Kleinert Defect Sizing Using Non-destructive Ultrasonic Testing

Applying Bandwidth-Dependent DAC and DGS Curves
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-32836-2
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 126 Seiten

This book presents a precise approach for defect sizing using ultrasonics. It describes an alternative to the current European and American standards by neglecting their limitations. The approach presented here is not only valid for conventional angle beam probes, but also for phased array angle beam probes. It introduces an improved method which provides a significant productivity gain and calculates curves with high accuracy. Its content is of interest to all those working with distance gain size (DGS) methods or are using distance amplitude correction (DAC) curves.

Wolf Kleinert started his career in ultrasonic material testing  in the year 1982 at the Krautkrämer Company in Cologne, Germany. He had a plurality of managerial assignments in Product-, Marketing- and Sales-Management, Intellectual Property Management as well as General Management. He was responsible for the Application Laboratory and heavily involved in the development of new probe technologies. End of 2014 Wolf retired after nearly 33 years in ultrasonic material testing.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kleinert, Wolf

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Acknowledgments;6
3;Contents;7
4;List of Figures;10
5;List of Tables;14
6;1 Introduction;16
6.1;1.1 Distance Amplitude Correction Curve;17
6.2;1.2 Distance-Gain-Size Method (DGS);18
6.3;1.3 Key Differences: DAC Versus DGS;19
6.4;1.4 Foresight to This Book;20
6.5;References;20
7;2 State of the Art: DAC and DGS;21
7.1;2.1 Distance Amplitude Curve;21
7.2;2.2 Distance--Gain--Size Method;22
7.2.1;2.2.1 EN ISO 16811:2012;23
7.2.2;2.2.2 DGS Evaluation;23
7.3;References;33
8;3 DGS Deviations Using Angle Beam Probes;34
8.1;3.1 Sound Fields;36
8.2;3.2 A Manufacturer-Independent Issue;38
8.3;3.3 The Beginning of a New Probe Technology;39
8.4;References;40
9;4 The New Probe Technology, Single Element Probes;41
9.1;4.1 Design Principle;41
9.2;4.2 Calculation Method;43
9.2.1;4.2.1 The Fastest Path;44
9.2.2;4.2.2 Included Angle;46
9.2.3;4.2.3 Time of Flight;46
9.2.4;4.2.4 Angle in the Test Material;47
9.2.5;4.2.5 Angles in the Wedge of the Probe;47
9.2.6;4.2.6 Transducer Coordinates;48
9.2.7;4.2.7 Calculation Summary;49
9.3;4.3 Necessary Adaptations;50
9.3.1;4.3.1 Phase Shift;50
9.3.2;4.3.2 Corrected Angle of Incidence;53
9.3.3;4.3.3 Area Correction;54
9.4;4.4 Single Element Probes;54
9.5;4.5 Rotational Symmetry;56
9.5.1;4.5.1 Measurement of the Sound Fields;56
9.6;4.6 Advantage of the New Probe Technology;57
9.7;References;57
10;5 New Probe Technology, Phased Array Probes;58
10.1;5.1 Delay Laws;60
10.2;5.2 DGS Accuracy;60
10.3;5.3 Sound Exit Points;61
10.4;References;63
11;6 New Probe Technology, Curved Coupling Surfaces;64
11.1;6.1 Fastest Path;65
11.2;6.2 Angles;67
11.3;6.3 Transducer Coordinates;68
11.4;6.4 Example: Solid Axle;69
11.5;6.5 Delay Laws;71
11.6;References;74
12;7 Bandwidth-Dependent DGS Diagrams;75
12.1;7.1 Single Frequency Ultrasound;75
12.1.1;7.1.1 Near Field Length;79
12.2;7.2 Multi-frequency Ultrasound;81
12.2.1;7.2.1 Near Field Length;81
12.2.2;7.2.2 Back Wall Echo Curve;84
12.2.3;7.2.3 ERS Curves;84
12.3;References;89
13;8 Applying Bandwidth-Dependent DGS Diagrams;90
13.1;8.1 Results Using Phased Array Angle Beam Probes;91
13.2;References;93
14;9 Bandwidth-Dependent DAC Curves;94
14.1;9.1 Calculating Bandwidth-Dependent DAC Curves;94
14.2;9.2 Applying the Bandwidth-Dependent DAC Curves;97
14.2.1;9.2.1 Using a Reference Echo from a Calibration Standard;97
14.2.2;9.2.2 Using One Single Side-Drilled Hole as Reference;100
14.2.3;9.2.3 Recording a DAC Curve for One Single Angle;101
14.2.4;9.2.4 Pros and Cons;105
14.3;References;107
15;10 Convert SDH into FBH and Vice Versa;108
15.1;10.1 SDH or FBH?;111
15.2;References;112
16;11 Frequency-Dependent Sound Attenuation;113
16.1;Reference;116
17; Appendix;117
18; Further Readings;123
19;Index;125