROBLEM OF THE BRITTLE-DUCTILE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF METALS;600
11.14.1;MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHOD;600
11.14.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;601
11.14.3;CONCLUSIONS;603
11.14.4;REFERENCES;604
11.15;CHAPTER 56. PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS DURING WELDING AND THE MECHANISM OF DELAYED CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;606
11.15.1;I. PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE DURING WELDING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;606
11.15.2;II. DELAYED FAILURE AND COLD CRACKING WHEN WELDING TITANIUM ALLOYS;606
11.15.3;III. MECHANICAL-THERMAL TREATMENT OF TITANIUM ALLOYS AND ITS WELDED JOINTS;612
11.15.4;REFERENCES;619
11.16;CHAPTER 57. TRANSFORMATION PLASTICITY OF TITANIUM;620
11.16.1;INTRODUCTION;620
11.16.2;EXPERIMENTAL;621
11.16.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;621
11.16.4;SUMMARY;628
11.16.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;628
11.16.6;REFERENCES;628
11.17;CHAPTER 58. THE HOT PLASTICITY OF Ti–6Al–4V;630
11.17.1;INTRODUCTION;630
11.17.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;631
11.17.3;RESULTS;631
11.17.4;DISCUSSION;634
11.17.5;CONCLUSIONS;636
11.17.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;636
11.17.7;REFERENCES;636
11.18;CHAPTER 59. SUPERPLASTICITY IN TITANIUM;638
11.18.1;THEORETICAL APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE FORMING PROCESS;638
11.18.2;DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS;642
11.18.3;FINAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSION;645
11.18.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;646
11.18.5;REFERENCES;646
11.19;DISCUSSION;648
12;SECTION VI: PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND HEAT TREATMENT;654
12.1;PART A: PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS;654
12.1.1;CHAPTER 60. SOME ASPECTS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS;656
12.1.1.1;I. MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS;656
12.1.1.2;II. DECOMPOSITION OF METASTABLE ß-PHASES;658
12.1.1.3;III. ORDERING IN THE a-PHASE;662
12.1.1.4;REFERENCES;665
12.1.2;CHAPTER 61. MECHANISM OF THE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION IN TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS;668
12.1.2.1;INTRODUCTION;668
12.1.2.2;BRIEF PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS;670
12.1.2.3;THE bcc TO hcp TRANSFORMATION;671
12.1.2.4;THE bcc TO fcc TRANSFORMATION;676
12.1.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;679
12.1.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;679
12.1.2.7;REFERENCES;679
12.1.3;CHAPTER 62. MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS;682
12.1.3.1;INTRODUCTION;682
12.1.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL;683
12.1.3.3;RESULTS;685
12.1.3.4;THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF THE TWINNED HEXAGONAL MARTENSITES;692
12.1.3.5;DISCUSSION OF THE ß . a TRANSFORMATION;693
12.1.3.6;THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF THE fcc MARTENSITES;695
12.1.3.7;DISCUSSION OF THE ß . fcc TRANSFORMATION;698
12.1.3.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;698
12.1.3.9;REFERENCES;699
12.1.4;CHAPTER 63. THE EFFECT OF COOLING RATE ON THE BETA TRANSFORMATION IN TITANIUM–NIOBIUM AND TITANIUM–ALUMINIUM ALLOYS;700
12.1.4.1;INTRODUCTION;700
