Kachel Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas

The IMO's Role in Protecting Vulnerable Marine Areas
1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-78779-2
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 13, 376 Seiten

Reihe: Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs

Designations of large Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) triggered a controversial debate within the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) concerning the legal basis of PSSAs, the relationship between the IMO's PSSA guidelines and UNCLOS, as well as the competency of IMO to adopt mandatory protective measures in these areas. As a result, IMO conducted a review process which led to substantially updated guidelines adopted in late 2005. This book provides a detailed analysis of the PSSA guidelines and protective measures available in PSSAs. Emphasis is placed on their legal basis and the implications for coastal states' jurisdiction over vessel-source pollution.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kachel, Markus J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface and Acknowledgements;6
2;Summary of Contents;8
3;Contents;10
4;Abbreviations;16
5;Introduction;22
5.1;I. Global Shipping and the Marine Environment;22
5.2;II. Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas and the International Maritime Organization;23
5.3;III. Aims of this treatise;24
5.4;IV. Synopsis;25
6;Part 1: The Marine Environment: Oceans under Threat;26
6.1;Chapter 1: The Oceans – Utilisation and Conflicts;26
6.1.1;I. The Marine Environment: Subject and Purpose of Protection;26
6.1.1.1;a) Habitat for Flora and Fauna;29
6.1.1.1.1;aa) Benthos;29
6.1.1.1.2;bb) Pelagic Environment;30
6.1.1.1.3;cc) Example: Coastal Areas;31
6.1.1.1.4;dd) Example: Deep Sea;33
6.1.1.2;b) Buffer within the Climate System;34
6.1.1.3;c) Food Repository;35
6.1.1.4;d) Intrinsic Value;36
6.1.2;II. Conflicting Uses of the Oceans;37
6.1.3;III. Concluding Remarks;43
6.2;Chapter 2: Threats to the Marine Environment: Pollution and Physical Damage;44
6.2.1;I. Sources of Pollution;44
6.2.2;II. Types of Pollutants;45
6.2.3;III. Shipping-Related Threats to the Marine Environment;52
7;Part 2: Instruments to Protect Specific Marine Areas;58
7.1;Chapter 3: Protection of Specific Marine Areas;58
7.1.1;I. Introduction to the Concept of Marine Protected Areas;58
7.1.2;II. Establishing Marine Protected Areas;63
7.1.3;III. Related Developments in International Environmental Policy;69
7.2;Chapter 4: Protection of Marine Areas in International Law – Basic Principles;71
7.2.1;I. Introduction: Acceptance in International Law versus Unilateral Measures;72
7.2.2;II. Relevant Principles of International Environmental Law and International Law of the Sea;73
7.2.3;III. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea;84
7.2.3.1;a) Territorial Sea;90
7.2.3.2;b) Exclusive Economic Zone;91
7.2.3.3;c) High Seas;95
7.2.3.4;d) Straits used for International Navigation;96
7.2.3.5;e) Archipelagic Waters;99
7.2.3.6;f) Unique Characteristics of Port State Jurisdiction;101
7.2.4;IV. Implications of the Convention on Biological Diversity;112
7.2.5;V. Summarising Remarks;115
7.3;Chapter 5: Marine Protected Areas in Multilateral Instruments;116
7.3.1;I. Global International Law;116
7.3.1.1;a) Special Areas;118
7.3.1.1.1;aa) Procedural Aspects;119
7.3.1.1.2;bb) Substantive Aspects;120
7.3.1.2;b) SOx Emission Control Areas;123
7.3.2;II. Regional International Law;130
7.3.3;III. Concluding Remarks: Similarities – Contrasts – Improvement Opportunities;152
8;Part 3: Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas: an IMO Instrument to Protect Marine Areas;156
8.1;Chapter 6: Protection of the Marine Environment through IMO within the System of International Institutions;156
8.1.1;I. International Organisations Addressing Marine Matters;156
8.1.2;II. Legal Framework of IMO Efforts to Protect the Marine Environment;161
