Jia Modern Earthquake Engineering

Offshore and Land-based Structures
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-642-31854-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 859 Seiten

This book addresses applications of earthquake engineering for both offshore and land-based structures. It is self-contained as a reference work and covers a wide range of topics, including topics related to engineering seismology, geotechnical earthquake engineering, structural engineering, as well as special contents dedicated to design philosophy, determination of ground motions, shock waves, tsunamis, earthquake damage, seismic response of offshore and arctic structures, spatial varied ground motions, simplified and advanced seismic analysis methods, sudden subsidence of offshore platforms, tank liquid impacts during earthquakes, seismic resistance of non-structural elements, and various types of mitigation measures, etc. The target readership includes professionals in offshore and civil engineering, officials and regulators, as well as researchers and students in this field.

Dr. Junbo Jia is an engineering expert at Aker Solutions, Norway. He is currently a committee member of ISO TC67/SC7 Fixed Steel Structures and an invited member of Eurocode 3. He has been invited as speakers, lecturers for industry training and university graduate courses, and permanent members of PhD examination committees by various organizations and research institutes. Dr. Junbo Jia is authors of two other Springer engineering monographs on Applied Dynamic Analysis, and Foundation Dynamics and Modeling. He is currently an editor of a handbook volume: Structural Engineering in Vibrations, Dynamics and Impacts to be published by CRC press in 2018.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jia, Junbo

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;About this Book;11
3;Contents;12
4;1 Introduction;23
4.1;1.1 Historical Earthquake Events;23
4.2;1.2 Consequences of Earthquakes;27
4.3;1.3 Benefits of Earthquakes;40
4.4;1.4 Causes of Earthquakes;41
4.4.1;1.4.1 Tectonic-Related Earthquakes and the Elastic Rebound Theory;42
4.4.2;1.4.2 Volcanic Earthquakes;47
4.4.3;1.4.3 Human Induced/Triggered Earthquakes;49
4.4.4;1.4.4 Ice Induced Earthquakes;55
4.5;1.5 Faults;56
4.6;1.6 Tectonic Plate Boundaries and Fault Zones;62
4.6.1;1.6.1 Spreading Zones;63
4.6.2;1.6.2 Subduction Zones;66
4.6.2.1;1.6.2.1 Introduction to Subduction Zones;66
4.6.2.2;1.6.2.2 Convergent Boundary;66
4.6.3;1.6.3 Transform Fault Zones;70
4.6.4;1.6.4 Intraplates;71
4.6.5;1.6.5 Relation of Plate Boundaries with Earthquake Occurrences;73
4.7;1.7 Earthquake Mitigation Measures and Modern Earthquake Engineering;74
4.8;1.8 Earthquake Prediction and Forecast;78
4.8.1;1.8.1 Earthquake Prediction;78
4.8.2;1.8.2 Earthquake Forecast;81
4.8.3;1.8.3 The Social and Economic Impact of Earthquake Predictions;81
4.9;1.9 Motivations of Offshore Earthquake Engineering;83
4.10;1.10 Closing Remarks;90
4.11;References;90
5;2 Offshore Structures Versus Land-Based Structures;95
5.1;2.1 Introduction to Offshore Structures;95
5.1.1;2.1.1 Offshore Platforms;95
5.1.2;2.1.2 Offshore Wind Turbine Substructures and Foundations;103
5.2;2.2 Accounting of Dynamics in the Concept Design of Structures;109
5.2.1;2.2.1 Dynamics Versus Statics;109
5.2.2;2.2.2 Characteristics of Dynamic Responses;114
5.2.3;2.2.3 Frequency Range of Dynamic Loading;119
5.3;2.3 Difference Between Offshore and Land-Based Structures;124
5.4;References;128