12.1.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;700
12.1.4.3;RESULTS;703
12.1.4.4;DISCUSSION;708
12.1.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;712
12.1.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;712
12.1.4.7;REFERENCES;713
12.1.5;CHAPTER 64. THERMODYNAMICS OF THE Ms POINTS IN TITANIUM ALLOYS;714
12.1.5.1;INTRODUCTION;714
12.1.5.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;714
12.1.5.3;DISCUSSION;715
12.1.5.4;REFERENCES;716
12.1.6;CHAPTER 65. CONTINUOUS COOLING-TRANSFORMATION OF ß-PHASE IN BINARY TITANIUM ALLOYS;718
12.1.6.1;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;718
12.1.6.2;REFERENCES;721
12.1.7;CHAPTER 66. PHASE TRANSFORMATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS BY MEANS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSFORMATION APPARATUS;722
12.1.7.1;EXPERIMENT;722
12.1.7.2;RESULTS;723
12.1.7.3;SUMMARY;733
12.1.7.4;REFERENCES;733
12.1.8;CHAPTER 67. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OMEGA PHASE;734
12.1.8.1;INTRODUCTION;734
12.1.8.2;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES;735
12.1.8.3;RESULTS;735
12.1.8.4;DISCUSSION;740
12.1.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;741
12.1.8.6;REFERENCES;741
12.1.9;CHAPTER 68. THE STABILITY OF THE OMEGA PHASE IN TITANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS;742
12.1.9.1;INTRODUCTION;742
12.1.9.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;742
12.1.9.3;THE FORMATION OF OMEGA ON QUENCHING;746
12.1.9.4;THE FORMATION OF OMEGA UNDER ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS;750
12.1.9.5;CRITERIA FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF OMEGA;751
12.1.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;752
12.1.9.7;REFERENCES;752
12.1.10;CHAPTER 69. NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE OMEGA PHASE;754
12.1.10.1;REFERENCES;755
12.1.10.2;CHAPTER 69. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN TITANIUM–COPPER ALLOYS;756
12.1.10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;756
12.1.10.2.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;756
12.1.10.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;756
12.1.10.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;766
12.1.10.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;766
12.1.10.2.6;REFERENCES;766
12.1.11;CHAPTER 70. PHASE RELATIONSHIPS IN TITANIUM–OXYGEN ALLOYS;768
12.1.11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;768
12.1.11.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;768
12.1.11.3;3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;769
12.1.11.4;4. THE Ti–O PHASE DIAGRAM;781
12.1.11.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;785
12.1.11.6;REFERENCES;786
12.2;PART B: EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;788
12.2.1;CHAPTER 71. THE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION IN TITANIUM BINARY ALLOYS AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;790
12.2.1.1;INTRODUCTION;790
12.2.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;790
12.2.1.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;791
12.2.1.4;DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS;794
12.2.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;800
12.2.1.6;REFERENCES;800
12.2.2;CHAPTER 72. USING OF THE JOMINY TEST TO COMPARE THE QUENCH HARDENABILITIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS Ti–6Al–4V AND Ti–6Al–6V–2Sn;802