8.1.2.1;a) Means of Establishing Rules and Standards;162
8.1.2.2;b) Determination of the Legal Quality: Binding and Recommendatory Acts;164
8.1.3;III. Instruments Established and Governed by IMO;169
8.2;Chapter 7: Development and Structure of the PSSA Concept: Implementation and Coordination of Protective Measures;175
8.2.1;I. IMO Assembly Resolution A.982(24): Implementing the Concept;176
8.2.2;II. Designation: Requirements and Procedures;184
8.2.2.1;a) Course of the Procedure;191
8.2.2.2;b) Requirements for Proposing Governments;194
8.2.3;III. Consequences of a Designation;196
8.2.4;IV. Concluding Remarks;205
8.3;Chapter 8: Associated Protective Measures as the Essential Part of a PSSA;205
9;Part 4: The PSSA Concept – Analysis and Assessment;254
9.1;Chapter 9: Comparison between PSSAs and other Regimes in International Law;254
9.1.1;I. Protecting Vulnerable Marine Areas in International Law: Synopsis;254
9.1.1.1;a) Procedural Issues;255
9.1.1.2;b) Criteria and Prerequisites for Protection;258
9.1.1.3;c) Availability and Enforcement of Protective Measures;262
9.1.2;II. Relationship of the Protective Regimes: Progression towards Collaboration;265
9.1.3;III. Summarising Remarks;270
9.2;Chapter 10: Legal Quality of the PSSA Guidelines and their Effect on Jurisdiction to Implement and Enforce Protective Measures;271
9.2.1;I. IMO Assembly Resolution A.982(24);271
9.2.1.1;a) PSSAs and Article 211(6) of UNCLOS;273
9.2.1.2;b) Implementation of General Obligations Contained in Part XII of UNCLOS;274
9.2.1.3;c) APMs as Generally Accepted International Rules and Standards;275
9.2.1.3.1;aa) Feasibility of this Interpretation;276
9.2.1.3.2;bb) Legality of this Interpretation;278
9.2.2;II. Implications for the Balance between Environment Protection and Freedom of Navigation;280
9.2.2.1;a) Territorial Sea aa) Legislative Jurisdiction;281
9.2.2.1.1;bb) Enforcement Jurisdiction;282
9.2.2.2;b) Exclusive Economic Zone;283
9.2.2.3;c) Straits and Archipelagic Waters;284
9.2.2.4;a) PSSA Status: Additional Rights or Added Value?;287
9.2.2.5;b) Modified Interpretation of Indeterminate Legal Terms;289
9.2.3;III. PSSAs on the High Seas – Competences and Responsibilities;295
9.2.4;IV. Main Findings;303
9.3;Chapter 11: PSSAs and Ocean Governance: Current Interdependencies and Prospects for Future Developments;304
9.3.1;I. Past Achievements: the PSSA Concept’s Impact on Ocean Governance;305
9.3.2;II. Perspectives for Future Developments of the Concept;311
9.3.2.1;a) Designations of Large and Disparate Marine Areas;312
9.3.2.2;b) Consequences: Redesign of the PSSA Concept;316
9.3.2.3;a) Determining the Adequate Instrument to Develop a Multilateral MPA Regime;318
9.3.2.4;b) Material Legal Prerequisites;321
9.3.2.5;c) Institutional Arrangements;323
9.3.3;III. Concluding Remarks;326
10;Summary;328
11;Annex;350
11.1;1 INTRODUCTION;350
11.2;2 INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING ACTIVITIES AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT;351
11.3;3 PROCESS FOR THE DESIGNATION OF PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE SEA AREAS;352
11.4;4 ECOLOGICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC, OR SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF A PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE SEA AREA;352
11.5;5 VULNERABILITY TO IMPACTS FROM INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING;355
11.6;6 ASSOCIATED PROTECTIVE MEASURES;357
11.7;7 PROCEDURE FOR THE DESIGNATION OF PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE SEA AREAS AND THE ADOPTION OF ASSOCIATED PROTECTIVE MEASURES;357
11.8;8 CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF APPLICATIONS FOR DESIGNATION OF PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE SEA AREAS AND THE ADOPTION OF ASSOCIATED PROTECTIVE MEASURES;361
11.9;9 IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIGNATED PSSAs AND THE ASSOCIATED PROTECTIVE MEASURES;363
12;Bibliography;364
13;Index;394