6;3 Characterize Ground Motions;129
6.1;3.1 Definition of Earthquake Locations;129
6.2;3.2 Seismic Waves;129
6.2.1;3.2.1 Body Waves;130
6.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 P-Wave;130
6.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 S-Wave;132
6.2.2;3.2.2 Surface Waves;135
6.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Love Wave (LQ or G);136
6.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Rayleigh Wave (LR or R);136
6.2.3;3.2.3 Guided Waves;139
6.3;3.3 Measuring Seismic Motions Using Seismogram;141
6.3.1;3.3.1 Measurement Using Seismograph;141
6.3.2;3.3.2 Torsional Seismic Motions;146
6.4;3.4 Magnitude and Intensity;146
6.4.1;3.4.1 Magnitude;147
6.4.1.1;3.4.1.1 Richter (Local) Magnitude;147
6.4.1.2;3.4.1.2 Surface Wave Magnitude;149
6.4.1.3;3.4.1.3 Body Wave Magnitude;151
6.4.1.4;3.4.1.4 Moment Magnitude;152
6.4.1.5;3.4.1.5 Saturation of Magnitude Measures;154
6.4.2;3.4.2 Intensity Categories;156
6.5;3.5 Non-stationary and Peak Ground Motions;159
6.5.1;3.5.1 Peak Ground Motions and Its Relationship with Magnitude and Intensity;159
6.5.2;3.5.2 Contribution of Body and Surface Wave to Ground Motions;162
6.5.3;3.5.3 Moving Resonance;163
6.6;3.6 Attenuation Relationship and Uncertainties;164
6.7;3.7 Duration of Ground Motions;174
6.7.1;3.7.1 Effects of Ground Motion Durations;174
6.7.2;3.7.2 Definition of Ground Motion Duration;176
6.7.2.1;3.7.2.1 Bracketed Duration;176
6.7.2.2;3.7.2.2 Significant Duration;177
6.7.2.3;3.7.2.3 Uniform Duration;178
6.7.3;3.7.3 Approximation of Ground Motion Duration;179
6.7.3.1;3.7.3.1 Factors Affecting the Ground Motion Duration;179
6.7.3.2;3.7.3.2 Estimation of Ground Motion Duration;181
6.8;3.8 Source of Ground Motion Recording Data;184
6.9;References;184
7;4 Determination of Site Specific Earthquake Ground Motions;191
7.1;4.1 From Fault Rupture to Seismic Design;191
7.2;4.2 Site Period;197
7.2.1;4.2.1 General;197
7.2.2;4.2.2 Influence of Soil Depth on the Site Period;201
7.3;4.3 Site Response and Soil–Structure Interactions;204
7.3.1;4.3.1 General;204
7.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 Direct Analysis Approach;205
7.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 Substructure Approach;205
7.3.2;4.3.2 Kinematic Interaction;207
7.3.3;4.3.3 Subgrade Impedances and Damping;208
7.3.4;4.3.4 Inertial Interaction;208
7.3.5;4.3.5 Effects of Soil–Structure Interaction;209
7.3.6;4.3.6 Characteristics of Site Responses;210
7.3.6.1;4.3.6.1 Horizontal Ground Motions;210
7.3.6.2;4.3.6.2 Vertical Ground Motions;211
7.3.7;4.3.7 Effects of Topographic and Subsurface Irregularities;212
7.3.7.1;4.3.7.1 General;212
7.3.7.2;4.3.7.2 Effects of Irregular Surface Topology;212
7.3.7.3;4.3.7.3 Effects of Subsurface Irregularity;214
7.3.8;4.3.8 Applicability of One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Site Response Analysis;216
7.3.9;4.3.9 Linear, Equivalent Linear or Non-linear Soil Modeling;217
7.3.10;4.3.10 Location to Input Seimsic Motions for a Site Response Analysis;219
7.4;4.4 Water Column Effects on Vertical Ground Excitations;219
7.5;References;220
8;5 Representation of Earthquake Ground Motions;224
8.1;5.1 General;224
8.2;5.2 Earthquake Excitations Versus Dynamic Ocean Wave, Wind, and Ice Loading;225
8.3;5.3 Power Spectrum of Seismic Ground Motions;228
8.3.1;5.3.1 Introduction to Fourier and Power Spectrum;228
8.3.1.1;5.3.1.1 Fourier Spectrum;228
8.3.1.2;5.3.1.2 Power Spectrum Density;232
8.3.2;5.3.2 Power Spectrum of Seismic Ground Motions;236