12.2.3;CHAPTER 73. A STUDY OF THE AGE HARDENING REACTION IN TITANIUM –21/2% COPPER;806
12.2.3.1;INTRODUCTION;806
12.2.3.2;PRECIPITATION IN TITANIUM –21/2% COPPER;807
12.2.3.3;AGEING AT 400°C;809
12.2.3.4;DUPLEX AGEING;812
12.2.3.5;PRACTICAL AGE HARDENING PROCEDURE;814
12.2.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;816
12.2.3.7;REFERENCES;816
12.2.4;CHAPTER 74. THERMO-MECHANICAL STRENGTHENING OF HIGH STRENGTH TITANIUM ALLOYS;818
12.2.4.1;INTRODUCTION;818
12.2.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM;819
12.2.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;820
12.2.4.4;SUMMARY;830
12.2.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;830
12.2.4.6;REFERENCES;830
12.2.5;CHAPTER 75. THE THEORETICAL BASES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGH-STRENGTH METASTABLE ß-ALLOYS OF TITANIUM;832
12.2.5.1;REFERENCES;837
12.2.6;CHAPTER 76. STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS DURING THE HEAT TREATMENT OF THREE TITANIUM ALLOYS—Ti–6Al–4V, Ti–6Al–6V-2Sn AND Ti–8Al–lV–1Mo;838
12.2.7;CHAPTER 77. STRENGTHENING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS BY SHOCK DEFORMATION;840
12.2.7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;840
12.2.7.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;841
12.2.7.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;842
12.2.7.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;850
12.2.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;851
12.2.7.6;REFERENCES;851
12.2.8;CHAPTER 78. LONG TIME STABILITY OF Ti–
679 AFTER CREEP EXPOSURE FOR TIMES TO 15,000 HOURS;852
12.2.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;852
12.2.8.2;2. TESTING BACKGROUND;853
12.2.8.3;3. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;853
12.2.8.4;SUMMARY;860
12.2.8.5;REFERENCES;860
12.2.9;CHAPTER 79. EFFECT OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE ON THE ROOM TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS 8AI–IMo-IV, 6A1–4V AND 4Al–3Mo–lV;862
12.2.10;CHAPTER 80. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM WELDS;866
12.2.10.1;REFERENCES;869
12.3;DISCUSSION;870
12.4;DISCUSSION;871
13;SECTION VII: ALLOYING OF TITANIUM;872
13.1;PART A: ALLOY THEORY AND PROPERTIES;872
13.1.1;CHAPTER 81. TITANIUM ALLOYING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE;874
13.1.1.1;INTRODUCTION;874
13.1.1.2;DISCUSSION;874
13.1.1.3;CONCLUSIONS;882
13.1.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;882
13.1.1.5;REFERENCES;882
13.1.2;CHAPTER 82. THE EFFECT OF THE GROUP III ELEMENTS Al, Ga AND In ON THE CREEP AND STRESS RUPTURE OF TITANIUM AT 500°C;884
13.1.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;884
13.1.2.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;886
13.1.2.3;3. RESULTS;888
13.1.2.4;4. DISCUSSION;894
13.1.2.5;5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;895
13.1.2.6;REFERENCES;895
13.1.3;CHAPTER 83. STRUCTURE AND CREEP PROPERTIES OF Ti7NbAl3-BASE ALLOYS;898
13.1.3.1;REFERENCES;901
13.1.4;CHAPTER 84. THE INFLUENCE OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FORGED ALPHA/BETA TITANIUM ALLOYS;902
13.1.4.1;THERMAL TREATMENTS ON FORGED BAR IN IMI.314A AND IMI.318A;902
13.1.4.2;BETA FORGING OF IMI.679;905
13.1.4.3;DEFINING OF ACCEPTABLE MICROSTRUCTURES IN IMI.679 AND HYLITE 50;906
13.1.4.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;911
13.1.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;912