8.4;5.4 Response Spectrum;239
8.4.1;5.4.1 Background;239
8.4.2;5.4.2 Elastic Response and Design Spectrum;241
8.4.2.1;5.4.2.1 Elastic Response Spectrum;241
8.4.2.2;5.4.2.2 Elastic Design Spectrum;250
8.4.2.3;5.4.2.3 Effects of Damping;257
8.4.2.4;5.4.2.4 Shear Wave Velocity Estimation with Shallow Soil Depth or Soils and Rock Below 30 m;259
8.4.3;5.4.3 Ductility-Modified (Inelastic) Design Spectrum Method;260
8.4.3.1;5.4.3.1 Ductility for Elastic-Perfect-Plastic Structures;260
8.4.3.2;5.4.3.2 Construction Ductility-Modified (Inelastic) Design Spectrum Method;264
8.4.4;5.4.4 Vertical Response Spectrum;266
8.5;5.5 Time History Method;270
8.5.1;5.5.1 General Method;270
8.5.2;5.5.2 Drift Phenomenon and Its Correction;271
8.6;5.6 Wavelet Transform Method;275
8.7;References;282
9;6 Determining Response Spectra by Design Codes;288
9.1;6.1 General;288
9.2;6.2 Code Based Simplified Method for Calculating the Response Spectrum;289
9.2.1;6.2.1 Construction of Design Spectrum in Eurocode 8 for Land-Based Structure;290
9.2.2;6.2.2 Construction of Design Spectrum in ISO 19901 and Norsok for Offshore Structures;293
9.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Design Spectrum by ISO 19901;294
9.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Design Spectrum by Norsok N-003;298
9.3;References;301
10;7 Record Selection for Performing Site Specific Response Analysis;302
10.1;7.1 General;302
10.2;7.2 Selections of Motion Recordings;303
10.3;7.3 Modification of the Recordings to Fit into the Design Rock Spectrum;304
10.3.1;7.3.1 Direct Scaling;304
10.3.2;7.3.2 Spectrum/Spectral Matching;304
10.3.3;7.3.3 Pros and Cons of Direct Scaling and Spectrum Matching;308
10.4;7.4 Performing the Site Response Analysis Using Modified/Matched Recordings;309
10.5;References;311
11;8 Spatial Varied (Asynchronous) Ground Motion;313
11.1;8.1 General;313
11.2;8.2 Cross-Covariance, Cross-Spectra Density Function and Coherence Function;317
11.2.1;8.2.1 Cross-Covariance in Time Domain;317
11.2.2;8.2.2 Cross-Spectra Density in the Frequency Domain;318
11.2.3;8.2.3 Coherence Function in the Frequency Domain;318
11.3;8.3 Simulation of SVEGM;320
11.4;8.4 Effects of SVEGM;324
11.5;References;328
12;9 Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment;331
12.1;9.1 Seismic Hazard Analysis;331
12.1.1;9.1.1 Introduction;331
12.1.2;9.1.2 Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA);333
12.1.3;9.1.3 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA);335
12.1.3.1;9.1.3.1 Define Earthquake Source and Geometry;336
12.1.3.2;9.1.3.2 Establish Attenuation Relationship;341
12.1.3.3;9.1.3.3 Develop Seismic Hazard Curve;342
12.1.3.4;9.1.3.4 Construction of Spectra Acceleration at Discreted Periods;349
12.1.4;9.1.4 Deaggregation (Disaggregation) in PSHA for Multiple Sources;352
12.1.5;9.1.5 Logic Tree Method;356
12.2;9.2 Seismic Hazard Map;358
12.3;9.3 Apply PSHA for Engineering Design;362
12.4;9.4 Conditional Mean Spectrum;366
12.5;9.5 Forecasting “Unpredictable” Extremes—Dragon-Kings;371
12.6;9.6 Assessing Earthquake Disaster Assisted by Satellite Remote Sensing;373
12.7;9.7 Seismic Risk;374
12.8;References;376
13;10 Influence of Hydrodynamic Forces and Ice During Earthquakes;380
13.1;10.1 Hydrodynamic Forces;380
13.1.1;10.1.1 Introduction to Hydrodynamic Force Calculation;380
13.1.2;10.1.2 Effects of Drag Forces;385
13.1.3;10.1.3 Effects and Determination of Added Mass;386
13.1.4;10.1.4 Effects of Buoyancy;388
13.1.5;10.1.5 Effects and Modeling of Marine Growth;388
13.2;10.2 Effects of Ice;391
13.2.1;10.2.1 General;391
13.2.2;10.2.2 Effects of Ice–Structure Interaction on the Seismic Response of Structures;394
13.2.3;10.2.3 Icing and Its Effects;395
13.3;References;396
14;11 Shock Wave Due to Seaquakes;398
14.1;11.1 Introduction;398
14.2;11.2 Simplified Model for Simulating Seaquakes;399
14.3;11.3 Case Study by Kiyokawa;400
14.4;References;404
15;12 Introduction to Tsunamis;406
15.1;12.1 Cause of Tsunamis;406
15.2;12.2 History and Consequences of Tsunamis;410
15.3;12.3 Characterizing Tsunami Size;412
15.4;12.4 Calculation of Tsunami Waves;414
15.4.1;12.4.1 Tsunami Generation at Source;415
15.4.2;12.4.2 Tsunami Propagation in Ocean;418
15.4.3;12.4.3 Tsunami Run-up (Shoaling) at Coastal Areas and Sloped Beach;419
15.4.4;12.4.4 Shallow Water Wave Theory;421
15.5;12.5 Tsunami Induced Load on Structures Located in Shallow Water and Coastal Areas;423
15.6;12.6 Structural Resistance Due to Tsunami;426
15.7;12.7 Mitigation of Tsunami Hazard;427
15.8;References;430
16;13 Earthquake Damages;432
16.1;13.1 General;432
16.2;13.2 Structural and Foundation Damage;432
16.3;13.3 Soil Liquefaction;435
16.3.1;13.3.1 General;435
16.3.2;13.3.2 Assessment of Liquefaction;438
16.3.3;13.3.3 Mitigation Measures of Soil Liquefaction;440
16.4;13.4 Landslides;440
16.4.1;13.4.1 General;440
16.4.2;13.4.2 Assessment of Regional Landslide Potential by Arias Intensity;442
16.5;13.5 Human Body Safety and Motion Induced Interruptions;443
16.5.1;13.5.1 General;443
16.5.2;13.5.2 Remedial Measures with Regard to Human Body Safety;444
16.5.3;13.5.3 Motion Induced Interruptions;445
16.5.3.1;13.5.3.1 Sliding/Slipping;445
16.5.3.2;13.5.3.2 Tipping;446
16.6;13.6 Structural Damage Measures;446
16.6.1;13.6.1 Basic Parameters for Damage Measures;446
16.6.2;13.6.2 Damage Indices;447
16.7;References;448
17;14 Design Philosophy;451
17.1;14.1 General;451
17.2;14.2 Prescriptive Code Design;454
17.2.1;14.2.1 Introduction;454
17.2.2;14.2.2 Limit States Design;455
17.2.3;14.2.3 Allowable Stress Design;457
17.2.4;14.2.4 Plastic Design;459
17.2.5;14.2.5 Load and Resistance Factor Design;460
17.2.5.1;14.2.5.1 Probability of Failure;460
17.2.5.2;14.2.5.2 Probability of Failure for Non-linear Safety Margin Functions;471
17.2.5.3;14.2.5.3 Monte-Carlo Method for Calculating Probability of Failure;474
17.2.6;14.2.6 Levels of Reliability Method;475
17.2.7;14.2.7 ASD Versus LRFD;476
17.2.8;14.2.8 Development of Seismic Design Codes;477
17.2.9;14.2.9 Hierarchy of Codes and Standards;478
17.3;14.3 Introduction to Performance-Based Design;480
17.3.1;14.3.1 Limitations of Traditional Prescriptive Code Design;480
17.3.2;14.3.2 Introduction to Performance-Based Design;481
17.3.3;14.3.3 Performance-Based Design for Structures;484
17.3.4;14.3.4 Introduction to Practical Methods for PBD;485
17.4;References;486
18;15 Seismic Analysis and Response of Structures;489
18.1;15.1 General;489
18.2;15.2 Traditional Seismic Analysis Methods;490
18.2.1;15.2.1 Introduction;490
18.2.2;15.2.2 Simplified Static Seismic Coefficient Method;494
18.2.2.1;15.2.2.1 Method Description;494
18.2.2.2;15.2.2.2 Limitations of the Static Coefficient Analysis Approach;495
18.2.3;15.2.3 Random Vibration Analysis;496
18.2.4;15.2.4 Response Spectrum Analysis;496
18.2.4.1;15.2.4.1 Method Description;496
18.2.4.2;15.2.4.2 Modal Combination Techniques for Response Spectrum Analysis;497
18.2.4.3;15.2.4.3 Spatial/Directional Combination of the Ground Motion Excitations and Structural Response;500