13.1.4.6;REFERENCES;912
13.1.5;CHAPTER 85. PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF Ti–5Al–2Cr–lFe ALLOY (KS150B);914
13.1.5.1;PROPERTIES;914
13.1.5.2;APPLICATIONS;916
13.1.6;CHAPTER 86. INFLUENCE OF CARBON AND OXYGEN ON SOME EXPLORATORY ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH ALPHA–BETA TITANIUM ALLOYS;920
13.1.6.1;REFERENCES;922
13.1.7;CHAPTER 87. THE EFFECT OF FABRICATION VARIABLES ON THE PROPERTIES OF AGE-HARDENED TITANIUM–2 1/2% COPPER;924
13.1.7.1;INTRODUCTION;924
13.1.7.2;EFFECT OF COLD WORK ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES;924
13.1.7.3;EFFECT OF WARM WORK ON PROPERTIES;927
13.1.7.4;THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS WELDING AND HEAT TREATMENT PROCEDURES ON THE PROPERTIES OF SHEET;929
13.1.7.5;EFFECT OF SEVERAL POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENTS OF 24hr 400°C PLUS 4hr 475°C ON THE PROPERTIES OF DUPLEX-AGED SHEET;930
13.1.7.6;CONCLUSIONS;931
13.1.7.7;APPENDIX MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;931
13.1.7.8;REFERENCE;932
13.1.8;CHAPTER 88. THE WELDABILITY, TENSILE AND FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF SOME TITANIUM ALLOYS†;934
13.1.8.1;INTRODUCTION;934
13.1.8.2;ALLOYS;934
13.1.8.3;WELDING;935
13.1.8.4;TENSILE PROPERTIES;935
13.1.8.5;METALLOGRAPHY;938
13.1.8.6;FATIGUE PROPERTIES;941
13.1.8.7;CONCLUSIONS;944
13.1.8.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;945
13.1.8.9;REFERENCES;945
13.1.9;CHAPTER 89. THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF A HIGH STRENGTH TITANIUM ALLOY (IMI.680);946
13.1.9.1;I. INTRODUCTION;946
13.1.9.2;II. MATERIAL;946
13.1.9.3;III. TESTING;947
13.1.9.4;IV. RESULTS;951
13.1.9.5;V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;952
13.1.9.6;VI. CONCLUSIONS;954
13.1.9.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;954
13.1.9.8;REFERENCES;954
13.1.10;CHAPTER 90. ELASTICITY OF TITANIUM SHEET ALLOYS;956
13.1.10.1;INTRODUCTION;956
13.1.10.2;BACKGROUND;956
13.1.10.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;960
13.1.10.4;DISCUSSION;961
13.1.10.5;CONCLUSIONS;963
13.1.10.6;REFERENCES;963
13.2;PART B: ALLOY DEVELOPMENT;966
13.2.1;CHAPTER 91. THE ROLE OF DEPTH HARDENABILITY IN THE SELECTION OF HIGH STRENGTH ALLOYS FOR AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS;968
13.2.1.1;INTRODUCTION;968
13.2.1.2;FACTORS AFFECTING HARDENABILITY;968
13.2.1.3;SECTION THICKNESS VERSUS TENSILE STRENGTH FOR A VARIETY OF ALLOYS;973
13.2.1.4;TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPONENTS OF SELECTED ALLOYS;975
13.2.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;980
13.2.1.6;REFERENCE;980
13.2.2;CHAPTER 92. METALLURGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF Ti–8Mo–8V–2Fe–3Al SHEET, PLATE AND FORGINGS;982
13.2.2.1;INTRODUCTION;982
13.2.2.2;OBJECTIVE;982
13.2.2.3;SELECTION OF Ti–8Mo–8V–2Fe–3Al;983
13.2.2.4;EVALUATION OF MILL-PRODUCED Ti–8Mo-8V–2Fe–3Al;983
13.2.2.5;SUMMARY;991
13.2.3;CHAPTER 93. HIGH STRENGTH TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR AIRCRAFT GAS TURBINE APPLICATION;992
13.2.3.1;INTRODUCTION;992
13.2.3.2;MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE;992
13.2.3.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;994
13.2.3.4;CONCLUSIONS;1000
13.2.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;1001
13.2.3.6;REFERENCES;1001
13.2.4;CHAPTER 94. A STUDY OF THE METALLURGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Ti–6Al–6V–2Sn ALLOY;1002