18.2.4.4;15.2.4.4 Limitations of the Response Spectrum Analysis;502
18.2.4.5;15.2.4.5 Determination the Equivalent Quasi-Static Acceleration for Offshore Platform Structures;503
18.2.5;15.2.5 Non-linear Static Pushover Analysis;505
18.2.5.1;15.2.5.1 Method Description;505
18.2.5.2;15.2.5.2 Procedure for Executing a Pushover Analysis;505
18.2.5.3;15.2.5.3 Lateral Load Patterns;507
18.2.5.4;15.2.5.4 Advantage of Non-linear Static Pushover Analysis;510
18.2.5.5;15.2.5.5 Limitations of Conventional Pushover Analysis;511
18.2.6;15.2.6 Non-linear Dynamic Time Domain Analysis;513
18.2.6.1;15.2.6.1 Method Description;513
18.2.6.2;15.2.6.2 Limitations of the Non-linear Dynamic Time Domain Analysis;514
18.2.7;15.2.7 Case Studies;515
18.2.7.1;15.2.7.1 Case Study 1—Spectrum Analysis of a Jacket Structure;515
18.2.7.2;15.2.7.2 Case Study 2—Spectrum Versus Time Domain Analysis of a Gravity Based Structure (GBS) Structure and Its Topside;519
18.2.8;15.2.8 Response Difference Between Response Spectrum and Non-linear Dynamic Time Domain Analysis;528
18.3;15.3 Selection of Principal Directions in Seismic Analysis;528
18.4;15.4 Recently Developed Methods;529
18.4.1;15.4.1 Incremental Dynamic Analysis;529
18.4.1.1;15.4.1.1 Method Description;530
18.4.1.2;15.4.1.2 Assign Limit States by Using IDA Curves;531
18.4.2;15.4.2 Endurance Time Analysis;532
18.4.3;15.4.3 Critical Excitation Method;537
18.5;15.5 Characteristics of Seismic Responses;539
18.6;15.6 Seismic Transient Excited Vibrations;541
18.7;15.7 Whipping Effect;543
18.7.1;15.7.1 Introduction;543
18.7.2;15.7.2 Investigation of the Whipping Effect for a Jacket and Topside Structure;544
18.7.3;15.7.3 Investigation of the Whipping Effect for a GBS and Topside Structure;549
18.7.4;15.7.4 Investigation of the Whipping Effect for a Tower-Podium System;550
18.7.5;15.7.5 Documented Observations of Whipping Responses;552
18.7.6;15.7.6 Mitigation of Whipping Response;555
18.8;15.8 Influences from Structures’ Orientations;556
18.9;15.9 Remarks on Modeling of Material Properties for Seismic Analysis;557
18.10;References;559
19;16 Sudden Subsidence and Its Assessment;564
19.1;16.1 General;564
19.2;16.2 Structural Assessment;565
19.2.1;16.2.1 Simplified Static Approach;565
19.2.2;16.2.2 Dynamic Time History Approach;565
19.3;16.3 Case Studies;567
19.3.1;16.3.1 Case Study 1: Response of Topside Bridges and Modules Due to Sudden Subsidence;567
19.3.2;16.3.2 Case Study 2: Response of a Topside Flare Boom Due to Sudden Subsidence;570
20;17 Tank Liquid Impact;572
20.1;17.1 General;572
20.2;17.2 Tank Damages Due to Earthquakes;574
20.3;17.3 Calculation of Hydrodynamic Forces Due to Tank Impact;578
20.3.1;17.3.1 Fluid–Tank Interaction in Horizontal Direction;579
20.3.2;17.3.2 Effects of Flexibility of Tank Walls;596
20.3.3;17.3.3 Fluid–Tank Interaction in the Vertical Direction;598
20.3.4;17.3.4 Implementation of Fluid Modeling in Finite Element Analysis;598
20.4;17.4 Soil-Tank Interaction;601
20.5;17.5 Codes and Standards for Seismic Tank Design;601
20.6;References;602
21;18 Selection of Computer System and Computation Precision;606
21.1;18.1 General;606
21.2;18.2 Computer System for Improving Numerical Analysis Efficiency;606
21.3;18.3 Computation Precision;610
21.4;References;611
22;19 Avoid Dynamic Amplifications;612
22.1;19.1 Seismic Design Principles;612
22.2;19.2 Stiffness and Mass Distribution;615
22.3;19.3 Elevation Control;616
22.4;19.4 Dynamic Magnification Due to Torsional Effects;622
22.4.1;19.4.1 Introduction;622