13.2.5;CHAPTER 95. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPERIOR TITANIUM-BASE ALLOY FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS;1006
13.2.6;CHAPTER 96. EXPLOITATION OF A SIMPLE ALPHA TITANIUM ALLOY BASE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLOYS OF DIVERSE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;1010
13.2.6.1;INTRODUCTION;1010
13.2.6.2;HEAT TREATMENT AND SELECTION OF AN ALPHA BASE;1010
13.2.6.3;ALLOYING OF THE ALPHA BASE;1013
13.2.6.4;A CREEP ALLOY FOR USE AT 500°C;1014
13.2.6.5;A HEAT TREATABLE ALPHA-BETA ALLOY;1015
13.2.6.6;AN ALLOY TO COMBINE TENSILE STRENGTH WITH CREEP RESISTANCE AT 400-450°C;1019
13.2.6.7;COMPARISON OF THREE ALLOYS;1022
13.2.7;CHAPTER 97. CREEP-RESISTANT TITANIUM ALLOYS;1024
13.2.7.1;ALLOY DEVELOPMENT;1024
13.2.7.2;PROPERTIES;1027
13.2.7.3;COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES;1029
13.2.7.4;REFERENCES;1031
13.3;DISCUSSION;1032
14;SECTION VIII: APPLICATIONS;1034
14.1;PART A: TECHNIQUES AND PROCESSES;1034
14.1.1;CHAPTER 98. FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF TITANIUM ALLOY FORGINGS FOR ROTARY WING VEHICLES;1036
14.1.1.1;INTRODUCTION;1036
14.1.1.2;FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS;1036
14.1.1.3;SUMMARY;1044
14.1.1.4;REFERENCES;1044
14.1.2;CHAPTER 99. HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRON BEAM WELDING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN PARTIAL VACUUM;1046
14.1.2.1;ELECTRON-BEAM WELDING;1046
14.1.2.2;PARTIAL VACUUM SYSTEMS;1046
14.1.2.3;PROCEDURE;1048
14.1.2.4;RESULTS;1048
14.1.2.5;FUSION ZONE GEOMETRY;1052
14.1.2.6;WIRE FEED;1056
14.1.2.7;QUALITY OF WELDS;1056
14.1.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;1057
14.1.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;1059
14.1.3;CHAPTER 100. POROSITY IN ARGON ARC WELDS IN TITANIUM;1060
14.1.3.1;INTRODUCTION;1060
14.1.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;1060
14.1.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;1061
14.1.3.4;DISCUSSION;1067
14.1.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;1068
14.1.3.6;REFERENCES;1069
14.1.4;CHAPTER 101. SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF TITANIUM;1070
14.1.5;CHAPTER 102. TITANIUM HOT FORMING;1072
14.1.6;CHAPTER 103. FORMING Ti–6A1–4V SHEET METAL IN FOUR HEAT TREATED CONDITIONS;1076
14.1.6.1;INTRODUCTION;1076
14.1.6.2;OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK;1077
14.1.6.3;FORMABILITY STUDY;1078
14.1.6.4;PROPERTIES BEFORE AND AFTER FORMING;1078
14.1.6.5;PROBLEMS OF HOLDING SHAPE;1079
14.1.6.6;PERMITTED SEVERITY IN FORMING;1081
14.1.6.7;PROPERTIES AT FORMING TEMPERATURE;1082
14.1.6.8;MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SHEET METAL PARTS, CONFIGURATION;1083
14.1.6.9;RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE;1085
14.1.6.10;FABRICATION OF CONFIGURATION 2 TEST PART;1085
14.1.6.11;INFLUENCE OF GRAIN DIRECTION;1085
14.1.6.12;CONCLUSION;1086
14.1.6.13;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1086
14.1.7;CHAPTER 104. ON THE EXPLOSIVE BONDING AND FORMING OF TITANIUM;1088
14.1.7.1;INTRODUCTION;1088
14.1.7.2;ON THE LINING BY EXPLOSIVE BONDING;1088
14.1.7.3;ON THE LINING BY EXPLOSIVE FORMING;1093
14.1.8;CHAPTER 105. THE PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME WEAR RESISTANT COATINGS ON TITANIUM–4% MOLYBDENUM–4% ALUMINUM–2% TIN ALLOY (HYLITE 50);1104
14.1.8.1;INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY;1104
14.1.8.2;MATERIALS;1104
14.1.8.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;1105
14.1.8.4;PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE OF SURFACE COATINGS;1106
14.1.8.5;DISCUSSION;1115
14.1.8.6;CONCLUSIONS;1117
14.1.8.7;REFERENCES;1117
14.1.8.8;APPENDIX;1118
14.2;PART B: APPLICATIONS EXPERIENCE;1120
14.2.1;CHAPTER 106. TITANIUM IN JET ENGINES;1122
14.2.1.1;INTRODUCTION;1122
14.2.1.2;USAGE AND BENEFITS;1122
14.2.1.3;TITANIUM PROBLEMS;1131
14.2.1.4;TITANIUM ALLOYS AND COMPETITION;1134
14.2.1.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION;1136
14.2.1.6;REFERENCES;1137
14.2.2;CHAPTER 107. THE APPLICATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN THE OLYMPUS 593 ENGINE FOR THE CONCORDE SST;1140
14.2.2.1;CHOICE OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN THE OLYMPUS 593;1140
14.2.2.2;THE MANIPULATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS;1146
14.2.2.3;MACHINING;1146
14.2.2.4;FORGING;1147
14.2.2.5;FORMING;1147
14.2.2.6;WELDING;1148
14.2.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;1148
14.2.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1148
14.2.3;CHAPTER 108. TITANIUM METAL FABRICATIONS IN AERO ENGINES;1150
14.2.3.1;INTRODUCTION;1150
14.2.3.2;FABRICATION ALLOYS;1151
14.2.3.3;DEFORMATION OF SHEET;1152
14.2.3.4;FUSION WELDING;1155
14.2.3.5;RESISTANCE WELDING;1162
14.2.3.6;HEAT TREATMENT;1162
14.2.3.7;PERFORMANCE IN SERVICE;1163
14.2.3.8;SUMMARY;1164
14.2.3.9;APPENDIX: ETCHING REAGENT COMBINATION TO REVEAL AIR CONTAMINATED WELD METAL IN TITANIUM;1164
14.2.4;CHAPTER 109. TITANIUM APPLICATIONS FOR SUPERSONIC AIRPLANES;1166
14.2.4.1;MATERIAL SELECTION;1166
14.2.4.2;TITANIUM APPLICATIONS;1167
14.2.4.3;RAW MATERIAL PROCESSING;1168
14.2.4.4;MANUFACTURING PROCESSES;1169
14.2.4.5;TITANIUM IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED;1169
14.2.5;CHAPTER 110. FUTURE POSSIBILITIES FOR TITANIUM IN PRIMARY AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES;1172
14.2.5.1;DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS;1172
14.2.5.2;DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME;1172
14.2.5.3;PROJECT STUDIES;1173
14.2.5.4;OVERALL ECONOMICS;1174
14.2.6;CHAPTER 111. MARINE APPLICATIONS OF TITANIUM;1176
14.2.6.1;INTRODUCTION;1176
14.2.6.2;MACHINERY AND HARDWARE APPLICATIONS;1176
14.2.6.3;STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS;1181
14.2.6.4;CLOSURE ;1182
14.2.6.5;REFERENCES;1182
14.2.7;CHAPTER 112. TITANIUM APPLICATIONS—U.S. ARMY;1184
14.2.7.1;REFERENCES;1189
14.2.7.2;APPENDIX;1189
14.2.8;CHAPTER 113. TITANIUM IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES TODAY;1192
14.2.8.1;HEAT EXCHANGERS;1192
14.2.8.2;COILS;1193
14.2.8.3;HEATING PLATES;1193
14.2.8.4;VESSELS;1193
14.2.8.5;ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICAL MACHINERY;1194
14.2.8.6;THE FUTURE;1195
14.2.8.7;SUMMARY;1195
14.2.9;CHAPTER 114. TITANIUM ALLOY PRESSURE VESSELS IN THE MANNED SPACE PROGRAM;1198
14.2.9.1;INTRODUCTION;1198
14.2.9.2;STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN NITROGEN TETROXIDE;1200
14.2.9.3;STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN METHYL ALCOHOL;1206
14.2.9.4;CONCLUSIONS;1208
14.2.9.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;1209
14.2.9.6;REFERENCES;1209
14.2.10;DISCUSSION;1210
14.2.11;DISCUSSION;1212
15;NAME INDEX;1214
16;SUBJECT INDEX;1220