22.4.2;19.4.2 Mitigation Measures;623
22.4.3;19.4.3 Accounting for Torsional Effects;626
22.5;References;627
23;20 Ductility Through Structural Configuration and Local Detailing;629
23.1;20.1 Steel Brace Frames;629
23.2;20.2 Buckling-Restrained Brace Frame;637
23.3;20.3 Moment Resisting Frame;639
23.4;20.4 Shear Walls;641
23.5;20.5 Eccentrically Braced Frame;643
23.6;20.6 Local Structural Detailing;644
23.7;References;647
24;21 Damping;649
24.1;21.1 General;649
24.2;21.2 Damping Apparatus;651
24.3;21.3 Equivalent Viscous Damping;652
24.4;21.4 Relationship Among Various Expressions of Damping;653
24.5;21.5 Practical Damping Modeling for Dynamic Analysis …;654
24.5.1;21.5.1 Modal Damping;654
24.5.2;21.5.2 Rayleigh Damping;655
24.5.3;21.5.3 Caughey Damping;656
24.5.4;21.5.4 Non-proportional Damping;657
24.6;21.6 Damping Levels for Engineering Structures;658
24.6.1;21.6.1 Material Damping;658
24.6.2;21.6.2 Structural/Slip Damping;659
24.6.3;21.6.3 System Damping;660
24.6.4;21.6.4 Hydro- and Aerodynamic Damping;660
24.6.5;21.6.5 Typical Damping Levels;660
24.7;References;662
25;22 Direct Damping Apparatus;663
25.1;22.1 Introduction;663
25.2;22.2 Viscous Damper;666
25.2.1;22.2.1 Introduction;666
25.2.2;22.2.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of Viscous Dampers;669
25.2.3;22.2.3 Engineering Applications of Viscous Dampers;670
25.3;22.3 Viscous Damping Walls;673
25.4;22.4 Cyclic Responses Among Structural Members Made of Elastic, Viscous and Hysteretic (Viscoelastic) Materials;675
25.5;22.5 Viscoelastic Damper;677
25.5.1;22.5.1 General;677
25.5.2;22.5.2 Design of Viscoelastic Dampers;679
25.5.3;22.5.3 Engineering Applications of Viscoelastic Dampers;682
25.6;22.6 Friction Damper;682
25.6.1;22.6.1 Introduction to Friction Dampers;682
25.6.2;22.6.2 Pall Friction Damper;683
25.6.3;22.6.3 Other Types of Friction Dampers;686
25.6.4;22.6.4 Pros and Cons of Friction Dampers;692
25.6.4.1;22.6.4.1 Advantages;692
25.6.4.2;22.6.4.2 Drawbacks;693
25.6.5;22.6.5 Modeling of Friction Dampers;694
25.6.6;22.6.6 Design of Friction Dampers;694
25.6.7;22.6.7 Engineering Applications of Friction Dampers;697
25.7;22.7 Yielding Damper;698
25.7.1;22.7.1 General;698
25.7.2;22.7.2 Types of Yielding Dampers;698
25.7.2.1;22.7.2.1 Eccentrically Braced Frame;698
25.7.2.2;22.7.2.2 Yielding Steel Cross-Braced System;699
25.7.2.3;22.7.2.3 Added Damping and Stiffness (ADAS) Dampers;699
25.7.2.4;22.7.2.4 Seesaw Energy Dissipation System;701
25.7.2.5;22.7.2.5 Replaceable ShearReplaceable Shear Link Beam Link Beams;702
25.7.2.6;22.7.2.6 Other Types of Dampers Utilizing Yielding Mechanism;705
25.7.3;22.7.3 Engineering Applications of Yielding Dampers;706
25.8;22.8 Lead Dampers;708
25.9;22.9 Shape Memory Alloy Dampers;709
25.10;22.10 Comparison of Structural Behavior Among Conventional Structures and Structures with Different Damping Apparatus Installed;712
25.11;References;714
26;23 Base and Hanging Isolation System;719
26.1;23.1 General;719
26.2;23.2 Dynamic Analysis of Base Isolation System;721
26.3;23.3 Elastomeric Bearings;723
26.3.1;23.3.1 General;723
26.3.2;23.3.2 Simplified Calculation of Rubber Bearings’ Properties;727
26.3.2.1;23.3.2.1 Horizontal Stiffness of Rubber Bearings;727
26.3.2.2;23.3.2.2 Vertical Stiffness of Rubber Bearings;728
26.3.3;23.3.3 Compression and Tension Capacity of Rubber Bearings;730
26.3.4;23.3.4 Determination of Damping in Rubber Bearings;730
26.3.5;23.3.5 Design of Elastomeric Bearings;731
26.3.6;23.3.6 Advantages and Drawbacks;733
26.3.7;23.3.7 Engineering Applications;734
26.3.8;23.3.8 Performance of Elastomeric Bearings During Real Earthquake Events;738
26.4;23.4 Sliding Isolation Systems;740
26.4.1;23.4.1 General;740
26.4.2;23.4.2 Determination of Basic Properties for Sliding Isolation Systems;742
26.4.3;23.4.3 Design of Sliding Isolation Systems;744
26.4.4;23.4.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of Sliding Isolation Systems;745
26.4.5;23.4.5 Engineering Applications;746
26.5;23.5 Testing of Base Isolation System;749
26.6;23.6 Selection and System Comparison Among Conventional Design, Base Isolation and Damping Apparatus;750
26.7;23.7 Hanging Isolation System;752
26.8;References;754
27;24 Dynamic Absorber;758
27.1;24.1 General;758
27.2;24.2 Dynamic Responses Due to the Installation of Dynamic Absorbers;761
27.3;24.3 Design Procedure for an Optimized Dynamic Absorber;763
27.4;24.4 Practical Considerations for Designing a Dynamic Absorber;765
27.5;24.5 Tuned Mass Damper (TMD);765
27.5.1;24.5.1 General;765
27.5.2;24.5.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of TMDs;768
27.5.2.1;24.5.2.1 Advantages;768
27.5.2.2;24.5.2.2 Drawbacks;768
27.5.3;24.5.3 Engineering Applications;768
27.5.4;24.5.4 Research of TMD Systems;773
27.6;24.6 Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD);774
27.6.1;24.6.1 General;774
27.6.2;24.6.2 Calculation of Structural Response with TSDs Installed;776
27.6.3;24.6.3 Research Progress of TLDs;778
27.6.3.1;24.6.3.1 Effects of TLDs on Mitigating Earthquake and Ocean Wave Induced Responses;778
27.6.3.2;24.6.3.2 Effects of TLDs’ Baffles or Screens;780
27.6.4;24.6.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of TLDs;782
27.6.4.1;24.6.4.1 Advantages;782
27.6.4.2;24.6.4.2 Drawbacks;783
27.6.5;24.6.5 Engineering Applications of TLDs;784
27.7;24.7 Multifrequency Dynamic Absorber;787
27.8;24.8 Impact Dampers;789
27.8.1;24.8.1 General;789
27.8.2;24.8.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of Impact Dampers;791
27.8.3;24.8.3 Engineering Applications of Impact Dampers;791
27.9;References;794
28;25 Load and Energy Sharing Mechanism;798
28.1;25.1 General;798
28.2;25.2 Connecting to Adjacent Structures;798
28.3;25.3 Lock-up and Shock Transmission Unit;800
28.4;References;803
29;26 Resistance of Non-structural Components;804
29.1;References;808
30;27 Structural Health Monitoring and Earthquake Insurance;809
30.1;27.1 Introduction;809
30.2;27.2 Vibration-Based SHM;811
30.3;27.3 Drone Based Structural Inspections;813
30.4;27.4 Inspections by Remotely Unmanned Underwater Vehicles;817
30.5;27.5 Earthquake Insurance;819
30.6;References;820
31;28 Control Techniques for External Damping Devices;822
31.1;28.1 Introduction;822
31.2;28.2 Passive Control Devices;822
31.3;28.3 Semi-active and Active Control Devices;824
31.4;28.4 Hybrid Control Devices;825
31.5;References;825
32;29 Seismic Rehabilitation for Structures;827
32.1;29.1 General;827
32.2;29.2 Seismic Rehabilitation Measures;827
32.3;29.3 Strengthening of Structures;828
32.4;29.4 Reinforcement of Structural Members;834
32.4.1;29.4.1 Local Joint Reinforcement for Tubular Structures;834
32.4.2;29.4.2 Sticking Steel Reinforcement;836
32.4.3;29.4.3 Adding Members, Enlarging Cross Sections and Shortening Spans;836
32.4.4;29.4.4 Retrofitting Using Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP);838
32.4.5;29.4.5 Load Sequence Effects Due to the Reinforcement;844
32.4.6;29.4.6 External Pre-stressing Using FRP;845
32.5;References;847
33;Appendix;849
34;Index;850